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Identifying Trees by Bark and Buds By Jay C. Hayek Extension Forestry Specialist © 2015 Jay C. Hayek Outline Essential Terminology Principle ID Techniques Bark Buds / Twigs Winter Tree ID Guides Summary Caveats This is a 50 minute, basic winter tree ID seminar Obviously, it is NOT intended to be exhaustive! Dendrology is a 1-2 semester course at most universities! A one semester dendrology course is equivalent to 15-16 weeks of classroom lectures and field labs! Plant Classification Utilize binomial system of nomenclature Generic name, or Genus Example: Quercus (oak) Specific epithet Example: alba (white) Binomial name, Scientific name, or Species name Quercus alba L. Preferred common name white oak (our state tree) Principal ID Techniques Tree/Shrub ID Techniques Leaves (growing season; and dormant season) Flowers (early spring – early summer) Bark (year round) Twigs (year round) Leaf arrangement Buds & Pith Fruit (year round; if available) Natural Habitat / Native Range (year round) Form (year round) Winter ID Techniques Leaves (growing season; and dormant season) Flowers (early spring – early summer) Bark (year round) Twigs (year round) Leaf arrangement Buds & Pith Fruit (year round; if available) Natural Habitat (year round) Form (year round) Bark Bark Appearance • Surface Texture & Pattern • • • • • Mature vs. Young Thickness Subtle to extreme variability does exist w/in species Different authors use different bark texture descriptions! Color I identify over 90% of trees by bark…at least to the genus level! paper birch (Betula papyrifera) Source: Keith Kanoti, Maine Forest Service, Bugwood.org Bark Appearance • Provenance or location • Age (young vs. mature) • Subtle to extreme variation can/does occur within species – that’s Mother Nature for you! • Growth rate (fast, moderate, or slow) • Black walnut as a good example Bark Appearance • Genetics • Environment • Growing Conditions • Forest grown vs. Open grown Bark (Surface) Texture • Ridges • vertical crests divided by intervening furrows • uninterrupted (n. red oak) • interlaced (white ash) • broken (white oak) • Furrows • vertical grooves separated by narrow or broad ridges • Fissures • regular or irregular cracks or crevices, narrower than furrows; may be oriented vertically or horizontally Source: Field Guide to Trees of North American, National Wildlife Federation eastern white pine eastern cottonwood © Jay C. Hayek (Pinus strobus) (Populus deltoides) Image: Chris Evans, Illinois Wildlife Action Plan, Bugwood.org Broken Horizontal Ridges white oak (Quercus alba) Image: http://www.ibiblio.org/botnet/AngiospermBark/whiteoak_bark.jpg Intersecting Ridges white ash (Fraxinus americana) mockernut hickory (Carya tomentosa) Images: Keith Kanoti, Maine Forest Service, Bugwood.org; http://usinggeorgianativeplants.blogspot.com Deeply Furrowed Bark ridge furrow chestnut oak (Quercus montana) Image: Nancy Loewenstein, Auburn University, Bugwood.org Age-related Variability © Jay C. Hayek © Jay C. Hayek northern red oak (Quercus rubra) © Jay C. Hayek Quercus rubra Image: Robert Vidéki, Doronicum Kft., Bugwood.org Bark (Surface) Texture • Smooth • flat surface lacking in ridges, furrows, and similar features • Plates • relatively large, distinctively circumscribed portions of bark; large and flat, small and blocky • shagbark hickory (Carya ovata) • shellbark hickory (Carya laciniosa) Source: Field Guide to Trees of North American, National Wildlife Federation Smooth Bark Smooth Bark © Jay C. Hayek Am. beech (Fagus grandifolia) Am. hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana) Image: Vern Wilkins, Indiana University, Bugwood.org Plates shagbark hickory (Carya ovata) Plates shellbark hickory (Carya laciniosa) Image: Rob Routledge, Sault College, Bugwood.org; Chris Evans, Illinois Wildlife Action Plan, Bugwood.org Plates Broken Horizontal Ridges © Jay C. Hayek white oak (Quercus alba) white oak (Quercus alba) Image: http://dogsfirebeerjournal.blogspot.com Bark (Surface) Texture • Peeling (exfoliating) • separating into relatively large, thin, and sometimes curling plates or sheets • Scales • small, thin, often flaking plates • Flaking • separating into thin slivers, chips, scales, or shavings Source: Field Guide to Trees of North American, National Wildlife Federation Burnt Potato Chip Bark black cherry (Prunus serotina) Source: http://fieldbioinohio.blogspot.com Flaking Bark e. hophornbeam (Ostrya virginiana) Peeling Bark river birch (Betula nigra) Image: Rob Routledge, Sault College, Bugwood.org; Chris Evans, Illinois Wildlife Action Plan, Bugwood.org Flaky and Mottled Bark Am. sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) Source: Brett Marshall, Sault College, Bugwood.org Bark (Surface) Texture • Horizontal lines (lenticels) • Partially or completely raised lines that are often derived from lenticels in young bark • Shredding / Fibrous • Peeling in long, usually vertical, sometimes frayed strips or strings • Corky • visible corky or wartlike outgrowths Source: Field Guide to Trees of North American, National Wildlife Federation Horizontal Lines yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis) Blocky Bark persimmon (Diospyros virginiana) Image: USDA Forest Service - Northeastern Area Archive, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org; http://fieldbioinohio.blogspot.com Corky Bark hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) Shredding / Peeling Bark e. redcedar (Juniperus virginiana) Images: Chris Evans, Illinois Wildlife Action Plan, Bugwood.or; Keith Kanoti, Maine Forest Service, Bugwood.org Twigs & Buds Image: www.biosci.ohio-state.edu lateral / axillary bud vascular bundle traces bud scale leaf scar terminal bud scale scar lenticel terminal bud Adapted from: www.biosci.ohio-state.edu Twigs & Buds Buds • Arrangement • Position • Size • Shape • Color Bud Arrangement • Alternate (staggered) • Opposite (directly across from each other) • Whorled (directly across from each other) • Sub-opposite Bud Arrangement TADI alternate CASP SACA opposite whorled RHCA sub-opposite Image: ohioplants.org/twiginfo/ Mnemonic Device • “Opposite” Bud Arrangement • M.A.D. Buck & Vib.rant Cat • Maple (Acer) • Ash (Fraxinus) • Dogwood (Cornus) • Buckeye (Aesculus) • Viburnum (Viburnum) • Catalpa (Catalpa) More… • Additional “opposite” woody plants • Elderberry (Sambucus) • Bladdernut (Staphylea) • Buttonbush (Cephalanthus) Bud Position • Terminal bud • bud formed at extreme tip of twig and indicates end of growth; no twig scar present. • Lateral, or Axillary bud • solitary bud located below leaf scar on side of the twig. • Pseudoterminal bud • formed when a lateral bud assumes the position and function of a terminal bud; accompanied by twig scar Source: (Fralish and Franklin, 2002) Bud Position • Superimposed buds • A second lateral bud located directly above the normal lateral bud; in Carya and Juglans, the superimposed bud produces flowers (catkins) and the lateral bud expands to form twigs and leaves. • Accessory buds • located on either side of a lateral bud, or several may be clustered around a terminal bud as in Quercus; accessory buds may contain flowers. Source: (Fralish and Franklin, 2002) Bud Position Examples TIAM lateral TIAM pseudoterminal CACO terminal QUMU clustered Image: ohioplants.org/twiginfo/ Superimposed Bud © Jay C. Hayek (Juglans cinerea) Chambered Pith © Jay C. Hayek (Juglans cinerea) Pseudoterminal Bud Catalpa – terminal bud absent Image: http://www.buildingthepride.com/faculty/pgdavison/images/trees/twigs/catsptb.jpg Bud Scales • Nearly all species have scales covering the miniature leaves and/or flowers of the next growing season • These scales, arranged in a systematic fashion that is consistent for a given species, are in important aid in ID Source: (Fralish and Franklin, 2002) Bud Scales • Imbricate (Acer saccharum) • Valvate (Liriodendron tulipifera) • Capped (Platanus occidentalis) • Naked (Hamamelis virginiana) Source: (Fralish and Franklin, 2002) Bud Scales LITU flower bud valvate HAVI ACSC imbricate naked Image: ohioplants.org/twiginfo/ Caov Cato Caco Cagl Cala Image: floraofohio.blogspot.com/2011/02/care-to-learn-your-caryas.html White Ash vs. Green Ash • White ash (left) • crescent shaped leaf scar • Green ash (right) • D-shaped leaf scar Image: ohiodnr.com Stipular Scar Image: bobklips.com/latewinter2009.html Pith Twig Pith • Pith • The central portion of a twig is composed of a cylinder of parenchyma cells called “pith.” • Continuous, solid (Diospyros virginiana) • Continuous, diaphragmed (Nyssa sylvatica) • Chambered (Juglans nigra) • Spongy (Sambucus canadensis) • Hollow, excavated (Diospyros virginiana) Source: (Fralish and Franklin, 2002) Continuous Diaphragmed Chambered “solid” “solid w/ partitions” “hollow w/ partitions” Source: Woody Plants in Winter by Core and Ammons, 1958. Pith Type LITU ALAL LOSP JUNI © Jay C. Hayek solid diaphragmed chambered hollow Image: ohioplants.org/twiginfo/ Butternut vs. Walnut © Jay C. Hayek Butternut vs. Walnut © Jay C. Hayek Twig Appearance • Color • Odor & Taste • Lenticels • Outgrowths • Winged, or angled Source: (Fralish and Franklin, 2002) Bur Oak – Corky Ridges © Jay C. Hayek Image: www.portraitoftheearth.com/trees/bur%20oak/P1110463.JPG Winged / Angled Twigs © michigannatureguy.com © Jay C. Hayek Image: www.portraitoftheearth.com/trees/bur%20oak/P1110463.JPG Twig Appearance • Surface • Glabrous (smooth) • Pubescent (hairy) • Glaucus (whitish coating, film) • Polished or dull • Armament • Thorns, spines, prickles Armament • Spines are modified leaves or stipules and as such are generally thinner and shorter than thorns, which are modified branches. • Prickles are slender outgrowths of the epidermis. Image: ohioplants.org/twiginfo/ Armament ROPS stipular spine CRSP RUAL thorn prickle Image: ohioplants.org/twiginfo/ Armament Examples • honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos) • black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) • Osage-orange (Maclura pomifera) • devils walking-stick (Aralia spinosa) • prickly-ash (Zanthoxylum americanum) Twig Color • Twig color can be an extremely helpful ID tool • Focus on newest growth twigs • Boxelder (Acer negundo) • Sassafras (Sassafras albidum) • Redosier dogwood (Cornus sericea) Twig Color © Jay C. Hayek boxelder (Acer negundo) Image: www.phytoimages.siu.edu Twig Odor / Taste • Sassafras (pleasant, spicy aromatic smell) • Yellow birch (pleasant, wintergreen smell) • Black cherry (pungent, bitter-almond smell) • Spicebush (pleasant, spicy aromatic smell) • Common hoptree (pungent smell) Field Guides Summary • Learn botanical terminology • Work with what you have (process of elimination): 1. Bark 2. Twigs & Buds 3. Fruit (not covered in this presentation) • Take high-quality pictures • Compare to Internet Photos • Compare to Tree/Shrub ID Guides • If necessary, revisit the tree during the growing season if leaves and flowers are essential to properly ID the tree/shrub to the species level Questions & Answers Jay C. Hayek, Extension Forestry Specialist W-521 Turner Hall (MC-047) 1102 S. Goodwin Ave Urbana, IL 61801 Email: jhayek (at) illinois (dot) edu