Download Nutrition - Ardsley Schools

Nutrition
What are Nutrients?
Nutrients
• Provide energy
• Need for growth, repair and maintenance
of cells
• Need for metabolism
Nutrients
• Examples (Why do we need each one?):
– Proteins
– Carbs.
– Fats
– Vitamins
– Minerals
– water
Vitamins
• Vit A
– Vision
– Fruits and Veg
• Vit D
– Bones
– Dairy and skin exposed to sun
• Vit K
– Blood Clotting
– Veg and rectal bacteria
• Vit C
– Bone, Cartilage, gums
– Fruit and Veg
• Vit B12
– Blood
– Meat and Dairy
Minerals
• Fe
– Blood
• F
– Teeth
• Mg
– Coenzyme
• Ca
– Bone and Teeth
• P
– Bone and Teeth
• I
– Thyroid
• Na, K
– Water balance (Osmosis), Nerve Function
Essential Amino Acids
• We can’t make 8 of the 20 amino acids
– Need to eat meat and dairy products to get
them
How do organisms get nutrients?
Nutrient Acquisition
• Autotrophic Nutrition
– Phototrophs (plants, algae cyanobacteria)
• Use sun to convert inorganics (i.e.. CO2 and H2O)
into organics
– Chemotrophs (some bacteria)
• Use CO2 and H2S to create organics
• Heterotrophic Nutrition
– Ingest plants and or animals for organics
(Animals, bacteria, fungi, some protozoa)
Energy in Food (ATP Potential)
• calorie=
– The amount of heat needed to raise the
temperature of one gram of water one degree
centigrade
• Calorie (Kilocalorie [kcal]) (On side of food
products)=1000 calories
• 1g of Carb or Protein=4kcal
• 1g of fat=9 kcal
• Measure with Calorimeter
Energy Needs
• Humans-Just to live with no activity
– 1,300-1,800 kcal/day
• Unused Kcals
– Stored in liver and muscles as glycogen
– Stored as fat in adipose cells
Food Pyramid (USDA)-Old
Fiber
• Indigestible materials
• Fruits, veg, grains
• Stimulates digestive
system
• Cleans out Colon and
Rectal Cancer Cells
Nutrition
• Ingestion
– Take food into organism
• Digestion
– Break food down Mechanically and/or Chemically
– Can happen inside of cells (Intracellular Digestion)
– Can happen outside of cells (Extracellular Digestion)
• Absorption
– Breakdown products enter cells
• Egestion
– Elimination of indigestible food waste
Nutrition of Protists (Intracellular Digestion)
Kingdom Protista
Anal Pore
Nutrition of Protists (Intracellular
Digestion)
Pseudopodia
Food Vacuole
Amoeba
Nutrition in Hydra
• Simple Multicellular Organism
• Two cell layers (i.e.. Tissues)
– Inner Endoderm
– Outer Ectoderm
• Tentacles with cnidoblast cells that have
nematocysts inside
• Mouth
• Hydra eating
Hydra
• Extracellular digestion in gastrovascular
cavity
• Intracellular digestion after breakdown
products absorbed
• Egestion out mouth
Nutrition in Worms
• Multicellular
• Tube within tube body plan (i.e.. body wall
and digestive tubing)
• Phylum Annelida
Worm
Worm Digestion
Alimentary Canal= Digestive Tubing
– Mouth=ingestion
– Pharynx=sucks in food
– Esophagus=food tube
– Crop=Store food
– Gizzard=grind food (Mechanical Digestion)
– Intestine=chemical extracellular digestion,
absorption (Typhlosole)
– Anus=wastes out
Grasshopper Nutrition
• Phylum Arthropoda
• Tubular digestive tract
• Eats leafy vegetation
Grasshopper Alimentary Canal
Gizzard
Pharynx
+Esophagus
Grasshopper Alimentary Canal
• Mouth with chopping mouth parts
– Ingestion
– Food mixes with saliva from salivary glands
•
•
•
•
Esophagus=food tube
Crop= storage
Gizzard=grinds food
Stomach
– Gastric Ceaca Digestive glands secrete enzymes into
stomach for chemical extracellular digestion
– Absorption
• Intestine=absorption
• Rectum=waste storage and elimination, H20
reabsorption
Human Digestion
When does digestion
begin?
Human Alimentary Canal
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Rectum
Anus
Accessory Glands
(Inject fluids into the alimentary
canal)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Salivary Glands
Liver
Pancreas
Gall Bladder
1. Mouth
• Ingestion
• Mechanical Digestion
(Increase food surface area)
• Saliva
– Mucin (Lubricant)
– Salivary Amylase (Breaks down
Carbs into Maltose)
• Tongue
– Taste Buds
– Shapes food into a Bolus
Tongue
Map No Longer
Accurate!
Taste Buds
Teeth
Teeth
Hard, rich in calcium,
eroded by acid
2. Pharynx
2. Pharynx
•Back of Throat
•Swallowing Reflex
•Epiglottis closes
trachea when
swallowing
Epiglottis
3. Esophagus
• “Food Tube”
• Lined with Smooth
Muscle (Involuntary)
• Squeeze food down
(Peristalsis)
4. Stomach
• Entrance controlled
by Cardiac Sphincter
(“Heart Burn”, Acid
Reflux)
• Stores and Churns
food (Mechanical
Breakdown)
4. Stomach
• Makes Gastric Juice (Chemical Digestion)
– Mucous Cells=make protective mucus
– Parietal Cells=Make HCl (Denatures Proteins)
– Chief Cells=Make Pepsinogen
– G Cells= Produce Gastrin
HCl
Pepsinogen (Inactive)
Pepsin (Active)
Pepsin
Proteins
Small Polypeptides
4. Stomach
1. Food Sight, Thought, Smell, Empty Stomach
– Brain stimulates stomach to make gastric
juice
2. Food enters stomach causing more gastric juice
production
3. Food mass stretches stomach walls
• This stimulates stomach to make the hormone Gastrin
• Gastrin stimulates more Gastric Juice and contractions
• When stretched to a point, Brain perceives “fullness”
Stomach
• Protein, Caffeine and Alcohol stimulate
walls of stomach to release more Gastrin
• Stomach feels more acidic after
consuming them
4. Stomach
• Stomach converts food into White Paste
Acid Chyme
• Chyme exits through Pyloric Sphincter
Stomach Problems
• Ulcer
– Erosion of protective
mucus
– Acid eats through
lining
– Get hole
– Helicobacter pylori
Stomach Ache
Abdominal adhesions
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
Appendicitis
Biliary Cholic
Bladder infections
Bowel obstruction
Cholecystitis
Colon cancer
Diverticulitis
Gall stones,Excessive gas
Endometriosis
Food allergy
Food poisoning
Hernia
Indigestion
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Kidney stones
Lactose intolerance
Menstrual cramping
Metabolic disease
Ovarian cysts
Ovarian cancer
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Peritonitis
Streptococcal pharyngitis
Toxins
Ulcers
Uterine fibroids
Viral gastroenteritis
Psychological factors
5. Small Intestine
Over 20 Feet
Sections:
1. Duodenum
2. Jejunum
3. Ileum
Duodenum
• Mixing site of Chyme and Bile
• HCl causes for Bicarbonate
(basic) to come from
pancreas
• High pH (8)
• Chyme causes for Gastrin
production to stop
Duodenum
• Bile (made by liver), stored in Gallbladder
• Injected in Duodenum through the
common bile duct
• Bile (not an enzyme) emulsifies fats
Gallstone Problem
Hardened Cholesterol Deposits,
block bile exit
Duodenum
• Chyme
mixes with Pancreatic Juice
injected by the Pancreas through
Pancreatic Duct
Pancreatic Juice/Intestinal Juice
•Amylase
•Trypsin and Chymotrypsin
•Nucleases
•Lipases
•Maltase, Sucrase, Lactase…
•Aminopeptidase,
•Carboxypeptidases
Small Intestine Lining
• Villus=Fingerlike
projection extending
into tube lumen
– Capillaries absorb
monosaccharides,
amino acids
– Lacteals absorb
glycerol and fatty acids
• Small intestine pulled
out has surface area
of a tennis court
Small Intestine Lining
Even more
absorption surface!
Jejunum/Ileum
• Absorption of nutrients
Appendix
Vestigial Organ
Prone to Infection and inflammation (Appendicitis)
Long in Herbivores
Very short in Carnivores
Short in Omnivores
6. Large Intestine
6. Large Intestine (Colon)
• Not as long as small intestine!
• 90% of water reabsorbed before
elimination
• Forms Feces=Fiber, water, bile salts,
mucus
• Have colony of E. coli bacteria that
produce Vit. K (Antibiotics kill them)
Large Intestine Problems
• Diarrhea= Feces moves out too quickly for
water reabsorption
• Constipation=Feces hangs around too
long and we overly dry it
• Flatulence=Poorly digested food in large
intestine, bacteria digest it, produce H2S
and methane gas
• IBS=Probable nerve association
7. Rectum
• Store Feces
• Flow controlled by
rectal sphincters
• Then out anus
Ruminant Animals
• 4 chambered stomach
• In Reticulum are bacteria and protozoa
that can breakdown cellulose
• Regurgitate food
• Chew Chud and re-swallow
• Ex. Cow, sheep, deer, goat
What about horses, rabbits and
elephants?
• They have bacteria in a cecum
• Too far to regurgitate
• They make much more poop compared to
Ruminants
• Rabbits eat their feces
for another shot!