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GENETICS OF POPULATIONS Výukový materiál GE 02 - 54 Tvůrce: Mgr. Šárka Vopěnková Tvůrce anglické verze: ThMgr. Ing. Jiří Foller Projekt: S anglickým jazykem do dalších předmětů Registrační číslo: CZ.1.07/1.1.36/03.0005 Tento projekt je spolufinancován ESF a SR ČR 2014 GENETICS REGULARITIES OF POPULATIONS population: a group of individuals of the same species, living on a specific area individuals can loosely crossbreed among each other and they arise out of the same ancestor they have got common gene fund (complex of alleles, which are kept genetically) CAN YOU RECOGNIZE POPULATIONS ? KINDS OF POPULATIONS 1) autogamic population individuals reproduce by autogamy (selffertilization) each individual produces both male and female gametes the new individual is formed by the fusion of gametes originating from one individual GENETICS REGULARITIES OF POPULATIONS homozygotic individual (homozygotic dominant homozygotic recessive) can produce only homozygotic descendants in autogamic population appear permanent decrease of heterozygotes increasing share of homozygotes GENETICS REGULARITIES OF POPULATIONS 2) alogamic population the individual arises by the fusion of 2 gametes coming from different individuals a special case is - panmictic population large population which has a non-limited possibility of reciprocal crossbreed GENETICS REGULARITIES OF POPULATIONS panmixia = by no means limited possibility of reciprocal crossbreed of any individual with any other member of the population every male gamete has identical probability to meet any female gamete HARDY-WEINBERG LAW in virtue of Hardy-Weinberg´s law can be figured out genotypical composition of panmictic population the law is in force by these conditions (assumptions): no mutations occur (at least not at the observed gene) no selection occurs no migration occurs population must be panmictic and very numerous HARDY-WEINBERG LAW frequency of dominant allele at a specific gene in the gene fund of population valid for panmictic populations platí: p p+q=1 (100%) frequency of the recessive allele q probability of encountering two dominant alleles (arising a dominant homozygot) p x p = p2 probability of encountering two recessive alleles q x q = q2 probability of arising a heterozygot (p x q)+(q x p) = 2pq so total genotypic composition of population stands good p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 GENETICS REGULARITIES OF POPULATIONS autogametic and panmictic population: completely different way of reproduction different population– genetic relations in the nature those extreme types rare 100 % self-pollinating plant species does not exist ABO SYSTEM Frequency of allele IB for basic blood group B (in %) in European populations. Its frequency makes a gradient decreasing from the east to the west. The highest Is in Middle Asia and lowest in northeast Spain. It is still remarkable consequence Og migration waves – historical invasions of Mongolian Tartars in Europe after the breakdown of Roman. Invaders left there the allele IB in their descendants. GENETICS REGULARITIES OF POPULATIONS Decrease of laetal recessive allele frequency during the rotation of Panmictic population which is nowadays formed only by heterozygots. Even if Arising recessive homozygots cannot survive, the allele will never disappear because it is still kept in heterozygots (selection pressure does not counteract) GENETICS REGULARITIES OF POPULATIONS Hardy - Weinberg balance for 2 alleles Task 1: In the population (9800 individuals total) there occurs a hypothetical genetically determined feature. The dominant form of this feature is conditioned by the dominant allele A, the recessive form of the feature is conditioned by a recessive allele. Dominant phenotype occurred by 4998 individuals. Determine the gene frequency of dominant and recessive alleles (the population is in HW balance). SOURCES CHALUPOVÁ-KARLOVSKÁ, Vlastimila. Obecná biologie: středoškolská učebnice : evoluce, biologie buňky, genetika : s 558 řešenými testovými otázkami. 2., opr. vyd. Olomouc: Nakladatelství Olomouc, 2010, 206 s. ISBN 978-80-7182-282-0