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CHAPTER 15: PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPIES Section 1: What is Psychotherapy? • Therapy: treatment methods aimed at making people ________ and ____________ more effectively • Psychotherapy: therapy in which a person with a problem ___ with a psychological ____________ • Biomedical therapy: TWO KINDS OF THERAPY PSYCHOTHERAPY • Goal: Help both ___________ and __________________ person better ______________ themselves • Insight therapies: therapies in which the main goal is helping people gain insight with respect to their ______, ______, and ______ • Better understand ________________________ • Action therapy: therapy in which the main goal is to change __________ or ______________________ directly BIOMEDICAL THERAPY • The use of some biological treatment in the form of a _____________ to bring about changes • ______________ _ • ______________ _ • ______________ THERAPY Psychotherapy • ___________ associated with a disorder Biomedical Therapy • ________ or _________ _________ of a disorder __________________________________ __ EARLY TREATMENT OF THE MENTALLY ILL • 1st organized effort to help the mentally ill happened in England in the middle of the 16th century • Bethlehem Hospital was turned into an ______– “_____________” • Treatments: • ________________________ • __________& ____________ • ________________ • Induced __________________ • All done to ____________ the body of impurities so that a person’s mind and PINEL REFORM • 1793– movement towards humane treatment • Effort to treat the mentally ill with ______ and ______ • “________________ ” MAIN KINDS OF THERAPY • Psychoanalysis • Humanistic • Behavioral • Cognitive • Group • Eclectic : approach to therapy that results from _______ ______ of several different SECTION 2: PSYCHOANALYSIS WHAT IS PSYCHOANALYSIS? • Psychoanalysis: an insight therapy based on the theory of ______, emphasizing the _______________________________ • Instead of physically purging impurities, Freud believed in removing the impurities of the____________________ • ____________________ • ____________________ • ____________________ • All originating in the ____ PSYCHOANALYSIS • Psychological disturbances are due to _______ caused by _____________ among the unconscious personality • Psychoanalysis is used to help a patient feel more _____, ______, and able to _______ those inner thoughts • “________”– Freud believed the couch would help people _____ enough to explore their unconscious • Sitting behind the patient helps DREAM INTERPRETATIONS • A technique used by psychoanalysts to _____________ of patient’s dreams • Freud believed dreams contain _________________ • Manifest content: the __________ of one’s dream • Latent content: the _____________ meaning of dreams • If interpreted correctly, ___________ would ____ unconscious conflicts FREE ASSOCIATION • Free association: technique in which a patient was encouraged to ____ about anything that ___________ without fear of ______________ • Believed that patients would begin to reveal things that were loosely associated with their PSYCHOANALYSIS • Resistance: occurring when a patient becomes _______ to talk about a certain topic, either by _________ ______ or becoming ________ • If this happens, psychoanalyst will help _____ and ______ the patient to continue PSYCHOANALYSIS • Transference: the tendency for a patient or client to _______ positive or negative _______ for important people from the past onto __________________ • May allow patient to _______________ toward the important person • Often, patient treats therapist like a _______, etc. • Ultimately, the therapist must help the patient work through this to become aware EVALUATION OF PSYCHOANALYSIS Pros Cons • Got rid of the • Requires individuals __________ to be highly • Helps those with _________ and ________ _______ adjustment disorders • Not good for those • Ex. ______, who ________, or • Are _________ ____________ SECTION 3: HUMANISTIC THERAPY HUMANISTIC THERAPY • Not concerned with the _______ or _______ • Focuses on • Conscious, subjective _______ of _______ • People’s sense of ____ • Immediate experiences in _____ • Emphasizes PERSON-CENTERED THERAPY • Based on theories by ___________ • Believed that the closer the _______ and the ______ match, the happier and more adjusted the individual • To match, a person must receive ___________________ • Person-Center Therapy: a __________ insight therapy in which the client _________________ and the therapist ________ • Nondirective: therapy style in which the therapist remains relatively ______ and does not _______ or take _________ with regard to PERSON-CENTERED THERAPY • 4 Basic Elements • Reflection: therapy technique in which the therapist _____ what the client _____ rather than interpreting those statements • “_________” client’s statements • Unconditional Positive regard: referring to the ____, _____, and accepting _________ created by the therapist for the client • _________ the feelings, values, and goals of the client, even if they are different for the therapist • Empathy: the ability of the therapist to TECHNIQUES OF CLIENT-CENTERED THERAPY • _______________ • Acknowledge, restate, and clarify the ________________ • ______ is reduced, _____ are released, & they feel like they are a more ___________ • Gain courage to __________ of their _______ they formerly considered bad EVALUATION OF HUMANISTIC THERAPIES Pros Cons • Used to treat • Requires individuals psychological to be highly ______, help people ___________ and make _____ choices, _____ deal with _______ • Not good for those problems, and in who _________________ • Are _ ___________ SECTION 4: BEHAVIOR THERAPY BEHAVIOR THERAPIES • Behavior therapies: _____ therapies based on the principles of ______ & ________ conditioning and aimed at changing disordered _______ without concern for the original ________ of such behavior • Emphasis on _______, not ________ THERAPIES BASED ON CLASSICAL CONDITIONING • Remember: classical conditioning involves pairing a __________ with a ____________ so that the neutral stimulus will eventually elicit that ________________ • Specifically use ________________ (more detailed Behavior Modification technique) • This same type of learning is THERAPIES BASED ON CLASSICAL CONDITIONING • Systematic Desensitization: behavior technique used to treat _____, in which a client is asked to make a list of ordered _____ and taught to _____ while concentrating on those ______ • Pairing the old conditioned stimulus THERAPIES BASED ON CLASSICAL CONDITIONING • 3 step process • 1st– learns to relax through _______________________ • 2nd– develop a ____ with the therapist, beginning with the object/situation that causes the _______, working up to the object/situation that causes the _________ • ______________ • 3rd– beginning with the 1st item, the client THERAPIES BASED ON CLASSICAL CONDITIONING • Aversion Therapy: form of behavioral therapy in which an ____________ is paired with an _____________ to reduce the ________ of the behavior • Ex. Smoking a cigarette so rapidly that the nicotine induces THERAPIES BASED ON CLASSICAL CONDITIONING • Exposure therapies: behavioral techniques that expose individuals to _____ or ___-related stimuli, under carefully controlled _________, to promote _______ • Can happen _________ or _________ • In vivo– ___________ exposure • Imaginal– _______ or exposed to _______ • Virtual– exposed through THERAPIES BASED ON OPERANT CONDITIONING • Using ________, _______, ______, and ______ techniques to change the frequency of voluntary behavior • Modeling: learning through the _______ and ______ of others • Participant modeling: technique in which a model demonstrates the desired behavior in a __________, ______ process while the client is encouraged to ______ the model • Ex. _____ a model approach a dog, then ____it, then ___ it, and finally ____ it EVALUATION OF BEHAVIOR THERAPIES Pros Cons • Relatively ___ and • Not very effective ______ for severe ______ • Effective for treating or __________ _____ behavioral • However, there problems can be • Ex. improvement in _____________, ______ SECTION 5: COGNITIVE THERAPIES COGNITIVE THERAPIES • Cognitive Therapy: focus is on helping clients recognize ________ in their ______ and replace ________, unrealistic _____ with more realistic, helpful ________ • Works especially for ______ and _______ disorders • Goal: Help client ____________ of their beliefs and assumptions in a BECK’S COGNITIVE THERAPY • Focuses on distortions of thinking • Common distortions • Arbitrary inference: a person draws a conclusion that is _____ ____________________________________ ___ • Ex. Suzy canceled our lunch date– she must be cheating on me • Selective thinking: a person focuses _____________ of a situation while _______________________________ BECK’S COGNITIVE THERAPY • Common distortions • Overgeneralization: a person draws ___________ based on ____ ________ or event and applies those conclusions to_______ that are _______________________________ • Ex. I insulted my English teacher and now I’ll flunk, never be able to get a job, and have to life on welfare • Magnification and minimization: a person blows a negative event _______________ to its importance (__________) while ____________________________ BECK’S COGNITIVE THERAPY • Common distortions • Personalization: a person takes _________________ for events that _____________ to the person • Ex. A friend walking into the classroom in a bad mood, and you automatically assume it’s because of something you did COGNITIVEBEHAVIORAL THERAPY • Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT): action therapy in which the goal is to help clients overcome problems by learning to _____________ & _____________ • More ________ oriented than ______ • 3 basic goals • 1) _______________ and help clients _____ the problems • 2) help clients develop _________ that can be used to ____ with future problems • 3) help clients change the way they think ELLIS’ RATIONALEMOTIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY • Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (RET): cognitivebehavioral therapy in which clients are _____________ in their irrational beliefs and helped to ____________ their thinking into more _______________ ELLIS’ RATIONALEMOTIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY • Therapists • __________ role • __________ clients • Assign ____________ • Use _______ techniques to modify behavior RATIONAL-EMOTIVE THERAPY TECHNIQUES Activating Event • ABC’s of behavior • ________ event • _____about the event • __________ • ______ ______ Belief • ___________ ___________ __ • Fast ______ • ________ Consequence _ • _____ away EVALUATION OF COGNITIVE THERAPIES Pros Cons • Relatively ______ and • Has been criticized for _______ treating the _______, • Less ____________ not the ________ • Successful in treating: • _________________ _ • ____________ disorders • ____________ SECTION 6: GROUP THERAPIES GROUP THERAPIES • A group works together with the aid of a ________ to resolve a _______________________ • Can use _________ of therapy previously discussed • Goal: ____________ and provide __________________ support for each other • Can see how _____________ with problems _______ to own • Can see others who struggled with similar FAMILY COUNSELING • Family Counseling or Therapy: group therapy in which members meet together with a counselor or therapist to ___________ that affect the _______________ • Problems could be: • ________ • Child FAMILY COUNSELING • Focus is on ____________ among the family members • Looks at family as a ___________ of interacting “_____” • _____________v is the problem • Goal: Discover the unhealthy ways in which family members ______ and __________ with one another and change those ways to healthier, more ____________ of interaction SELF-HELP GROUPS • Self-help/support groups: a group composed of people who have similar problems and who meet together ____ _______ or counselor for the purpose of ________, ______solving, and social and emotional __________ • Best-known examples: • Alcoholics Anonymous, SELF-HELP GROUPS • Also helpful for • ____, _____, having a parent with dementia, having difficult children, _____, and dealing with ______ • Meetings all over the country and at almost any ________________ • ___ and provides social and emotional _____________ EVALUATION OF GROUP THERAPY Pros Cons • Lower _____ • _________ is not • Exposure to different guaranteed ______ to the problem • People may be • See how the client ________ to share ______ with others experiences • Social and emotional • Client must share support __________ • Can be effective for an • Not effective for SECTION 7: EFFECTIVENESS OF PSYCHOTHERAPY DOES PSYCHOTHERAPY WORK? • Generally, psychotherapy is more effective than ___________ • Approximately 70-90% of individuals say psychotherapy has ____________________ • The ____ a person stays in therapy, the ____ the improvement • No one therapy type works ____________________ DOES PSYCHOTHERAPY WORK? • Characteristics of effective therapy • Therapeutic alliance: the relationship between therapist and client that develops as a _____, _____, _______ relationship characterized by ______, mutual _____, and ___________ • ____ environment • Opportunity for _______ • _______ and ______ for new behaviors • Positive ___________ BIOMEDICAL THERAPIES SECTION 8: PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY • Psychopharmacology: the use of drugs to _____ or ______ the __________ of psychological disorders • ____________________________________ ____ • 4 basic categories of medications used to treat ______ disorders, _____ disorders, the ___ phase of mood disorders, & _______ • Antipsychotic medications • Antianxiety medications ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS • Antipsychotic drugs: medications used to treat psychotic symptoms, such as _____, ______, and other ______ behaviors • Patients with _________ are typically prescribed these • They work by blocking ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS • Side effects • Make _____, involuntary ____ , and _______ of the face, lips, legs, and body • _______, ________, reduced ____________ • Potentially ______ reduction in white blood cells of the body’s ______ system • Affects a very small ANTIANXIETY DRUGS • Antianxiety drugs: drugs used to ____ and ____ anxiety reactions, typically minor ____________ • _____ or mild tranquilizers • Treats minor anxiety, ____ _____, simple _____, and ANTIMANIC DRUGS • Lithium– _____________ that in its salt form (lithium carbonate) evens out both the ____ and ____ of ______ disorder • Side effects disappear quickly, but _____________________ • ______ must be controlled • _______________ typically treat seizure disorder, but are ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUGS • Antidepressant drugs: drugs used to treat ______ and _______ • Treats _____ disorders like _____ disorder, ________________ disorder, & _______________ disorder • May take ___weeks to become effective SECTION 9: ELECTROCONVULSI VE THERAPY ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY • Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): form of biomedical therapy to treat severe _______ in which _______ are placed on either one or both sides of a person’s head and an ___________ is passed through the electrodes that is strong enough to cause a ________ of _________ • Effective treatment for severe _______, ______, and some types of ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY • Controversial • In the past, it caused ______ when not administered correctly • Nowadays, it is more _____ & _______ • Clients must provide __________ • Not a ___, but a way to alter a person’s _________ long enough to be more _______ SECTION 10: PSYCHOSURGERY PSYCHOSURGERY • Psychosurgery: surgery performed on ________ to _____ or _______ severe psychological disorders • Prefrontal lobotomy: psychosurgery in which the __________ of the prefrontal ______ of the brain to the ___________ are severed • The frontal lobe contains most of the ____________ that control emotions • 1930s-50s– used on people who were PSYCHOSURGERY • Disadvantages • About 6% of patients _____ • Negative changes to personality • __________ • Lack of _________ • ________ dullness • _______________ PSYCHOSURGERY • Bilateral anterior cingulotomy: psychosurgical technique in which an electrode wire is inserted into the _________________ with the guidance of a magnetic resonance imaging machine for the purpose of _____________ that area of brain tissue with an _____________ • Effective in __________ of all cases of • Major ____________ • ___________disorder • Some __________ disorders • Used as a _____________ when no other