Download 9.7 ottoman empire and ming dynasty

9.7 OTTOMAN EMPIRE
AND MING DYNASTY
Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644
Ottoman Empire, 1299-1923
9.7a Three belief systems influenced numerous
powerful states and empires across the Eastern
Hemisphere.
• Students will map the extent of the Muslim,
Neo‐Confucian, and Christian realms and compare
the relative size and power of these realms ca.
1400.
• Students will map the extent of the Ottoman
Empire and Ming Dynasty at the height of their
power.
Linguistic Groups
In China
Neo‐Confucianism
• rationalist & secular form of Confucianism
• rejecting superstitious and mystical elements of Taoism and
Buddhism
• universe could be understood through human reason
• up to humanity to create a harmonious relationship
between the universe and the individual
Neo‐Confucianism
• critical of Taoism and Buddhism
• Unlike Buddhists, the Neo-Confucians
believed that reality existed, and
could be understood by humankind
• Yet borrowed concepts from Taoism &
Buddhism
• Suspicion of new tech & foreigners
• Very conservative – emphasis on social
rank, obligation, morality, limited role
for women
9.7b The dominant belief system and the
ethnic and religious composition of the
Ottoman Empire and the Ming Dynasty
affected their social, political, and economic
structures and organization.
• Students will analyze how the ethnic and
religious composition of the Ottoman
Empire and the Ming Dynasty were
reflected in their political and societal
organization
How the ethnic and religious composition of the
Ottoman Empire was reflected in its political
and societal organization
• open and welcoming view of different nationalities
and religious groups.
• indigenous inhabitants to practice their own religions,
provided they pay a tax to the government.
• religious groups who had faced persecution in Europe
actually made the journey to live in the Ottoman
Empire.
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significant Muslim population - ultimately the official religion
of the empire;
Greek Orthodox
smaller number of Catholics
Orthodox Christians
Armenians (Apostolic, Catholic, and Evangelical)
Syriac Orthodox
etc!
Byzantines,
Turks
Austrians
various Slavic
peoples
Syrians
Georgians
Armenians
Persians
Egyptians
Arabians
etc.
Huge size of the empire allowed
for such a plurality of religions to
coexist under a single imperial
power.
Ethnicity and religion = tied
together.
• Muslim = dominant
• toleration to both Judaism
and Christianity.
• Types of Christians
• Orthodox Christians,
Armenians (Apostolic,
Catholic, and
Evangelical), Syriac
Orthodox
• Jewish and Christian minority
populations allowed into
every level of society from
military to government.
Largest
ethnic
groups:
Turks
Arabs
Greeks
Slovenians
Serbs
Albanians
Croatians
Armenians
Kurds.
Millets
• three were established by Mehmed
the Conqueror soon after he made
Istanbul his capital in 1453.
• Greek Orthodox
• Armenian Gregorian millets were led
by their patriarchs
• Jewish millet
In the countryside, villages mostly made
up of members of one millet.
Millet
Social structure of the Ottoman
Empire
millet = a separate legal court
• "personal law"
• 3 possible:
• laws of Muslim Sharia,
• Christian Canon law,
• or Jewish Halakha
• allowed to rule itself under its
own system.
…comes from the Arabic word
… means "nation".
early example of pre-modern
religious pluralism
• no municipal government as
such in traditional Ottoman
society.
• religious leaders of each
quarter or village carried out
all the secular functions not
performed by the ruling class
• based on their own
religious laws
• their own courts
• in their own languages
• in accordance with their
own customs and
traditions.
Millets…
Organized and operated
• schools,
• old-age homes
• kitchens for the poor
• celebration of certain
festivals
• organization against
attacks, plagues or fires
For the most part each lived
independently with little input
either by members of the ruling
class or by members of the other
millets
Ottoman Society
Ruling Class
• open to all who declared and
manifested loyalty to
• sultan,
• Dynasty
• Empire
• accepted the religion of Islam;
• practiced the “Ottoman Way,”
• complex system of
• Ottoman language
• a variant derived from
Turkish, Arabic, and
Persian;
• Customs of ruling class;
manners
Subject Class
Everything the ruling class didn’t
do the subject class did
“rayas”
• “protected flock”
reyas were organized
• millet
• guilds
• dervishes
How the ethnic and religious composition of the
Ming Dynasty was reflected in its political and
societal organization
Ming Dynasty Social Structure
• evolved over hundreds of years
• influenced by Confucian
thought
• four broad classifications in
Ming society
• Shi
• Nong
• Gong
• Shang
The Shi: Gentry Scholars
• initially came from the
warrior caste
• slowly started to include
aristocratic scholars and an
educated bureaucracy.
• access to books and
knowledge was extremely
limited
• scholarly person = highly
respected in society
The Nong: Peasant Farmers
• only second to the Shi
• producers of food which
sustained the empire
• contributed to state revenue =
taxes
• essential to the empire
The Gong: Artisans and
Craftsmen
• artisans = skills to make useful
objects
• basically landless, they did not
generate revenue for the state
• skill passed on from generation
to generation
• more respected than
merchants
• Some successful enough to hire
apprentices and labor to
increase their production.
The Shang: Merchants and
Traders
• did not produce anything
• looked down upon by
society as those who lived
off the labor of others.
• only traded and transported
the food and goods made by
the Nong and the Gong.
• Many bought land to
command more respect in
society.
• Popular belief at that time =
merchants only motivated
by greed & did not
contribute to greater good
of society.
Late Ming period
• commercialization increased
• wealthy merchants slowly
became a part of the
landholding gentry
• Each class was entitled to
different legal privileges
All was Not Always a
Bed of Roses
• revolts in 1464 to
1466
• crushed by an army
of 30,000 Ming
troops (including
1,000 Mongols)
joining the 160,000
local Guangxi
•
Some suggested single,
unitary administration of
Chinese & native ethnic
groups in order to bring
about sinification of the
local peoples
• early Ming emperors
particularly favored Taoism
• granting its practitioners many
positions in the state's ritual
offices.
• Some attacked Buddhism as a
foreign "mourning cult"
• deleterious to the state
Islam
• well-established throughout
China,
• Arrived in China during the
Tang dynasty
• strong official support during
the Yuan
• several prominent Muslim
figures early on
Christianity
• Ming initially devastating to Christianity
• in his first year, Emperor declared the eightyyear-old Franciscan missions among the Yuan
heterodox and illegal
• centuries-old Nestorian church disappeared.
Later Ming saw a new wave of Christian
missionaries
• Jesuits
• Matteo Ricci
• Used new western science & technology in
arguments for conversion
• educated in Chinese language & culture
• strong disagreements about the extent
to which converts could continue to
perform rituals to the emperor,
Confucius, or their ancestors
• by the end of the Ming = a full ban of
Christianity
Jews
• approximately 5,000 Kaifeng
Jews
• 1642 flood caused by Kaifeng's
Ming governor devastated the
community
• lost five of its twelve
families, its synagogue, and
most of its Torah.
9.7c The Ottoman Empire and the Ming Dynasty had
different views of the world and their place in it. Islam
under the Ottoman Empire and Neo‐Confucianism
under the Ming Dynasty influenced the political,
economic, military, and diplomatic interactions with
others outside of their realm.
• Students will examine Ming interactions with
European traders and Christian missionaries.
• Students will examine how the Ottomans interacted
with Europeans noting the role of Suleiman the
Magnificent.
Silver!
• influx silver from the Americas
• large quantities of metal currency into
the world markets
• created a “price revolution”
• quantity of goods remained the
same while the amount of money
in circulation increased
dramatically.
•
•
European traders were able
to take advantage of their
access to gold and silver to
outbid the Ottoman traders.
increase in prices created
hardship for those living on
fixed incomes
• i.e., Ottoman janissaries.
Ming Interaction with European Traders
• China = second-most important trade partner to
Europe.
• Ming limit trade… 1500s
• Limited contact with foreigners
• Spanish & Dutch maintained trading bases in
Taiwan
Ming Interaction with European Traders
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~1500 = isolationist policy towards trade.
Private foreign trade outlawed
Lots of illegal trading
officially sanctioned trading only allowed in three
ports.
• Japanese allowed in one designated port only
once ea. 10 years.
Ming Interaction with European Traders
• early 1500s, Europeans arriv
• Rafael Perestrello, cousin of Columbus,
arrived in Guangzhou 1516
• 1517 - Large Portuguese expedition
came to Guangzhou
• landing party was put in jail
• naval battles … Portuguese generally lost
• 1557, Portuguese convince Ming court to
agree to treaty
• made Macau a legal trading port of the
Portuguese
• Europe = eager to trade with
China
• sent multiple merchant ships over
• only allowed to trade at Canton.
• European merchant ships
brought missionaries
• Jesuits
• Franciscans
• Dominicans
• Silver from the New World
was causing inflation
What was happening at the
time
• The New World was being
colonized by the British,
French, Dutch, Portuguese,
and Spanish.
• The British, Portuguese,
French, and Dutch were
trading in the Indian Ocean.
• Russia only traded with
Europe.
Ottoman interaction with European Traders
• Europeans want silk, precious gems and gold
from the Islamic middle men
• driving theme of the relationship that
develops between these two cultural groups.
• Ottoman Empire orients itself toward Europe
in response to increased trade
• … Then began to decline
Ottoman economic problems
• caused in part by the influx of silver from Americas.
• European traders used the large supply of silver
and gold coins to buy their way into Ottoman
markets
• Ottoman traders didn’t have access to the currency
that the Europeans did,
• so reduced the Ottoman purchasing power
Gradual increase in European trading dominance in the Mediterranean →
Gradual transformation of the Ottoman economy.
• Ottoman farmers → grow cash crops to meet European
demand
• cotton
• tobacco
• Ottoman Empire → more and more meshed in European
commercial network.
• Europeans not able to take colonies in the Ottoman ports (like
in Asia)
• but did have unequal trade agreements
• i.e., coffee
• made Europeans huge profits
• only paid the Ottoman sultans 3%
Ottoman decline = "Tulip Period"
tulip bulbs became a high priced item and highly coveted among
the elite classes like they did in Holland.
• Although European trade and military power threatened
the security of the Ottoman Empire, Europeans were not
considered enemies
• clothing and furniture styles as well as books became
popular items among the elite classes
Suleiman the Magnificent
17:36