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Lab # 1. Human Circulation of Blood on Earth ME 5950/6950 Biofluid Dynamics: From Earth to Space Spring 2016 Instructor: William W. Liou, PhD Time Required: ~ 100 min The circulatory system is responsible for carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones and many other substances throughout the body. The body's cells rely on the circulatory system for a continuous supply of essential materials and waste removal. The continuous movement of the blood is driven by the heart. In it, the ventricles are the pumping chambers of the heart that push blood out of the heart and the atrium receive the returning blood. This process continues nonstop for many decades – billions of times during your lifetime. Following this lab activity, you will better understand how the circulatory system works on Earth. Throughout the activity, consider how this would be different in microgravity, lunar gravity (16.5% of Earth’s gravity) and Martian gravity (38% of Earth’s gravity). As NASA’s space exploration programs move forward, researchers must consider how the human body will adapt in different conditions and for different lengths of time. In order for humans to have a more permanent presence in space, precautions will need to be taken to ensure the health of the astronauts. You will be asked to hypothesize how the human circulatory system will be affected on long duration missions and in environments with gravitational forces different from Earth. You will also be asked to propose countermeasures that could be used to maintain cardiovascular health. Lab Objectives • Develop an understanding of and measure human blood pressure. • Gather and analyze your heart rate data under various conditions. • Enter, graph and analyze data. Materials/Equipment needed • sphygmomanometer • Wearable devices • Stopwatch • Step Pre-Lab Questions The force with which the ventricles push out blood is called systolic pressure. The force that the blood exerts on the walls of the arteries when the ventricles relax is called diastolic pressure. Together, these two pressures represent the numbers in a blood pressure (BP) measurement, written as systolic pressure/diastolic pressure. 1. The pulmonary artery takes blood from the right ventricle to which body organs? 2. The aorta, which is the largest artery in your body, takes blood from the left ventricle. What is the destination of this blood? 3. Which of the two values in a BP reading is always greater? 4. What is a "sphygmomanometer"? 5. An example of a BP reading is 120/70. What does this reading represent? Parts of the materials are adopted from NASA Research Laboratories Series: 554061main_AP_ED_CirculatorySystemLab_Nspire) Page 1 of 5 Experiment I. Arterial Blood Pressure Measurement Procedures 1. With the subject seated, apply the cuff of the sphygmomanometer around the upper arm of the subject so that the hosing for the cuff is positioned over the cubital fossa. 2. Apply the bell of the stethoscope to the skin over the brachial artery in the cubital fossa. 3. Close the screw valve on the hand pump and pump the cuff to a pressure of ~160 mmHg. Do not exceed 180 mmHg. 4. Open the screw valve on the pump to slowly release . the pressure, listening to the brachial artery through Measurement of blood pressure with a the stethoscope and noting at what pressure the sphygmomanometer and stethoscope. sounds of Korotkoff (the sounds generated by blood Image from http://www.merck.com/mmhe/ turbulence in a partially occluded artery) begin (systolic pressure) and end (diastolic pressure). Record these values. 5. Calculate and record the pulse pressure for the subject as follows: Pulse Pressure = Systolic BP – Diastolic BP 6. Calculate and record the mean arterial pressure for the subject as follows: Mean Arterial Pressure = Diastolic BP + 1/3 (Pulse Pressure) 7. Switch roles and have your partners find his/her blood pressure. Experiment II. Pulse Measurement Procedures: 1. Sit down and place either hand palm up on a table top. Fact the palm and use the index and middle finger from your other hand to locate your pulse. Your radial artery is on the thumb's side (or outside) of your wrist when the palm of your hand is facing you. 2. Place your fingers half way between the tendons that run down the center of your forearm and the edge of your arm, on the thumb side, right at your wrist. You should feel a strong pulse here. Record the data. 3. Stand upright for one to two minutes. Find your heart rate in beats per minute (BPM) by taking your radial pulse. Count the beats while your partner times 30 seconds on the stop watch or clock. Multiply this number by two to find your BPM. Record the data. 4. Switch roles and have your partners find his/her heart rate. Record the data. 5. Lie down on a lab table or the floor for one to two minutes until you are totally relaxed. 6. Find your heart rate as you did before and record the data. Remain lying down. 7. Rest for one to two minutes, then stand up quickly and immediately take your pulse. Record your BPM. 8. Switch roles and gather data for your partner. Record the data. Page 2 of 5 Analyze and explain 1. Why your heart rate is lower when you are at rest. 2. Why might you feel dizzy when you stand up quickly from a lying down position? 3. Why does your heart rate increase right after you stand up from a lying-down position Experiment III. Cardiovascular Fitness. The activities in this exercise evaluate the ability of the cardiovascular system to compensate for changes in body position (which alter the effects of gravity on circulation) and changes in activity (a brief amount of exercise). Also, you will evaluate your cardiovascular fitness using an old but very reliable index called the Schneider index (developed by E.C. Schneider and published in the Journal of the American Medical Association in 1920). This is a low intensity exercise. However, if you have any potentially serious cardiovascular conditions (e.g., chronic severe hypertension, heart disease, etc.) that could be aggravated by these activities, please have someone else in your group to serve as the subject for this activity. Activity 1. Reclining Heart Rate. 1. Have the subject recline on the lab table for a period of 5 min 2. Record reclining heart rate by measuring radial pulse for 30 seconds and multiplying that value by two. Record this value. 3. Measure the subject’s blood pressure with a sphygmomanometer and record this value. 4. Score points for the individual based upon their reclining heart rate: Activity 2. Standing (Normal) Heart Rate. 1. The subject should stand up and their pulse should be immediately measured for 30 seconds then multiplied by 2. Record the data. 2. At 30, 60, 90, and 120 seconds after standing up, measure and record the subject’s blood pressure. 3. Score points for the individual based on a) how much systolic blood pressure changed upon standing b) standing pulse rate upon standing, and c) how much pulse rate increased upon standing. Page 3 of 5 Activity 3: Changes in Heart Rate with Exercise 1. Have the subject step up onto an 18” stool, right foot first, then bring up the left foot and place it next to your right. Step down with the left foot and then bring the right foot down to the floor next to it. Repeat this exercise five times, allowing three seconds total time for each repetition. 2. Immediately after completion of the fifth repetition, measure the subject’s heart rate for 15 second and multiply the number of pulses for 15 seconds. Record this value. 3. Repeat the 15-second pulse measurements at 30, 60, 90, and 120 seconds post-exercise. Record the time it takes the pulse to return back to normal rate. 4. Score the subject based upon a) the difference between heart rate immediately post-exercise and normal standing heart rate and b) The time needed for heart rate to return to normal standing rate after cessation of exercise. Page 4 of 5 Analyze and explain 1. 2. 3. 4. Describe the trend you see in the data for both you and your partner. Why does your heart rate increase during exercise? What other physiological changes do you notice during exercise? What factors could contribute to a lower heart rate during exercise and a faster recovery after exercise? You may know someone who has been diagnosed with "high blood pressure" (HBP), or hypertension. In general, a person who has a BP reading greater than 140/90 is considered to have HBP. A BP reading less than 120/80 is considered to be "normal". There are many variables to consider, however, so these values should be used only as benchmarks. 5. What do you think are some contributing factors to a person having HBP? 6. What are some ways that a person with HBP could lower his/her blood pressure? Page 5 of 5