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The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ ISSN 2307-8235 (online) IUCN 2008: T2785A21961347 Bettongia penicillata, Woylie Assessment by: Woinarski, J. & Burbidge, A.A. View on www.iucnredlist.org Citation: Woinarski, J. & Burbidge, A.A. 2016. Bettongia penicillata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T2785A21961347. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.20162.RLTS.T2785A21961347.en Copyright: © 2016 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale, reposting or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission from the copyright holder. For further details see Terms of Use. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN Red List Partners are: Arizona State University; BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; and Zoological Society of London. If you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown in this document, please provide us with feedback so that we can correct or extend the information provided. THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ Taxonomy Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Animalia Chordata Mammalia Diprotodontia Potoroidae Taxon Name: Bettongia penicillata Gray, 1837 Common Name(s): • English: • French: • Spanish: Woylie, Brush-tailed Bettong, Brush-tailed Rat-kangaroo Bettongie à queue touffue, Kangourou-rat à queue touffue Canguro-rata Colipeludo Taxonomic Notes: The taxonomy of Bettongia penicillata is unsettled. The species was once the most widespread of any member of the Potoroidae with records from all mainland States and the Northern Territory (Start et al. 1995). It is possible that the two subspecies represent distant ends of clines that terminated in southeastern Australia (subspecies penicillata), southwestern Australia (subspecies ogilbyi) and northern Queensland (B. tropica, originally described at a subspecies of B. penicillata). Bettongia penicillata penicillata is Extinct. Bettongia penicillata ogilbyi is Critically Endangered. Assessment Information Red List Category & Criteria: Critically Endangered A2ce ver 3.1 Year Published: 2016 Date Assessed: December 31, 2012 Justification: The Woylie has suffered a >90% reduction in population size over the past 10 years and the decline is continuing. Previously Published Red List Assessments 2008 – Critically Endangered (CR) – http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T2785A9480872.en 1996 – Lower Risk/conservation dependent (LR/cd) 1994 – Endangered (E) 1990 – Endangered (E) 1988 – Endangered (E) 1986 – Endangered (E) 1982 – Endangered (E) Geographic Range © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Bettongia penicillata – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T2785A21961347.en 1 Range Description: Formerly very widespread, Woylies occupied most of semi-arid and arid Australia, mostly south of the tropics, including the arid and semi-arid zones of Western Australia, the Northern Territory, South Australia, New South Wales and Victoria, and possibly extended north along the east coast into Queensland, the remnant of this population now being accepted as Bettongia tropica. Woylies also occurred on Saint Francis and St Peter Islands, South Australia (Robinson et al. 1996). Burbidge et al. (2009), using modern, historical and subfossil records, found that Woylies (excluding B. tropica) are known to have occurred in 28 of Australia’s 85 bioregions and that they are now extinct in all but two. By 1970, they remained only in four subpopulations in south-western Australia: Dryandra, Tutanning, Kingston and Perup. Pacioni et al. (2011) used a molecular approach (12 microsatellite loci and mitochondrial DNA) to investigate relationships between these subpopulations. In 1975, the South Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service began a breeding program for the species at Para Wirra Recreation Park from animals sourced from Perth Zoo with the goal of providing stock to re-establish the species in South Australia. The first experimental releases were onto two small islands, Bird Club Island (8 ha) in 1979 and Venus Bay ‘Island A’ (15 ha) in 1980, followed by three larger islands, St Francis Island (809ha) in 1980, St Peter Island (3493 ha) in 1981 and Wedge Island (947 ha) in 1983 (Delroy et al. 1986, Freegard 2008, Yeatman and Groom 2012). Woylies did not survive on Bird Club Island, probably due to foxes accessing the island. Neither did they survive on St Francis Island (reasons unknown) (Robinson et al. 1996). These translocated Woylie subpopulations are genetically depauperate (Pacioni 2010), having been derived mostly from the small Para Wirra founder group. There have been numerous reintroductions to parts of the south-west of Western Australia and some to New South Wales, but some have failed in the medium- to long-term (Priddell and Wheeler 2004, Wayne et al. 2011; Yeatman and Groom 2012). Remaining unfenced subpopulations from these reintroductions in Western Australia are Julimar Forest (1995-2011), Avon Valley National Park (2002-2004), Boyagin Nature Reserve (1992), several sites in the northern and central jarrah forest (the current status of some of these is unknown), Batalling Forest (1982), and North Karlgarin Nature Reserve (2005). Recently, ‘insurance’ subpopulations in fenced mainland islands have been established at Whiteman Park Recreation and Conservation Reserve (near Perth) and Perup Sanctuary (a 420 ha fenced area, east of Manjimup) (Yeatman and Groom 2012). Neither of these has yet persisted for five years and cannot be included in this evaluation. A small number of Woylies have recently been translocated to the fenced Wadderin Sanctuary, Western Australia. Country Occurrence: Native: Australia © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Bettongia penicillata – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T2785A21961347.en 2 Distribution Map Bettongia penicillata © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Bettongia penicillata – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T2785A21961347.en 3 Population Accounts by early settlers (e.g. Facey 1981) and Aboriginal people (e.g. Burbidge et al. 1988) demonstrate that Woylies were once abundant. In arid Australia Woylies declined after European settlement and survived the establishment of the feral Cat, but disappeared soon after the establishment of the Red Fox (Burbidge et al. 1988). Abundance in the four remnant Western Australian wheatbelt subpopulations has varied, with Sampson (1971) at Tutanning and Christensen (1980) at Perup finding numbers to be relatively high during the 1960s and 1970s. However, numbers fluctuated, e.g. Kinnear et al. (2002) found Woylies to be rare at Tutanning in 1984. Trap success rates at Tutanning increased from c. 2% in 1984 to c. 28% in 1992 following the implementation of fox control (Wayne et al. 2010). Following the introduction of widespread fox control under ‘Western Shield’ in 1996, Woylie numbers rapidly increased at all four of the original locations and translocations were conducted to several sites in the northern jarrah forest and wheatbelt in Western Australia, a total of 46 translocations in all, and to sites in eastern Australia (Wayne et al. 2008). From about 2000, there was a significant decline in all free-ranging Woylie populations, natural and reintroduced (Groom 2010). At a species level Woylies were found to have declined by c. 90% from a peak of c. 250 000 individuals in 1999 to 33 000 in 2010. The largest subpopulation, at Upper Warren, declined by 95% from an estimated peak of 215 000 in 1999 (Wayne et al. 2011). A major research program coordinated by the Western Australian Department of Parks and Wildlife investigated the reasons for the decline including predation (Wayne et al. 2011; 2013; N. Marlow and P. de Tores pers. comm.) and disease (e.g. Botero et al. 2013), with several further papers yet to be published. Forty-one Woylies were translocated to the Perup Sanctuary mainland island in October-December 2010. In November 2012, 161 independent Woylie individuals were captured but due to trap saturation (80 traps x 4 nights) an accurate estimate could not be achieved. The number is probably around 200 (A. Wayne pers. comm.). Current Population Trend: Decreasing Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information) Woylies originally inhabited a wide range of country. In the western deserts, Aboriginal people reported that they occupied sand plains and dunes with spinifex (Triodia spp.) hummock grassland. The remnant subpopulations in south-western Australia inhabit woodlands and adjacent heaths with a dense understorey of shrubs, particularly Gastrolobium spp., which contain monofluoroacetic acid, the compound present as sodium monofluoroacetate in the vertebrate pesticide ‘1080’. Diet is largely underground fungi, although it includes tubers, bulbs and seeds. Woylies can store seed in their cheek pouches for later caching and are a major distributor of fungal spores and seeds (Murphy et al. 2005). Their digging also has a positive impact on the non-wetting property of soils (Garkaklis et al. 1998). They are solitary animals but nest sharing (usually mother and young at heel) has been recorded (Sampson 1971, Christensen and Leftwich 1980, Start et al. 1995). They occupy home ranges, the size of which varies between habitats, sites and according to Woylie density. Small home ranges (less than 6 ha) are generally observed at high density occurrences (Nelson 1989 in Nelson et al. 1992; Hide 2006). Males tend to have larger home ranges than females (Sampson 1971, Leftwich 1983), although this is not always so when Woylies are at higher densities (Yeatman 2010). Systems: Terrestrial Threats (see Appendix for additional information) © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Bettongia penicillata – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T2785A21961347.en 4 The major reason for past decline has been predation by Red Foxes and feral cats, exacerbated in the deserts by changed fire regimes. The recent crash in numbers is thought to be primarily due to feral cats, although exotic disease may be involved. Inappropriate fire regimes may exacerbate fox and cat predation. Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information) Hall et al. (1991) was the first edition of the Woylie Recovery Plan and guided work between 1991 and 1993. Nelson et al. (1992) guided work in South Australia. Start et al. (1995) was the second edition of Woylie Recovery Plan for the period 1994-2003, written with the expectation that the species could be removed from the threatened species list within a short period of time. Woylies were removed from the Commonwealth and Western Australian threatened species lists in 1996 following an assessment of status (Start et al. 1998). However, from about 2000, Woylies have suffered a significant ongoing decline and they became again the subject of conservation research and management. Woylie conservation was then guided by an interim recovery plan (Freegard 2008). A revised national recovery plan was finalised in 2012 (Yeatman and Groom 2012). This recovery plan, guided by a national Recovery Team, has seven recovery actions: · Verify the causes of the decline and suppression of recovery and implement remedial action to address these. · Minimise predation by introduced foxes and cats at priority sites. · Maintain or improve the health, genetic diversity, relative value and viability of wild populations. · Maintain genetic diversity of the insurance captive populations at least at 2012 levels. · Maintain captive population sizes sufficient to act as source populations for future translocations. · Undertake targeted translocations as re-introductions (and as introductions where necessary) to achieve an enhanced conservation status for the species. · Inform and educate the community about, and involve the community in, recovery actions. It is too soon to evaluate progress. There has been considerable research and management of Woylies in the south-west of Western Australia over a long period of time. Recently, with a serious decline of unknown causes under way, the Western Australian Department of Environment and Conservation initiated a major research program to investigate Woylie decline and that of other ‘critical weight range’ (Burbidge and McKenzie 1989) mammals. The ‘Mesopredator release’ project and ‘Woylie conservation research project’ involved the Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre, DEC staff, and people from Murdoch University, Perth Zoo, Australian Wildlife Conservancy, South Australian Department of Environment and Heritage, Australian Wildlife Health Network, Wildlife Disease Association (Australasia), University of Adelaide, Data Analysis Australia, UWA and a number of other professionals and organisations. The major hypotheses examined were that the declines were due to fox predation, cat predation (possibly partly due to mesopredator release), epizootic disease, and/or changes to food resources. Twenty-four university student research projects have also been associated with this research. The results (Wayne et al. 2011, in press; N. Marlow, P. de Tores and K. Morris et al., pers. comm.) indicated that: · feral cat predation is currently the most significant cause of Woylie mortality and effective operational cat control for the south-west of Western Australia is urgently required · the current fox baiting regime is approximately >90% effective in removing foxes from baited reserves despite a high non-target uptake of fox baits by Common Brushtail Possums Trichosurus vulpecula and birds (Australian Ravens Corvus coronoides and Grey Currawongs Strepera versicolor) · there may be a mesopredator release of feral Cats in the presence of effective fox control in at least some circumstances but mathematical quantification of this phenomenon has not yet been completed · the Woylie subpopulations in the Upper Warren at least, provide evidence that potentially pathogenic parasites may be associated with the declines and that it is possible disease is making Woylies more vulnerable to predation. Introductions of Woylies to Katarapko Island on the River Murray floodplain (South Australia) (Katarapko © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Bettongia penicillata – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T2785A21961347.en 5 Community Action Group 2001) and to Flinders Ranges National Park (South Australia) (Bellchambers 2000, 2001) both failed due to predation, primarily by introduced Red Foxes and feral Cats. The Red Fox is controlled via aerial and ground baiting in >30 000 km2 of conservation lands in the south-west of Western Australia. There is ongoing, long-term research aimed at developing operational feral Cat control technology. Conservation lands in the south-west of Western Australia with Woylie subpopulations and the Perup Sanctuary are managed by the Western Australian Department of Environment and Conservation. The South Australian Department of Environment and Natural Resources manages islands in South Australia with Woylie subpopulations. The Australian Wildlife Conservancy manages Karakamia, Yookamurra and Scotia Sanctuaries, plus Mt Gibson Sanctuary (where Woylies will be reintroduced in 2014). Wadderin Sanctuary (430 ha) is managed by a local community group with assistance from Wildlife Research and Management Ltd and the Shire of Narambeen. Captive colonies are housed at Monarto Zoological Park, Hall Gap Zoo, Perth Zoo, Cleland Wildlife Park, Adelaide Zoo, Alice Springs Desert Park (Ford and Hogg 2012) and some zoos in the USA and Europe. Credits Assessor(s): Woinarski, J. & Burbidge, A.A. Reviewer(s): Johnson, C.N. & Hawkins, C. Contributor(s): Wayne, A., Morris, K., Groom, C., Copley, P., Dixon, J., Legge, S. & Short, J. © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Bettongia penicillata – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T2785A21961347.en 6 Bibliography Abbott, I. 2001. Aboriginal names of mammal species in south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3: 433-486. Abbott, I. 2002. Origin and spread of the cat, Felis catus, on mainland Australia, with a discussion on the magnitude of its early impact on native fauna. Wildlife Research 29: 51-74. Abbott, I. 2006. Mammalian faunal collapse in Western Australia, 1875-1925: the hypothesised role of epizootic disease and a conceptual model of its origin, introduction, transmission, and spread. Australian Zoologist 33: 530-561. Abbott, I. 2008. The spread of the cat, Felis catus, in Australia: re-examination of the current conceptual model with additional information. Conservation Science Western Australia 7: 1-17. AnAge. 2012. 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R. 2010. The reintroduction of medium-sized marsupials in western New South Wales. School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney. Ford, C., and Hogg, C. 2012. Australasian species management program: regional census and plan, 22nd Edition. Zoo and Aquarium Association, Sydney. Freegard, C. 2007. Bettongia penicillata ogilbyi - nomination of a Western Australian species for listing as threatened, change of status or delisting. Department of Conservation and Land Management, Perth. Freegard, C. 2008. Draft Woylie (Bettongia penicillata ogilbyi) Interim Recovery Plan 2008-2013. Department of Environment and Conservation, Perth. Garkaklis, M. J., Bradley, J. S., and Wooller, R.D. 1998. The effects of Woylie (Bettongia penicillata) foraging on soil water repellency and water infiltration in heavy textured soils in southwestern Australia. Austral Ecology 23: 492-496. Groom, C. 2010. 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IUCN Species Survival Commission Reintroduction Specialist Group, Abu Dhabi, UAE. Hide, A. 2006. Survival and dispersal of the threatened woylie Bettongia penicillata after translocation. The University of Western Australia. IUCN. 2016. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-2. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 04 September 2016). Katarapko Community Action Group. 2001. Unpublished project report; Brush-tailed Bettong Introduction to Katarapko Island. Keynes, T. 1989. Some notes on keeping and breeding of the brush-tailed bettong. Available at: http://www.marsupialsociety.org/btbettong.html. (Accessed: 27 June 2012). Kinnear, J., Sumner, N.R., and Onus, M. L. 2002. The red fox in Australia—an exotic predator turned biocontrol agent. Biological Conservation 108: 335-359. Leftwich, T. D. 1983. The reintroduction of the woylie (Bettongia penicillata) into a forest area. Forests Department, Western Australia, Perth. Maxwell, S., Burbidge, A.A. and Morris, K. 1996. The 1996 Action Plan for Australian Marsupials and Monotremes. Australasian Marsupial and Monotreme Specialist Group, IUCN Species Survival Commission, Gland, Switzerland. © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Bettongia penicillata – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T2785A21961347.en 8 Murphy, M. T., Garkalis, M. J., and Hardy, G. 2005. Seed caching by woylies Bettongia penicillatacan increase sandalwood Santalum spicatum regeneration in Western Australia. Austral Ecology 30: 747755. Nelson, L. S., Storr, R. F., and Robinson, A. C. 1992. Plan of management for the woylie, Bettongia penicillata Gray 1837 (Marsupialia, Potoroidae) in South Australia. Department of Environment and Planning, South Australia. Orell, P. 2003. Fauna monitoring and staff training: Western Shield review-February 2003. Conservation Science Western Australia 5: 51-95. Pacioni, C. 2010. The population and epidemiological dynamics associated with the recent decline of woylies (Bettongia penicillata) in Australia. The University of Western Australia. Pacioni, C., Wayne, A. F., and Spencer P. B. S. 2011. Effects of habitat fragmentation on population structure and long-distance gene flow in an endangered marsupial: the woylie. Journal of Zoology 283: 98–107. Priddel, D., and Wheeler, R. 2004. An experimental translocation of brush-tailed bettongs (Bettongia penicillata) to western New South Wales. Wildlife Research 31: 421-432. Roache, M. 2011. The action plan for threatened Australian macropods. WWF-Australia, Sydney. Robinson, T., Canty, P., Mooney, T., and Rudduck, P. 1996. South Australia’s offshore islands. of Environment and Natural Resources, Adelaide. Sampson, J.C. 1971. The biology of Bettongia penicillata Gray, 1837. The University of Western Australia. Serventy, V. 1970. Dryandra: the story of an Australian forest. AH and AW Reed, Sydney. Start, A. N., Burbidge, A. A. and Armstrong, D. 1995. Woylie Recovery Plan. Second edition 1994-1995. Wildlife Management Program No. 16, Department of Conservation and Land Management, Perth, Australia. Start, A. N., Burbidge, A. A., and Armstrong, D. 1998. A review of the conservation status of the woylie, Bettongia penicillata ogilbyi (Marsupialia: Potoroidae) using IUCN criteria. CALMScience 2: 277-289. Threatened Species Scientific Committee. 2009. Advice to the Minister for the Environment, Heritage and the Arts from the Threatened Species Scientific Committee (the Committee) on amendment to the list of threatened subspecies under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act): Bettongia penicillata Woylie. Available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgibin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=66844. (Accessed: 24 June 2012). Wayne, A. F., Maxwell, M., Ward, C., Vellios, C., Ward, B., Liddelow, G. L., Wilson, I., Wayne, J. C., and Williams, M. R. 2013. The importance of getting the numbers right: quantifying the rapid and substantial decline of an abundant marsupial, Bettongia penicillata. Wildlife Research 40(3): 169-183. Wayne, A., Friend, T., Burbidge, A., Morris, K., and van Weenen, J. 2008. Bettongia penicillata. In 'The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species'. Version 2012.1. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 24 June 2012). Wayne, A., Maxwell, M., Nicholls, P., Pacioni, C., Reiss, A., Smith, A., Thompson, A., Vellios, C., Ward, C., Wayne, J., Wilson, I., and Williams, M. 2011. The Woylie Conservation Research Project: investigating the cause(s) of woylie declines in the Upper Warren region Progress Report December 2011. Department of Environment and Conservation, Perth. Yeatman, G. 2010. Demographic changes of a woylie (Bettongia penicillata) population: a response to © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Bettongia penicillata – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T2785A21961347.en 9 increasing density and climate drying? The University of Western Australia. Yeatman, G. J. and Groom, C. J. 2012. National recovery plan for the Woylie Bettongia penicillata. Wildlife Management Program No. 51. Department of Environment and Conservation, Perth. Citation Woinarski, J. & Burbidge, A.A. 2016. Bettongia penicillata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T2785A21961347. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T2785A21961347.en Disclaimer To make use of this information, please check the Terms of Use. External Resources For Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website. © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Bettongia penicillata – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T2785A21961347.en 10 Appendix Habitats (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Habitat Season Suitability Major Importance? 1. Forest -> 1.4. Forest - Temperate Resident Suitable Yes 3. Shrubland -> 3.4. Shrubland - Temperate Resident Suitable Yes Threats (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Threat Timing Scope Severity Impact Score 7. Natural system modifications -> 7.1. Fire & fire suppression -> 7.1.1. Increase in fire frequency/intensity Ongoing Majority (5090%) Slow, significant declines Medium impact: 6 Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation Ongoing Unknown Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality Ongoing Majority (5090%) Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality Ongoing Majority (5090%) Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 8. Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases -> 8.1.1. Unspecified species 8. Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases -> 8.1.2. Named species (Vulpes vulpes) 8. Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases -> 8.1.2. Named species (Felis catus) Unknown Very rapid declines Very rapid declines Unknown High impact: 8 High impact: 8 Conservation Actions in Place (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Conservation Actions in Place In-Place Research, Monitoring and Planning Action Recovery plan: Yes Systematic monitoring scheme: Yes In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management Conservation sites identified: Yes, over entire range Occur in at least one PA: Yes © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Bettongia penicillata – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T2785A21961347.en 11 Conservation Actions in Place Percentage of population protected by PAs (0-100): 91-100 Area based regional management plan: Yes Invasive species control or prevention: Yes In-Place Education Included in international legislation: Yes Subject to any international management/trade controls: Yes Conservation Actions Needed (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Conservation Actions Needed 2. Land/water management -> 2.2. Invasive/problematic species control 3. Species management -> 3.2. Species recovery 3. Species management -> 3.3. Species re-introduction -> 3.3.1. Reintroduction 3. Species management -> 3.4. Ex-situ conservation -> 3.4.1. Captive breeding/artificial propagation Research Needed (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Research Needed 1. Research -> 1.5. Threats 1. Research -> 1.6. Actions 3. Monitoring -> 3.1. Population trends Additional Data Fields Distribution Estimated area of occupancy (AOO) (km²): 512 Extreme fluctuations in area of occupancy (AOO): No Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) (km²): 199900 Continuing decline in extent of occurrence (EOO): Yes Extreme fluctuations in extent of occurrence (EOO): No Number of Locations: 12 © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Bettongia penicillata – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T2785A21961347.en 12 Population Number of mature individuals: 12000-18000 Extreme fluctuations: No Population severely fragmented: Yes No. of subpopulations: 10-15 Extreme fluctuations in subpopulations: No All individuals in one subpopulation: No Habitats and Ecology Generation Length (years): 4 Movement patterns: Not a Migrant © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Bettongia penicillata – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T2785A21961347.en 13 The IUCN Red List Partnership The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN Red List Partners are: Arizona State University; BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; and Zoological Society of London. THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™