Download Biomedical Therapy

CHAPTER 15:
PSYCHOLOGICAL
THERAPIES
Section 1: What is
Psychotherapy?
• Therapy: treatment
methods aimed at making
people ________ and
____________ more
effectively
• Psychotherapy:
therapy in which a
person with a problem
___ with a
psychological
____________
• Biomedical therapy:
TWO KINDS OF
THERAPY
PSYCHOTHERAPY
• Goal: Help both ___________ and
__________________ person better
______________ themselves
• Insight therapies: therapies in which the main
goal is helping people gain insight with respect
to their ______, ______, and ______
• Better understand
________________________
• Action therapy: therapy in which the main goal
is to change __________ or
______________________ directly
BIOMEDICAL THERAPY
• The use of some
biological treatment
in the form of a
_____________ to
bring about changes
• ______________
_
• ______________
_
• ______________
THERAPY
Psychotherapy
• ___________
associated with a
disorder
Biomedical
Therapy
• ________ or
_________
_________ of a
disorder
__________________________________
__
EARLY TREATMENT OF
THE MENTALLY ILL
• 1st organized effort to help the mentally ill happened
in England in the middle of the 16th century
• Bethlehem Hospital was turned into an ______–
“_____________”
• Treatments:
• ________________________
• __________& ____________
• ________________
• Induced __________________
• All done to ____________ the body of
impurities so that a person’s mind and
PINEL REFORM
• 1793– movement
towards humane
treatment
• Effort to treat the
mentally ill with
______ and ______
• “________________
”
MAIN KINDS OF
THERAPY
• Psychoanalysis
• Humanistic
• Behavioral
• Cognitive
• Group
• Eclectic : approach
to therapy that
results from
_______ ______ of
several different
SECTION 2:
PSYCHOANALYSIS
WHAT IS
PSYCHOANALYSIS?
• Psychoanalysis: an insight therapy based on
the theory of ______, emphasizing the
_______________________________
• Instead of physically purging impurities,
Freud believed in removing the impurities of
the____________________
• ____________________
• ____________________
• ____________________
• All originating in the ____
PSYCHOANALYSIS
• Psychological disturbances are due to
_______ caused by _____________
among the unconscious personality
• Psychoanalysis is used to help a
patient feel more _____, ______, and
able to _______ those inner thoughts
• “________”– Freud believed the
couch would help people _____
enough to explore their unconscious
• Sitting behind the patient helps
DREAM
INTERPRETATIONS
• A technique used by psychoanalysts to
_____________ of patient’s dreams
• Freud believed dreams contain
_________________
• Manifest content: the __________ of
one’s dream
• Latent content: the _____________
meaning of dreams
• If interpreted correctly, ___________
would ____ unconscious conflicts
FREE ASSOCIATION
• Free association:
technique in which a
patient was encouraged
to ____ about anything
that ___________ without
fear of ______________
• Believed that patients
would begin to reveal
things that were loosely
associated with their
PSYCHOANALYSIS
• Resistance: occurring
when a patient becomes
_______ to talk about a
certain topic, either by
_________ ______ or
becoming ________
• If this happens,
psychoanalyst will help
_____ and ______ the
patient to continue
PSYCHOANALYSIS
• Transference: the tendency for a patient or
client to _______ positive or negative
_______ for important people from the past
onto __________________
• May allow patient to _______________
toward the important person
• Often, patient treats therapist like a
_______, etc.
• Ultimately, the therapist must help the
patient work through this to become aware
EVALUATION OF
PSYCHOANALYSIS
Pros
Cons
• Got rid of the
• Requires individuals
__________
to be highly
• Helps those with
_________ and
________
_______
adjustment disorders
• Not good for those
• Ex. ______,
who
________, or
• Are
_________
____________
SECTION 3:
HUMANISTIC
THERAPY
HUMANISTIC THERAPY
• Not concerned with the _______
or _______
• Focuses on
• Conscious, subjective _______
of
_______
• People’s sense of ____
• Immediate experiences in
_____
• Emphasizes
PERSON-CENTERED
THERAPY
• Based on theories by ___________
• Believed that the closer the _______ and the
______ match, the happier and more adjusted
the individual
• To match, a person must receive
___________________
• Person-Center Therapy: a __________ insight
therapy in which the client _________________
and the therapist ________
• Nondirective: therapy style in which the
therapist remains relatively ______ and does
not _______ or take _________ with regard to
PERSON-CENTERED
THERAPY
• 4 Basic Elements
• Reflection: therapy technique in which the
therapist _____ what the client _____ rather
than interpreting those statements
• “_________” client’s statements
• Unconditional Positive regard: referring to
the ____, _____, and accepting _________
created by the therapist for the client
• _________ the feelings, values, and goals
of the client, even if they are different for
the therapist
• Empathy: the ability of the therapist to
TECHNIQUES OF
CLIENT-CENTERED
THERAPY
• _______________
• Acknowledge, restate, and
clarify the
________________
• ______ is reduced, _____ are
released, & they feel like they
are a more ___________
• Gain courage to
__________ of their
_______ they formerly
considered bad
EVALUATION OF
HUMANISTIC
THERAPIES
Pros
Cons
• Used to treat
• Requires individuals
psychological
to be highly
______, help people
___________ and
make _____ choices, _____
deal with _______
• Not good for those
problems, and in
who
_________________
• Are
_
___________
SECTION 4:
BEHAVIOR
THERAPY
BEHAVIOR THERAPIES
• Behavior therapies: _____
therapies based on the
principles of ______ &
________ conditioning and
aimed at changing disordered
_______ without concern for the
original ________ of such
behavior
• Emphasis on _______, not
________
THERAPIES BASED ON
CLASSICAL
CONDITIONING
• Remember: classical
conditioning involves pairing a
__________ with a
____________ so that the
neutral stimulus will eventually
elicit that ________________
• Specifically use
________________ (more
detailed Behavior Modification
technique)
• This same type of learning is
THERAPIES BASED ON
CLASSICAL
CONDITIONING
• Systematic
Desensitization:
behavior technique used
to treat _____, in which
a client is asked to make
a list of ordered _____
and taught to _____
while concentrating on
those ______
• Pairing the old
conditioned stimulus
THERAPIES BASED ON
CLASSICAL
CONDITIONING
• 3 step process
• 1st– learns to relax through
_______________________
• 2nd– develop a ____ with the therapist,
beginning with the object/situation that
causes the _______, working up to the
object/situation that causes the _________
• ______________
• 3rd– beginning with the 1st item, the client
THERAPIES BASED ON
CLASSICAL
CONDITIONING
• Aversion Therapy: form
of behavioral therapy in
which an ____________
is paired with an
_____________ to
reduce the ________ of
the behavior
• Ex. Smoking a
cigarette so rapidly that
the nicotine induces
THERAPIES BASED ON
CLASSICAL
CONDITIONING
• Exposure therapies: behavioral
techniques that expose individuals to
_____ or ___-related stimuli, under
carefully controlled _________, to
promote _______
• Can happen _________ or _________
• In vivo– ___________ exposure
• Imaginal– _______ or exposed to
_______
• Virtual– exposed through
THERAPIES BASED ON
OPERANT
CONDITIONING
• Using ________, _______, ______, and ______
techniques to change the frequency of voluntary
behavior
• Modeling: learning through the _______ and
______ of others
• Participant modeling: technique in which a
model demonstrates the desired behavior in
a __________, ______ process while the
client is encouraged to ______ the model
• Ex. _____ a model approach a dog, then
____it, then ___ it, and finally ____ it
EVALUATION OF
BEHAVIOR THERAPIES
Pros
Cons
• Relatively ___ and • Not very effective
______
for severe ______
• Effective for treating or __________
_____ behavioral
• However, there
problems
can be
• Ex.
improvement in
_____________,
______
SECTION 5:
COGNITIVE
THERAPIES
COGNITIVE THERAPIES
• Cognitive Therapy: focus is on helping
clients recognize ________ in their
______ and replace ________,
unrealistic _____ with more realistic,
helpful ________
• Works especially for ______ and
_______ disorders
• Goal: Help client ____________ of
their beliefs and assumptions in a
BECK’S COGNITIVE
THERAPY
• Focuses on distortions of thinking
• Common distortions
• Arbitrary inference: a person draws a
conclusion that is _____
____________________________________
___
• Ex. Suzy canceled our lunch date– she
must be cheating on me
• Selective thinking: a person focuses
_____________ of a situation while
_______________________________
BECK’S COGNITIVE
THERAPY
• Common distortions
• Overgeneralization: a person draws
___________ based on ____ ________ or event
and applies those conclusions to_______ that
are _______________________________
• Ex. I insulted my English teacher and now I’ll
flunk, never be able to get a job, and have to
life on welfare
• Magnification and minimization: a person
blows a negative event _______________ to its
importance (__________) while
____________________________
BECK’S COGNITIVE
THERAPY
• Common distortions
• Personalization: a person takes
_________________ for events that
_____________ to the person
• Ex. A friend walking into the classroom in
a bad mood, and you automatically
assume it’s because of something you did
COGNITIVEBEHAVIORAL THERAPY
• Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT): action
therapy in which the goal is to help clients
overcome problems by learning to
_____________ & _____________
• More ________ oriented than ______
• 3 basic goals
• 1) _______________ and help clients _____
the problems
• 2) help clients develop _________ that can
be used to ____ with future problems
• 3) help clients change the way they think
ELLIS’ RATIONALEMOTIVE BEHAVIOR
THERAPY
• Rational-Emotive
Behavior Therapy
(RET): cognitivebehavioral therapy in
which clients are
_____________ in their
irrational beliefs and
helped to
____________ their
thinking into more
_______________
ELLIS’ RATIONALEMOTIVE BEHAVIOR
THERAPY
• Therapists
• __________ role
• __________
clients
• Assign
____________
• Use _______
techniques to
modify behavior
RATIONAL-EMOTIVE
THERAPY TECHNIQUES
Activating
Event
• ABC’s of behavior
• ________ event
• _____about the
event
• __________
• ______
______
Belief
• ___________
___________
__
• Fast
______
• ________
Consequence
_
• _____
away
EVALUATION OF
COGNITIVE THERAPIES
Pros
Cons
• Relatively ______ and
• Has been criticized for
_______
treating the _______,
• Less ____________
not the ________
• Successful in treating:
• _________________
_
• ____________
disorders
• ____________
SECTION 6: GROUP
THERAPIES
GROUP THERAPIES
• A group works together with the aid of a
________ to resolve a
_______________________
• Can use _________ of therapy previously
discussed
• Goal: ____________ and provide
__________________ support for each other
• Can see how _____________ with problems
_______ to own
• Can see others who struggled with similar
FAMILY COUNSELING
• Family Counseling or
Therapy: group
therapy in which
members meet together
with a counselor or
therapist to
___________ that affect
the _______________
• Problems could be:
• ________
• Child
FAMILY COUNSELING
• Focus is on ____________ among the
family members
• Looks at family as a ___________ of
interacting “_____”
• _____________v is the problem
• Goal: Discover the unhealthy ways in which
family members ______ and __________
with one another and change those ways to
healthier, more ____________ of interaction
SELF-HELP GROUPS
• Self-help/support groups:
a group composed of
people who have similar
problems and who meet
together ____ _______ or
counselor for the purpose of
________, ______solving,
and social and emotional
__________
• Best-known examples:
• Alcoholics Anonymous,
SELF-HELP GROUPS
• Also helpful for
• ____, _____, having a
parent with dementia,
having difficult children,
_____, and dealing with
______
• Meetings all over the
country and at almost any
________________
• ___ and provides social and
emotional _____________
EVALUATION OF GROUP
THERAPY
Pros
Cons
• Lower _____
• _________ is not
• Exposure to different
guaranteed
______ to the problem
• People may be
• See how the client
________ to share
______ with others
experiences
• Social and emotional • Client must share
support
__________
• Can be effective for an • Not effective for
SECTION 7:
EFFECTIVENESS OF
PSYCHOTHERAPY
DOES PSYCHOTHERAPY
WORK?
• Generally, psychotherapy is more effective
than ___________
• Approximately 70-90% of individuals say
psychotherapy has ____________________
• The ____ a person stays in therapy, the
____ the improvement
• No one therapy type works
____________________
DOES PSYCHOTHERAPY
WORK?
• Characteristics of effective therapy
• Therapeutic alliance: the relationship
between therapist and client that
develops as a _____, _____, _______
relationship characterized by ______,
mutual _____, and ___________
• ____ environment
• Opportunity for _______
• _______ and ______ for new behaviors
• Positive ___________
BIOMEDICAL
THERAPIES
SECTION 8:
PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY
PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY
• Psychopharmacology: the use of drugs to
_____ or ______ the __________ of
psychological disorders
• ____________________________________
____
• 4 basic categories of medications used to
treat ______ disorders, _____ disorders, the
___ phase of mood disorders, & _______
• Antipsychotic medications
• Antianxiety medications
ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS
• Antipsychotic drugs:
medications used to treat
psychotic symptoms,
such as _____, ______,
and other ______
behaviors
• Patients with
_________ are
typically prescribed
these
• They work by blocking
ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS
• Side effects
• Make _____, involuntary
____ , and _______ of the
face, lips, legs, and body
• _______, ________,
reduced ____________
• Potentially ______
reduction in white blood
cells of the body’s ______
system
• Affects a very small
ANTIANXIETY DRUGS
• Antianxiety drugs:
drugs used to ____
and ____ anxiety
reactions, typically
minor ____________
• _____ or mild
tranquilizers
• Treats minor
anxiety, ____
_____, simple
_____, and
ANTIMANIC DRUGS
• Lithium– _____________ that
in its salt form (lithium
carbonate) evens out both the
____ and ____ of ______
disorder
• Side effects disappear
quickly, but
_____________________
• ______ must be controlled
• _______________ typically
treat seizure disorder, but are
ANTIDEPRESSANT
DRUGS
• Antidepressant drugs:
drugs used to treat ______
and _______
• Treats _____ disorders
like _____ disorder,
________________
disorder, &
_______________
disorder
• May take ___weeks to
become effective
SECTION 9:
ELECTROCONVULSI
VE THERAPY
ELECTROCONVULSIVE
THERAPY
• Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): form of
biomedical therapy to treat severe _______ in
which _______ are placed on either one or
both sides of a person’s head and an
___________ is passed through the
electrodes that is strong enough to cause a
________ of _________
• Effective treatment for severe _______,
______, and some types of
ELECTROCONVULSIVE
THERAPY
• Controversial
• In the past, it caused
______ when not
administered correctly
• Nowadays, it is more _____
& _______
• Clients must provide
__________
• Not a ___, but a way to alter
a person’s _________ long
enough to be more _______
SECTION 10:
PSYCHOSURGERY
PSYCHOSURGERY
• Psychosurgery: surgery performed on
________ to _____ or _______ severe
psychological disorders
• Prefrontal lobotomy: psychosurgery in
which the __________ of the prefrontal
______ of the brain to the ___________
are severed
• The frontal lobe contains most of the
____________ that control emotions
• 1930s-50s– used on people who were
PSYCHOSURGERY
• Disadvantages
• About 6% of
patients _____
• Negative changes
to personality
• __________
• Lack of
_________
• ________ dullness
• _______________
PSYCHOSURGERY
• Bilateral anterior cingulotomy:
psychosurgical technique in which an electrode
wire is inserted into the _________________
with the guidance of a magnetic resonance
imaging machine for the purpose of
_____________ that area of brain tissue with
an _____________
• Effective in __________ of all cases of
• Major ____________
• ___________disorder
• Some __________ disorders
• Used as a _____________ when no other