Download Torquay 2010 - Australasian Wildlife Management Society

Australasian Wildlife
Management Society
23rd Annual Conference
Book of Abstracts
1-3 December 2010
Torquay Victoria
Australasian Wildlife Management Society
23rd Annual Conference
Crowne Plaza
Torquay Victoria
1 - 3 December 2010
3
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
This publication should be cited as:
D. Whisson(Ed) Proceedings of the 23rd Australasian Wildlife Management Society Conference, Torquay, Victoria
1 – 3 Dec, 2010.
Copy available on the AWMS website: http://www.awms.org.au
DISCLAIMER
This volume is a pre-conference compilation of abstracts. The contents have not been peer-reviewed and abstracts
have been printed as received from submitting authors except for minor editing. In many cases the contents
contain preliminary results only. Any advice provided in this publication is intended as a source of information only.
Please check with the authors before using information. The Australasian Wildlife Management Society does not
guarantee that the publication is without flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your purpose and therefore
disclaims liability for any error, loss or other consequence which may arise from you relying on any information in this
publication.
For information about the Australasian Wildlife Management Society see http://www.awms.org.au
Production by On Q Conference Support, PO Box 3711, Weston ACT 2611
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23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
INDEX
THE CONFERENCE PROGRAM...................................................................................................................................................... 6
Social Program.................................................................................................................................................................................9
Poster Program ...............................................................................................................................................................................9
The Venue Floorplan......................................................................................................................................................................10
ABSTRACTS IN ORDER OF PROGRAM
KEYNOTE.............................................................................................................................................................................................13
OPEN SESSION 1..............................................................................................................................................................................14
OPEN SESSION 2..............................................................................................................................................................................18
STUDENT SESSION 1.......................................................................................................................................................................24
SYMPOSIUM 1 - CONSERVATION OF WILDLIFE ACROSS LANDSCAPES.......................................................................30
OPEN SESSION 3..............................................................................................................................................................................37
STUDENT SESSION 2.......................................................................................................................................................................43
SYMPOSIUM 2 - THE HUMAN DIMENSIONS OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT.................................................................49
OPEN SESSION 4..............................................................................................................................................................................55
STUDENT SESSION 3.......................................................................................................................................................................60
OPEN SESSION 5..............................................................................................................................................................................66
STUDENT SESSION 4.......................................................................................................................................................................72
SYMPOSIA 3 - THE SUSTAINABLE USE OF WILDLIFE IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC - WHERE TO FROM HERE?...........77
OPEN SESSION 6..............................................................................................................................................................................81
OPEN SESSION 7..............................................................................................................................................................................87
OPEN SESSION 8..............................................................................................................................................................................93
OPEN SESSION 9..............................................................................................................................................................................98
SYMPOSIA 4 - THE ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF COASTAL WILDLIFE...............................................................103
POSTERS.............................................................................................................................................................................................107
LATE ABSTRACTS.............................................................................................................................................................................119
Speakers Index ................................................................................................................................................................................125
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PROGRAMME
DAY ONE
Wednesday 1 December 2010
8.30am Opening and Welcome - AWMS President Terry Korn
8.45am KEYNOTE - How Climate Change will Change Wildlife Management - Tim
Low
OPEN SESSION 1
9.15am Four important issues to consider when managing natural-resource
based systems - Braysher, Mike; Krebs, Charles; Buckmaster, T.
9.30am Single-species and trophic-interactive models of animal population
dynamics: does it matter when predicting extinction risk? - Choquenot,
Dave
9.45am Fishery bycatch of Australian sea lions in commercial shark nets:
action taken in 2010 to alleviate the problem - Shaughnessy, Peter;
Goldsworthy, S; Page, B.
10.00am Within and between sex range use overlaps in southern Kalahari
leopards - Bothma, Jacobus; Bothma, M.
10.15am MORNING TEA
OPEN SESSION 2 - CONCURRENT
10.45am Use of habitat by koalas in tropical environments - Clifton, Delma
11.00am Dispersing sub-adults koalas use of habitat - Tucker, Gail
11.15am How do wildlife rehabilitators contribute to the management of Koalas
in NSW? - Lunney, Dan; Bryant, Jessica; Orscheg, Corinna
11.30am From experimental field trials to full scale wildlife management: the use
of gestagen implants for fertility control in koala populations impacting
on their habitat in south-eastern Australia - Handasyde, Kath; Hynes,
Emily; Shaw, Geoff; Renfree, Marilyn
11.45am The epidemiology and pathology of chronic industrial fluoride toxicosis
in macropods - Death, Clare
12.00pm Holiday haven or ecological trap? High adult mortality in urban
kangaroos - Coulson, Graeme; Cripps, Jemma; Wilson, Michelle
STUDENT SESSION 1 - CONCURRENT
10.45am Is the current “Operation Nest Egg” (O.N.E.) practice maximising rowi
(Apteryx rowi) recruitment, survival and fitness? - Abbott, Rachael; Bell,
Ben
11.00am Population genetics as a tool for wildlife management: A case study on
the platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus - Furlan, Elise; Griffiths, j; Gust,
N.; Armistead, R.; Mitrovski, P.; Umina, P.; Weeks, A.
11.15am A Preliminary Study Assessing Risk to Tasmanian Devils from Poisoning
for Red Foxes - Hughes, Channing; Gaffney, Robbie; Dickman, Christopher
11.30am Interpreting and applying home range data: A case study with black
rhinoceros - Plotz, Roan; Linklater, Wayne
11.45am The effectiveness of pond draining and its role in the adaptive
management of a green and golden bell frog (Litoria aurea) population Pollard, Carla; Stockwell, M.; Garnham, J.; Pickett, E.; Clulow, J.; Mahony,
M.
12.00pm Demographic changes of a woylie (Bettongia penicillata) population
with increasing density in a fenced reserve - Yeatman, Georgina; Mills,
H.; Page, M.
12.15pm LUNCH
SYMPOSIUM 1 - Conservation of wildlife across Landscapes
1.15pm Wildlife Management in Southern African landscapes: challenges for the
future - Reilly, Brian
1.40pm Evolutionarily significant units for conservation across landscapes:
phylogeography of the brush-tailed rock-wallaby - Hazlitt, S.; Browning,
T.; Goldizen, A.; Nicholls, J.; Eldridge, Mark
1.52pm Endangered species as flagships for landscape conservation - Leigh, Kellie
2.04pm Conservation across landscapes at the Australian Wildlife Conservancy
using Scotia Sanctuary as a case study - Hayward, Matt; Legge, Sarah;
Cathcart, Tony
2.16pm Dingoes: managing for ecosystem resilience and pastoral productivity Ritchie, Euan
2.28pm Invasive species management: towards an integrated landscape
approach - Glen, Al; Pech, R.; Byrom, A.
2.40pm Harvesting kangaroos across NSW: balancing conservation and
economics - Payne, Nicole
2.52pm DISCUSSION
3.00pm AFTERNOON TEA
OPEN SESSION 3 - CONCURRENT
3.30pm Enumeration of European rabbits on Robben Island, Western Cape,
South Africa - Reilly, Brian; Harley, V.; von Brandis, R.
3.45pm Rabbit impacts on landscape restoration - Arthur, Tony; McPhee, S.;
Bloomfield, T.; Vincent, N.; Lindeman, M.; Main, M.; Stuart, I.; Forsyth, D.
4.00pm Managing feral goats through manipulating their access to water Russell, Benjamin; Letnic, M.; Tracey, J.; Fleming, P.
4.15pm The Warragamba Special Area Feral Pig Project - Purcell, Brad; Mitchell,
B., Hammill, K.; Giese, M.
4.30pm Ecological processes behind wildlife management patterns; 25 years of
feral pig research - Hone, Jim
4.45pm Protecting agriculture and threatened species internationally through
the use of a human food preservative? - Lapidge, Steve; Wishart, Jason;
Humphrys, Simon; Smith, Michelle; Staples, Linton; Eason, Charlie;
McMorran, Duncan; Fagerstone, Kathy
STUDENT SESSION 2 - CONCURRENT
3.30pm Do rope bridges prevent possums from being squashed on roads and
re-connect their habitats? - Yokochi, Kaori; de Tores, P.; Kennington, J.;
Clarke, J.; Bencini, R.
3.45pm Interactions between predators and their prey in the Greater Blue
Mountains World Heritage Area - Pascoe, Jack; Mulley, Robert; Chapple,
Rosalie; Spencer, Ricky
4.00pm The response of woodland-dependant birds to scattered paddock tree
densities in Western Victoria - Stevens, Kate; Cooke, R.; Clarke, R.
4.15pm The distribution of three nocturnal bird species across a suburban-forest
gradient - Weaving, Marian; White, J.; Isaac, B.; Cooke, R.
4.30pm Ecomorphology of fox skulls in southwest Western Australia - ForbesHarper, Jesse; Crawford, Heather; Warburton, Natalie; Adams, Peter;
Fleming, Patricia
4.45pm Parasites and pests: helminth fauna of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and
feral cats (Felis catus) in southwest Western Australia - Dybing, Narelle;
Fleming, P.; Adams, P.
PROGRAMME
DAY TWO
Thursday 2 December 2010
SYMPOSIUM 2 - the human dimensions of wildlife management
8.30am Are we barking up the wrong tree? Observations on community comanagement of wild dogs in NSW, Australia - Ballard, Guy; Fleming, P.
9.00am A Call for Tourism Studies: Wildlife Experiences that Maximize Visitor
Satisfaction and Minimize Impact on Wildlife - Wolf, Isabelle; Croft, David
9.15am Nature in the backyard - a study of community attitudes and behaviours
- Shaw, Amy; Miller, K.
9.30am The cockatoos are in plague proportions – and they’re in my back yard Temby, Ian
9.45am Those Wicked, Wicked ‘Roos - Chalk, Pip
10.00am Hope for resurrecting a functionally extinct parrot or squandered
social capital? Landholder attitudes toward the Orange-bellied Parrot
Neophema chrysogaster in Victoria, Australia - Weston, M.; Miller, Kelly;
Lawson, J.; Ehmke, G.
OPEN SESSION 5 - CONCURRENT
1.15pm Effect of camera distance on the likelihood of detecting Southern Brown
Bandicoots - Coates, Terry
1.30pm Field of View: f-stop inappropriate use of remote cameras in the field of
wildlife management ! - Meek, Paul; Ballard, G.; Fleming, P.; Vernes, K.
1.45pm Using artificial cover object surveys to assess population trends for an
endangered grassland pygopod, the Striped Legless Lizard, Delma impar
- Scroggie, Michael; Peterson, Garry; Detlef, Rohr
2.00pm Shannon Diversity for genetic estimates of wildlife dispersal and
structure - Sherwin, William
2.15pm How to design and test a potential chemical deterrent vertebrate assay?
- Bryant, Gillian; Parsons, K.; Dods, K.; Fleming, P.
2.30pm Wildlife forensics & conservation in New Zealand - Gleeson, Dianne;
Prada, Diana; Howitt, Robyn
10.15am MORNING TEA
STUDENT SESSION 4 - CONCURRENT
1.15pm Are wildlife considered in weed management projects within Victoria? Carlos, Emma; Gibson, M.; Weston, M.
1.30pm Do oblong turtles (Chelodina oblonga) use underpasses? - McKeown,
Emma; Kuchling, Gerald; Bencini, Roberta
1.45pm Managing the complex and wicked nature of wildlife systems Kasbarian, Alicia; Ramsay, G.
2.00pm Altered ranging behaviour in female koala as a result of treatment with
the GnRH agonist deslorelin - Greenfield, Andrew; Handasyde, K.; Shaw,
G.; Renfree, M.
2.15pm Managing the fertility of female western grey kangaroos (Macropus
fuliginosus ocydromus) with deslorelin – a word of caution - Mayberry,
Christopher; Mawson, Peter; Maloney, Shane; Willers, Nicole; Bencini,
Roberta; Martin, Graeme
2.30pm Increasing community involvement in wildlife conservation: The merits
of using an anthropomorphised flagship species - Smith, Amy M.;
Smith, Liam; Weiler, Betty
OPEN SESSION 4 - CONCURRENT
10.45am Twitching for values in the human domain: how do Australians value
native birds? - Ainsworth, Gill; Aslin, H.; Garnett, S.; Weston, M.
11.00am Supplementary feeding of wild birds in Australia: A national pursuit! Plant, Michelle
11.15am Human-wildlife conflicts – whose behaviour is the problem? - Chapple,
Rosalie
11.30am Population dynamics of the Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) during 27 years
of hunting in South-West Gippsland and the Mornington Peninsula –
Victoria, Australia - West, Jack
11.45am “Managing the communities Koala’s” Koala management on Raymond
Island, Gippsland. - Waldegrave-Knight, Leona
12.00pm The animal ethics process for wildlife researchers: a survey of costs and
perspectives - Banks, Peter; Bytheway, J.
STUDENT SESSION 3 - CONCURRENT
10.45am Orientation to forested patches: perceptual range of the red-bellied tree
squirrel (Callosciurus erythraeus) introduced in Argentina - Bridgman,
Lucy; Benitez, Verónica; Grilli, Maricel; Mufato, Natalia; Acosta, Daniela;
Guichón, Laura
11.00am Like a rat up a drainpipe: A black rat bait station that protects native
rodents - Zewe, Frances; Meek, P.; Ford, H.; Vernes, K.
11.15am Do inter-species interactions influence the effectiveness of multi-species
pest control? - Sam, Shona; Ogilvie, S.; Paterson, A.
11.30am Olfactory camouflage weakens the foraging motivation of an alien
predator - a novel approach to reduce the impacts of prey switching by
stoats Mustela erminea - Price, Catherine; Banks, Peter
11.45am Quokka (Setonix brachyurus) recovery after 16 years of 1080 baiting to
control foxes - Dundas, Shannon; Adams, P.; Morris, K.; Fleming, P.
12.00pm Dietary delicacies: the diet of two introduced predators in southwest
Western Australia - Crawford, Heather; Fleming, Patricia; Calver, Michael;
Adams, Peter
2.45pm AFTERNOON TEA
SYMPOSIA 3 - THE SUSTAINABLE USE OF WILIDLIFE IN THE SOUTHE PACIFIC WHERE TO FROM HERE?
3.15pm Eat, shoot...or grieve? Could sustainable use of wildlife help avert the
demise of our species and landscapes? - Cooney, Rosie
3.45pm Voluntary Conservation Hunting on public land in NSW – integrating
pest management and sustainable use for community and biodiversity
benefit - Moriarty, Andrew
4.00pm Is hunter education the key to successful hunting in the region? English, Anthony
4.15pm Enhancing Game Management Initiative - Promoting the value of
wildlife habitats and monitoring of game populations in Victoria Brumley, Andrea; Turnbull, John; Dunstan, Heath
5.00pm AWMS Annual General Meeting
12.15pm LUNCH
PROGRAMME
DAY THREE
Friday 3 December 2010
OPEN SESSION 6 - CONCURRENT
8.45am Impact of drought and anthropogenic disturbances on platypus
populations in the greater Melbourne region - Griffiths, Josh
9.00am Who Goes Where After eight Years of Drought in Eastern Australia - A
Water bird Response! - Korn, Terry; Terril, Peter; Kingsford, Richard;
Porter, John
9.15am The Australian Painted Snipe – Our New Wetland Species - Thomas,
Janelle; Rogers, Danny; Purnell, Chris
9.30am Genetics, translocations and the management of threatened species Weeks, Andrew
9.45am Who Gives a Hoot - what’s happening to South Gippsland’s Powerful
Owls? - Willig, Rolf; Atkins, Shane
10.00am Southern Brown Bandicoot recovery: cooperative management across
a landscape - Coates, T.; Coutts, S.; Hick, J.; Nicholls, David; Smith, M.;
Willig, R.
OPEN SESSION 7 - CONCURRENT
8.45am Predicting tree mortality due to herbivore browse damage - Holland,
Pen
9.00am Field evaluation of para-aminopropiophenone (PAPP) for controlling
stoats (Mustela erminea) in New Zealand - Dilks, Peter; Shapiro, Lee;
Greene, Terry; Eason, Charles; Murphy, Elaine
9.15am Sodium nitrite – a potential new tool for the management of brushtail
possums in New Zealand - Blackie, Helen; Eason, Charlie; Lapidge, Steve;
Hix, Steve; Shapiro, Lee; Aylett, Paul; MacMorran, Duncan
9.30am How many rats and mice are killed by stoats? - Jones, C.; Pech, Roger;
Forrester, G.; King, C.; Murphy, E.
9.45am Going with the flow: mammalian predator presence on islands in New
Zealand’s braided rivers - Pickerell, Georgina; Seddon, P.; Wilson, D.;
O’Donnell, C.
10.00am Possum population dynamics in mixed podocarp forests - Barron,
Mandy; Ruscoe, Wendy; Sweetapple, P.; Perry, M.; Carran, R.
10.15am MORNING TEA
OPEN SESSION 8
10.45am Removal of livestock increases native vegetation richness and alters
suites of invasive mammal pests in dry grassland/shrubland ecosystems
- Byrom, Andrea; Clayton, R.; Norbury, G.; Pech, R.; Whitehead A.
11.00am The cattle industry might just be good for native marsupials: comparing
behaviour models of grazing herbivores - Tucker, Gail; Swain, Dave
11.15am Changes in forest vegetation on Stewart Island over the last 30 years
and the influence of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) - Duncan,
Richard; Ruscoe, Wendy; Holland, Pen
11.30am Diets of non-native sambar deer in Australia estimated by macroscopic
versus microhistological rumen analysis - Davis, Naomi; Forsyth, D.
11.45am Creation of a national deer faecal pellet count database and its use
to estimate long-term changes in deer abundance in New Zealand
- Forsyth, Dave
12.00pm TBA
12.15pm LUNCH
OPEN SESSION 9
1.15pm Influencing policy - report on AWMS symposium in October 2010 - Korn,
Terry
1.30pm Relative influence of habitat, species interactions and climate on the
population dynamics of southern NSW coastal fauna after fire - Arthur,
Tony; Catling, P.; Reid, A.; Burt, R.
1.45pm Examining small mammal communities: How much do we need to
know to conserve communities effectively? - Cullen, Meghan; White, J.
2.00pm Can returning the western quoll to fox-baited arid zone reserves assist
recruitment of arid zone plants and ecosystem function in general? Peacock, David
2.15pm Learning from planned burning – monitoring fauna habitat at a
landscape scale to assess change across space and time - Treloar,
Shannon
2.30pm Is an idyllic sun-drenched island enough? Conservation actions for the
Lancelin Island Skink - Pearson, David
2.45pm AFTERNOON TEA
SYMPOSIA 4 - THE ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF COASTAL WILDLIFE
3.15pm Migratory birds: Their flyways, threats and their cost-effective
conservation - Klassen, Marcel
3.45pm Distance does matter: Effects of boat approach distances on the
behaviour of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins - Steckenreuter, Andre;
Harcourt, R.; Möller, L.
4.00pm Returning the balance: managing Hooded Plover nests on highly
disturbed beaches in Victoria - Maguire, Grainne; Weston, Michael;
Ehmke, Glenn; Cullen, Meghan
4.15pm Human dimensions of Managing Beach-nesting Birds - Weston, Michael;
Maguire, Grainne; Miller, Kelly; Stacey, Henry; Williams, Kathryn; Cullen,
Meghan; Young, Kirsten; Rimmer James
4.30pm Conference Closing - AWMS President Terry Korn
PROGRAMME
POSTER DISPLAYS
SOCIAL FUNCTIONS
Poster Displays will be located in the pre-function area. Posters may be set up
against their relevant Poster Number from Wednesday moring, 1 December and
may be displayed for the duration of the Conference. All posters must be removed
by afternoon tea time on Friday, 3 December.
ICEBREAKER WELCOME
Presenters will be available to discuss their posters during the lunch break on
Thursday.
1. Reduction in Fox activity in the sand dunes of Sturt National Park: Effects on
small terrestrial vertebrates, Cats and Rabbits - Kloecker, Ulrike
When:
Where:
Time:
Cost:
Tuesday, 30 November 2010
Crowne Plaza Hotel (around the pool area)
6pm - 8pm
$30.00
Delegates will be able to register at the same time as having a BBQ and drinks until the bar tab is finished! This is an oportunity to register early and to do some
early networking!
2. The Australian Pest Animal Strategy - Dall, David
CONFERENCE DINNER
3. Establishment of an Ecological Deer Management cooperative at Maragle,
NSW - Brown, Annette, Moriarty, A.
When:
Where:
Time:
4. Temporal and seasonal use of compensatory nest boxes by vertebrate fauna
in the Hunter Valley, NSW, Australia - Clulow, Simon; Blundell, A.; Clulow, J.; Peters, K.
6. The effect of ship rat suppression and food supplementation on house mice
in Pureora Forest Park - Bridgman, Lucy; King, Carolyn; Innes, John; Gilllies,
Craig
7. Enabling strategic feral cat control on Kangaroo Island - Bengsen, Andrew; Butler, J.; Massters, P.
9. Habitat use and home-range of the northern quoll, Dasyurus hallucatus:
effects of fire - Cook, Annette; Radford, Ian; Bencini, Roberta; Mills, Harriet
10. Native rat in the seabird colony: rodent management on Muttonbird Island,
Coffs Harbour, Australia - Egan, Dean; Meek, Paul; Vernes, K.
13. The effect of deslorelin on the fertility of free-ranging female koalas
(Phascolarctos cinereus) in two Victorian populations - Greenfield, Andrew; Handasyde, K.; Shaw, G.; Renfree M.
14. Processes Threatening the Continued Survival of the Critically Endangered
Helmeted Honeyeater (Lichenostomus melanops cassidix) - Rose, Rebecca
15. Linear habitat remnants function as corridors for dispersing mammals in
fragmented landscapes - Eberhart, Achim; Handasyde, K.
Thursday, 2 December 2010
Crowne Plaza Hotel (Zealy Rooms, Level 2)
7pm for 8pm - until midnight
This is a ticketed event. If you wish to attend and do not hold a ticket, please see
registration staff.
The theme for the dinner is “Beach Party”. Wear your best beach gear (no budgie
smugglers or string bikinis please) and join us for an evening of food and fun.
Prizes will be awarded for the best dressed.
PHOTO COMPETITION
Photos may be submitted on the first morning (Wednesday) and will be on display
for the duration of the Conference. Prizes will be awarded for each category and
“people’s’ choice”. Please vote for your favourite photo. Competition rules are
posted on the Conference website.
Zeally 2
11m x
9.4m
103
2.8
50
100
80
36
120
32
Zeally 3
5.9m x
13.2m
122
2.8
40
80
60
30
130
26
30
60
40
30
100
25
24
6.5m x FLOORPLAN
THE
Barwon VENUE
1
74
2.2
12m
Barwon 2
6.5m x
70
2.2
30
60
40
30
80
144
2.2
60
120
80
60
180
Level 2, Crowne 11m
Plaza Hotel, The Esplanade, Torquay Victoria
Barwon
1&2
6.5m x
23m
–
THE EXHIBITION AND
CATERING
Barwon 1
Barwon 2
6.5m
POSTER SESSIONS
23.2m
MAIN ENTRY
Pre-Function Foyer
Restroom
ALL PLENARIES AND
BREAKOUT SESSIONS B
BREAKOUT SESSIONS A
24.7 m
Zeally 3
Zeally 2
Zeally 1
m
.
13
m
13
.5
5
m
m
4.5
2
6.
6.
2
Restroom
5m
4.
m
Atrium
Zeally Ballroom
20.7 m
Please direct all enquiries to the Registration Desk which will be located in the Pre-Function Foyer.
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23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
AWMS CONFERENCE ABSTRACTS
(IN ORDER OF PRESENTATION)
11
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
12
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
HOW CLIMATE CHANGE WILL CHANGE WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT
Tim Low
Environmental Consultant
Northern hemisphere paradigms have distorted expectations about responses of wildlife to climate
change. Persistence was more important than migration during past climate swings in Australia and should remain
so in future. This raises questions about the merits of corridors and translocation; corridor movements could threaten
many rare species. Biotic interactions will often matter more than direct climatic impacts, requiring an expanded role
for wildlife management. Climate change will justify more management of flying foxes, noisy miners, feral goats and
outback birds, among others.
Notes
13
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
FOUR IMPORTANT ISSUES TO CONSIDER WHEN MANAGING NATURAL-RESOURCE
BASED SYSTEMS
Braysher, M., Krebs, C. and Buckmaster, T. Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra
[email protected]
In this paper we consider four important issues that are often not well considered when managing natural-resource
based systems. We describe some of the resulting consequences and suggest solutions for overcoming them. The four
issues are:
• Natural resource based systems, whether they are used for production, conservation or both are complex and
our knowledge of them is imperfect and always will be. • The management problem needs to be clearly defined. • An appropriate monitoring and evaluation program is essential.
• Management program need to be developed and implemented jointly with all key stakeholders. The most serious consequence from not addressing these issues is poor management of our natural-resource based
systems and the risk of losing or further decline in threatened species and communities, reduced production and
threat to ecosystem services. The key to overcoming these adverse consequences is for planners and managers to be
aware of and understand the issues and to have the skills to plan and manage natural-resource based systems based
on best practice.
We illustrate the issues and consequences for not addressing them with appropriate examples.
Notes
14
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
SINGLE-SPECIES AND TROPHIC-INTERACTIVE MODELS OF ANIMAL POPULATION
DYNAMICS: DOES IT MATTER WHEN PREDICTING EXTINCTION RISK?
David Choquenot
Landcare Research, Auckland, New Zealand
[email protected]
Animal populations that persist through time are generally considered “regulated”, neither increasingly indefinitely
nor going extinct. Early experiments that focussed on this phenomena, identified density-dependent variation in
the instantaneous rate of change in population abundance (r, or its constituent demographic rates: fecundity and
immigration, mortality and emigration) as the proximal cause of population regulation. This observation spawned a
research industry based on identification of key demographic rates that varied in a density-dependent fashion, and
extension of these data to single-species models. More recently, these models have been used to explore a wide range
of wildlife management systems from pest control and harvesting, to conservation. However, while the application
of single-species models to management questions continues to proliferate, initial academic interests in the
mechanisms that produce density-dependence has been largely restricted to theoretical considerations; specifically
how interaction between two or more species can lead to density-dependence ( i.e. host-pathogen, plant-herbivore,
predator-prey interactions). An obvious question that arises is whether abstracting the mechanism that produces
density-dependence limits the usefulness of single-species models in addressing management questions? In this
paper I explore this question by testing the influence that model type (single-species cf. trophic-interactive) has on
projected extinction risk (measured as quasi-extinction probability), in a simple plant-herbivore system.
Notes
15
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
FISHERY BYCATCH OF AUSTRALIAN SEA LIONS IN COMMERCIAL SHARK NETS: ACTION
TAKEN IN 2010 TO ALLEVIATE THE PROBLEM
Shaughnessy, Peter, Goldsworthy, S., Page, B.
South Australian Museum, Adelaide SA 5000 Australia
SARDI Aquatic Sciences, Henley Beach SA 5022 Australia
[email protected]
Australian sea lions (ASL) are listed as Vulnerable under the EPBC Act. Over the last two decades, ASL populations in
South Australia (SA) have shown little change while sympatric New Zealand fur seals increased. Lack of ASL recovery is
likely related to interactions with gill-nets of the shark fishery. ASLs are bottom feeders and their distribution overlaps
with bottom-set nets of the shark fishery.
Management of ASL is by State and Commonwealth environment departments, includingEnvironment, Water,
Heritage and the Arts (DEWHA). The shark fishery is managed by Australian Fisheries Management Authority (AFMA).
Options for spatial management of effort (area closures) in the shark gillnet fishery to mitigate ASL bycatch risk
developed by Goldsworthy et al. (2010) utilised models combining ASL foraging effort, bycatch data and PVAs. The
options were largely ignored by AFMA during development of a sea lion management plan aimed at limiting sea lion
bycatch to satisfy Wildlife Trade Operation requirements under the EPBC Act. The management plan involves area
closures around all 48 SA breeding sites out to 4-10 nautical miles (7.3-18.5 km), with largest closures around colonies
perceived to have the greatest interaction risk. This should reduce incidence of bycatch mortality for many breeding
sites.
Notes
16
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
WITHIN AND BETWEEN SEX RANGE USE OVERLAPS IN SOUTHERN KALAHARI LEOPARDS
1
J du P Bothma1, M D Bothma2
Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa 0002
2
8 The Ridge, Halls Head, Mandurah, WA 6210
[email protected]
The range size of larger carnivores must provide them with sufficient prey to form viable populations. In arid and
semi-arid, prey-poor environments this requires extensive ranges. Whereas the ranges of several adult female leopards
in more mesic and prey-rich environments usually overlap with each other and those of one or more males, the
ranges of the adult males are usually exclusive of others of their sex. Moreover, the ranges of adult females depend
on their food resources, while those of adult males depend on the abundance and range sizes of the females, but are
considerably larger than those of the females. In the semi-desert and prey-poor Kalahari ecosystem of southern Africa,
the mean ranges of both sexes of leopard are considerably larger than in more mesic regions, and are the largest
known in leopards in the world. These ranges are not used uniformly, nor are the long-term mean ranges used at all
times of the year as certain portions of the ranges act as core areas of use. In the southern Kalahari ecosystem, male
and female leopards show within and between sex overlaps in range use as is known from other arid and prey-poor
regions. Based on GPS telemetry, an adjacent and overlapping adult male and female were as much as 47.6 km apart
at times, but were in the same location at a mean interval of 35 days on four successive occasions. This is within the
mean oestrus cycle of 45 days in an adult female. The range overlaps within and between sexes and the increased
rainfall from south-west to north-east create a viable population of leopards in the semi-arid Kgalagadi Transfrontier
National Park of 37 991 km which would have been impossible had the ranges not overlapped. The leopards are
mainly solitary but not asocial and no indication of within and between sex aggression was found.
17
Notes
17
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
USE OF HABITAT BY KOALAS IN TROPICAL ENVIRONMENTS
Clifton, Delma Dr
Central Queensland University, PO Box 5606, Mackay Queensland 4741
[email protected]
Maintaining thermal neutrality is an important biological adaptation among homeotherms, but the mechanisms
used by koalas are not completely understood. Given the koala’s wide latitudinal range and the accompanying
extremes of temperature, ecological plasticity should be considerable. In the absence of den use, koalas must either
possess extreme physiological flexibility, or exhibit behavioural adaptations that enable them to exist across a wide
range of climatic niches. We studied the choice of roost site of koalas in a tropical habitat to investigate the capacity
of these marsupials to adjust their behaviour. Using remote telemetry and automated data collection we examined
the position and activity of the koala and the thermal regime of the canopy, and found that some koalas gained a
significant thermal advantage by choosing non-food (shelter) trees for daytime roosting. Other koalas roosted in more
exposed positions in food trees and these were more inactive during hotter seasons when water turnover was high,
suggesting that this species may conserve water by reducing activity. These findings indicate that management of
tropical habitat for koalas must consider the presence shelter trees as well as food trees.
Notes
18
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
DISPERSING SUB-ADULTS KOALAS USE OF HABITAT
Tucker, Gail
Centre for Environmental Management, Central Queensland University
[email protected]
Information about juvenile koala dispersal and habitat use should guide habitat preservation and corridor
establishment for native animals. Maturing sub-adult koalas were radio tracked as they undertook dispersal or
extended movements away from their natal areas before establishing a home range and breeding. Before being
independent, juveniles remained in their mothers’ territory, mirroring her ranging and movement behaviour and tree
species use. After three to five months, the juveniles ventured beyond the mothers’ range and used different tree
species to their mother, before establishing their own home range. The direction and timing of dispersal varied among
individuals and across gender. Females usually established a ranging area close to, or overlapping, the other’s home
range, while males established ranging areas further afield.
Notes
19
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
WHAT CONTRIBUTION CAN WILDLIFE REHABILITATORS MAKE TO THE MANAGEMENT OF
KOALAS IN NSW?
Dan Lunney, Jessica Bryant and Corinna Orscheg
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water, Hurstville, NSW 2220
[email protected]
Highways and major roads have large signs stating: “For injured wildlife - call the following number”. We looked
beyond the road signs to examine koala rehabilitation in NSW. With around 1,000 Koalas taken into care annually
there is considerable potential for the records of wildlife rehabilitators to contribute to understanding the ecology and
population status of this threatened species in NSW.
We analysed the records of wildlife rehabilitation groups from the point of view of wildlife managers. The questions
addressed were: where was rehabilitation occurring; what were the causes for entry into care; what was the care
success rate; and what lessons can we draw on how to best manage the conservation issues of koala rehabilitation?
Among the lessons learnt to date are the need for a more robust recording system to ensure that between years within
rehabilitator group recording is consistent and there is a better level of comparability among groups. What is distinct
is that cause of entry to rehabilitation is poorly recorded, nevertheless, it is apparent that the issues vary from location
to location. A few groups dominate the records system, which potentially biases management conclusions. The
successful rehabilitation of koalas makes an important contribution to their management in NSW from both a species
perspective and the way that the wider community responds to the koala and its particular needs.
Notes
20
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
FROM EXPERIMENTAL FIELD TRIALS TO FULL SCALE WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT: THE USE
OF GESTAGEN IMPLANTS FOR FERTILITY CONTROL IN KOALA POPULATIONS IMPACTING
ON THEIR HABITAT IN SOUTH-EASTERN AUSTRALIA
Kath Handasyde, Emily Hynes , Geoff Shaw and Marilyn Renfree
Department of Zoology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
[email protected]
In south-eastern Australia, management of koala populations that have reached densities where they over -browse
their food trees involves very substantial financial and logistical costs to state governments. These populations also
cause significant ecological damage . Our experimental field trials on koalas, testing the longevity and safety of
gestagen implants for reducing adult female fertility, have now been running for 7 years . At the commencement
of this trial a mixed age group of adult females were treated with either 70 mg levonorgestrel or placebo (control)
implants. To date (August 2010), none of the levonorgestrel treated animals have resumed b reeding, and we have not
found any significant health effects of the implants . Some animals, both treatment and controls, are
now dying of old age. On the basis of our findings, levonorgestrel is now being used in State Government koala
population management programs. Although reducing population density using in situ fertility control takes
some time to achieve desired ecological outcomes (i.e. recovery of trees from browse damage), this approach is
more humane, less stressful to the koalas and more cost effective than past management approaches that relied on
translocation to relieve koala browse pressure in landscape s where habitat became fragmented rapidly after European
settlement.
Notes
21
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY OF CHRONIC INDUSTRIAL FLUORIDE
TOXICOSIS IN MACROPODS
Death, Clare, Hufschmid, J., Coulson, G. and Beveridge, I.
The University of Melbourne, Faculty of Veterinary Science, 250 Priincess Highway, Werribee Vic 3030
[email protected]
As wildlife increasingly inhabit industrial buffer zones due to reduction in alternative habitat, a novel form of humanwildlife conflict emerges. Australia has over 690 fluoride emitting industrial sources and particulate and gaseous
fluoride emissions contaminate vegetation surrounding these industries. Long-term consumption by herbivores can
result in skeletal and dental disease and macropods may be more prone to this condition than livestock. Previous
studies in Victoria have examined culled eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) from buffer zones surrounding
an aluminium smelter and a brick works. These studies found high levels of dental fluorosis and varied manifestations
of skeletal fluorosis. This research aims to further investigate the epidemiology of this condition in macropods by
monitoring fluoride exposure and accumulation in individuals over time and how this correlates with the progression
of pathology and clinical signs of fluorosis. Methods for non-invasive monitoring in the field are being developed.
Management recommendations will ultimately be produced in an attempt to prevent disease in macropods due to
industrial fluoride emissions.
Notes
22
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
HOLIDAY HAVEN OR ECOLOGICAL TRAP? HIGH ADULT MORTALITY IN URBAN
KANGAROOS
Coulson, Graeme, Cripps, Jemma and Wilson, Michelle
Department of Zoology, The University of Melbourne
[email protected]
The town of Anglesea on the Surf Coast of Victoria is known for its urban population of eastern grey kangaroos
(Macropus giganteus). Residents and tourists place a high value on kangaroo viewing, particularly at the golf course.
However, human-wildlife conflicts also arise, and the issue of greatest concern is road-kill. Since 2007 we have
captured 193 adult kangaroos at the golf course and nearby school camp. We marked kangaroos with coloured
combinations of reflective ear-tags, and collars bearing the name of each individual. We monitored the population
in regular surveys of the golf course and camp, and relied primarily on citizen science reports of marked kangaroos
in other parts of the town. By the end of 2009, 37% of the females were considered to be dead (21% known deaths,
16% missing < 6 months), as were 53% of the males (34% dead, 19% missing). When we were able to determine the
circumstances of death, the overwhelming cause was road-kill. Adult females died close to their point of capture,
whereas deaths of males were reported throughout the town. We conclude that road-kill is a major source of mortality
in this population, with unknown consequences for other aspects of their ecology.
Notes
23
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
IS THE CURRENT “OPERATION NEST EGG” (O.N.E.) PRACTICE MAXIMISING ROWI
(APTERYX ROWI) RECRUITMENT, SURVIVAL AND FITNESS?
Abbott, Rachael and Ben D. Bell
Centre for Biodiversity and Restoration Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington
[email protected]
The New Zealand Department of Conservation (DOC) employs a management practice for kiwi (Apteryx spp.) known
as O.N.E (Operation Nest Egg), which involves removing eggs or chicks from the wild, hatching and rearing the young
in captivity until they are large enough to no longer be at risk from stoats, and release back into the source population.
DOC make recommendations for the use of behavioural studies in several areas of kiwi conservation. However
a review of the literature and discussion with DOC kiwi managers suggests few behavioural studies have been
undertaken. The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of O.N.E on kiwi behaviour in order to assess whether
current O.N.E practices result in maximum possible recruitment, fitness and long term survival. The study involves
analysis of historic information on the DOC database, alongside field studies of post-release behaviour, coupled with
experimental manipulations of release group demographics. This presentation will focus on key hypotheses, and give
details on the methodology being used for testing them. A more complete understanding of the behavioural effects
of various release strategies will provide guidance for improving the effectiveness of future O.N.E reintroductions and
kiwi conservation in general.
Notes
24
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
POPULATION GENETICS AS A TOOL FOR WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY ON
THE PLATYPUS, ORNITHORHYNCHUS ANATINUS
Furlan, Elise1, Griffiths, J.1, Gust, N.2, Armistead, R.1, Mitrovski, P.1, Umina, P.1, Weeks, A.1
Centre for Environmental Stress and Adaptation Research, Departments of Genetics and Zoology, The University of
Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria
2
Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Resource Management and Conservation Division,
Tasmania
[email protected]
1
Genetics can provide an important tool for wildlife managers in its ability to assist in the classification of a ‘population’
for management purposes and in its ability to identify populations that are potentially at risk. Research on the
platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus, will be presented to demonstrate how the identification of genetic similarities
or differences between these populations can help address management concerns. Specific attention will be given
to the large genetic differences discovered between Tasmanian and mainland platypuses and the unique findings
of the isolated King Island population. Comparative population genetic analyses are able to expose populations
suffering from low levels of genetic diversity as well as identify populations that are unique in terms of their genetic
distinctiveness.
Notes
25
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
A PRELIMINARY STUDY ASSESSING RISK TO TASMANIAN DEVILS FROM POISONING FOR
RED FOXES
1
Channing Hughes1, Robbie Gaffney2, Christopher R. Dickman3
PhD Candidate, Institute of Wildlife Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South
Wales 2006, Australia
2
Research and Development Section Leader, Fox Eradication Branch, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water
and the Environment, 134 Macquarie Street, Hobart, Tasmania 7000 Australia
3
Professor in Terrestrial Ecology, Institute of Wildlife Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney,
Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
The recent introduction of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) to Australia’s island state of Tasmania represents a major threat
to native fauna. In response, the Tasmanian government has begun a fox eradication program using Foxoff®, a bait
containing the poison sodium monofluoroacetate (commonly known as 1080). The bait is potentially attractive to
native Tasmanian carnivores as well as to foxes. Of particular concern is the endangered Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus
harrisii), which is already at risk from an emergent infectious disease, Devil Facial Tumor Disease. In both a captive and
a field study using nontoxic Foxoff bait, we assessed bait palatability and possible effects of demographics, hunger
level, bait age, and bait burial method on the likelihood of bait uptake by Tasmanian devils. Captive devils showed
varying interest in the bait, but wild devils appeared to find it uniformly palatable. In the captive study, males and
younger, captive-born animals were more likely to excavate and remove bait. Subterranean burial at 15 cm was the
most effective deterrent to bait excavation; effectiveness decreased at shallower depths and with surface-level bait
buried beneath soil mounds. Our findings suggest that the current fox-baiting campaign may negatively impact
individual devils. More extensive study is necessary to assess potential risk at the population level.
Notes
26
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
INTERPRETING AND APPLYING HOME RANGE DATA: A CASE STUDY WITH BLACK
RHINOCEROS
Plotz, Roan David1,2, Linklater, Wayne L1,2
Centre for Biodiversity & Restoration Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington,
PO Box 600, Wellington NZ
2
Centre for Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University,
Port Elizabeth, South Africa
[email protected]
1
Home range ecology features prominently in the management of many species. Wildlife managers sometimes use
home range size as a proxy for habitat condition and to determine overall carrying capacity. Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park
(HiP), South Africa, is a strategic donor population for black rhinoceros meta-population management.
Some report a 67% increase in range size from 7.55 km2 to 23.02 km2 as evidence for declines in habitat quality, which
they attribute to over-population and use as evidence for increased harvesting. We present home range estimates for
the largest cohort of black rhinoceros (n=22) to date fitted with VHF radio-transmitters in HiP.
Rhino were regularly located in a random stratified fashion to estimate seasonal [mean wet season: male, 8.16 km2 ±
2.37 SE; female, 6.24 km2 ± 1.79 SE/ mean dry season: male, 4.20 km2 ± 0.63 SE; female, 9.07 km2 ± 0.99 SE] and annual
home range sizes [male, 8.22 km2 ± 0.80 SE; female, 9.35 km2 ± 1.25 SE]. Both annual and
seasonal home range estimates are over 60% smaller than recent values and similar to estimates to published in the
1960’s from the same reserve. The reasons why other contemporary estimates differ so much from ours is a useful
reminder of how not to conduct and construct home range studies. Our results also indicate that home range
sizes have not changed. Further, we discuss these results in the context of the researcher-management relationship
and how over-interpreting poor quality data can mislead the management of a critically endangered species.
Notes
27
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF POND DRAINING AND ITS ROLE IN THE ADAPTIVE
MANAGEMENT OF A GREEN AND GOLDEN BELL FROG (LITORIA AUREA) POPULATION
Pollard, Carla J., Stockwell, M. P., Garnham, J. I., Pickett, E. J., Clulow, J., Mahony, M. J.
School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle
[email protected]
The once common green and golden bell frog (Litoria aurea) began to experience large-scale population declines in
NSW during the 1970s, and predation of eggs and tadpoles by the introduced mosquito fish (Gambusia holbrooki) has
been implicated as one of the key causal factors of these ongoing declines. Each year a number of
ponds at Sydney Olympic Park are drained prior to the breeding season of L.aurea to temporarily remove this invasive
fish species. In this study, the relative abundances of tadpoles, metamorphs, juveniles and adult L.aurea at ponds
which had been recently drained were compared with those of ponds which were not drained, over the past seven
years. The results of this research have allowed the effectiveness of draining as a tool to increase breeding success to
be evaluated. This process of measuring the outcome of previously implemented actions is a vital
part of adaptive management, as it provides a basis for planning the future allocation of resources in a way that will
result in the best possible outcome in terms of the conservation of a species.
Some of the data included in the analyses were collected under contract to the Sydney Olympic Park Authority (SOPA).
We have the permission of SOPA to analyse and report this data. Contractors were Ecology Partners Pty Ltd for 2006-07
(project managers: Hamer, A. and Organ, A.), and Australian Museum Business Services Consulting for 2003-05 (project
managers: Burns, E., McElroy, C., Ryan, B. and Tipping, J.).
Notes
28
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES OF A WOYLIE (BETTONGIA PENICILLATA) POPULATION WITH
INCREASING DENSITY IN A FENCED RESERVE
1
Yeatman, Georgina 1, Mills, H 1 and Page, M 2
School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia, 2 Australian Wildlife Conservancy
[email protected]
The woylie (Bettongia penicillata) has suffered severe decline across populations since 2001. A population at Karakamia
Sanctuary in southwest Western Australia has not declined and the density has been increasing since its establishment
in 1994. This population exists within a 275 ha fenced reserve which is owned and operated
by the Australian Wildlife Conservancy (AWC). To provide information on the impact of high population density, this
study investigated changes in demographic parameters between 1995 and 2010. Trapping data was collected each
year as part of the fauna monitoring conducted by AWC. We analysed changes in body condition and fecundity
between these years. Home range estimates were also calculated using radio telemetry. Preliminary results show as
much as a threefold increase in home range size compared with other estimates for the species. This is presumably
related to a decrease in resource availability for individuals at high population density. Additional results relating to
body condition and fecundity will also be discussed. This data may represent a demographic response to resource
limitation and has implications for the persistence of this important population.
Notes
29
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT IN SOUTHERN AFRICAN LANDSCAPES: CHALLENGES FOR THE
FUTURE
Brian K. Reilly1, 2
Southern African Wildlife Management Association
2
Tshwane University of Technology
[email protected]
1
Southern Africa and in particular South Africa with their enormous diversities of plants, animals, charismatic
megafauna as well as the progenitors of modern man are of international importance to the conservation community.
The ancient savannah biomes present a uniquely challenging prospect for ecological management and protected
areas such as the iconic Kruger National Park apply some of the most modern adaptive management processes to this
challenge. This given that South Africa itself is the 3rd most diverse country on the planet with 10% of the global plant,
fish and bird diversity and 6% of the mammal and reptile diversity on less than 1% of the surface area. The grassland
biome of South Africa is under enormous pressure from mining, agriculture, forestry and water abstraction whilst
the unique Cape “fynbos” with its plethora of endemic species faces increasing challenges. Conservation and wildlife
management take place in a political backdrop of corruption, nepotism and paranoia ranging from the poorest
economies such as Mozambique to a failed Zimbabwe, stable Botswana and Namibia and South Africa with its unique
post apartheid challenges.
Given the excellent reputation of South Africa’s conservationists, wildlife managers and scientists and their record
of creating protected areas with large numbers of white and black rhino, black wildebeest, bontebok and many
other species brought back from the brink of extinction in the last century and the re-building of conservation in
neighbouring countries, organizations such as the Southern African Wildlife Management Association (SAWMA) have
an enormous facilitatory role to play in extending expertise into Africa. At the same time population growth, land
restitution and negative socio-economic conditions require innovation from SAWMA and its members to maintain
South Africa’s conservation reputation whilst maintaining and expanding protected areas and integrating the private
sector’s approximately 17% of land under game ranching into the biodiversity conservation fold.
In this paper some of the conservation history of the sub-region, paradigm shifts in conservation and wildlife
management philosophies, the current status of programmes, organizations, people and threats will be presented as
well as the unique role that SAWMA will have to play in the future of wildlife management in the subregion.
Notes
30
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
EVOLUTIONARILY SIGNIFICANT UNITS FOR CONSERVATION ACROSS LANDSCAPES:
PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF THE BRUSH-TAILED ROCK-WALLABY
Hazlitt1, SL, Browning2, TL, Goldizen3, AW, Nicholls4, JA and Eldridge5, Mark DB
1
Applied Conservation Research, University of British Columbia, Canada.
2
Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109.
3
School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, QLD 4072.
4
Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, UK.
5
Australian Museum, NSW 2010
Little is known about the phylogeography of south-eastern Australia and the implications of long-term environmental
fluctuations on contemporary population structure and therefore management. We assessed the distribution and
abundance of genetic diversity within the brush-tailed rock-wallaby (Petrogale penicillata) using 11 microsatellite
loci and sequence variation at the mitochondrial control region, from 279 individuals from 31 colonies throughout
the species’ range. We found extremely high levels of genetic structure throughout the range and at multiple spatial
scales with all sampled populations being genetically unique. The mtDNA data revealed three well supported, distinct
lineages, corresponding to populations in discrete geographic regions (northern NSW/southern Queensland; central
NSW; Victoria), with lineage divergence dated to the late Pleistocene. There was little evidence for structure within
each lineage. While the break between the Northern and Central lineage corresponds to a known geographic barrier,
the separation of the Central and Southern lineages does not. Differentiation at nuclear microsatellite loci was high for
comparisons between populations from different mtDNA lineages (mean Fst=0.337), while differentiation amongst
populations within lineages was more moderate (mean Fst=0.196). Nuclear genetic distances amongst colonies also
revealed multiple well supported clusters. These data confirm the existence of three evolutionarily significant units
(ESUs) within P. penicillata.
Notes
31
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
ENDANGERED SPECIES AS FLAGSHIPS FOR LANDSCAPE CONSERVATION
Leigh, Kellie
Cape Otway Centre for Conservation Ecology
Zambian Carnivore Programme
[email protected]
Flagship, umbrella and keystone species can play an important role in helping to achieve broad conservation
outcomes, particularly when resources are limited. The endangered African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) has been
successfully utilised as a flagship species for large scale habitat conservation in Zambia. The wild dog is a highly mobile
species and the African Wild Dog Conservation project takes a metapopulation management approach to increase
habitat connectivity and mitigate anthropogenic threats. By working to conserve the large areas required for a viable
population of this species, conservation efforts benefit many other species, particularly other mobile mammals.
Alongside implementing ongoing ecological research to inform management, the project works in partnership
with local government agencies and other NGO’s to coordinate in-situ conservation activities, carry out community
education and build ecotourism opportunities. The structure and concepts behind this successful flagship project are
applicable internationally and can be adapted to a range of diverse ecosystems and species. This paper describes how
the same model is being initiated locally in the Otway Ranges area of Victoria, focussed on the Tiger Quoll as a flagship
species.
Notes
32
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
CONSERVATION ACROSS LANDSCAPES AT THE AUSTRALIAN WILDLIFE CONSERVANCY
USING SCOTIA SANCTUARY AS A CASE STUDY
Matt W. Hayward, Sarah Legge, Tony Cathcart
Australian Wildlife Conservancy
[email protected]
The Australian Wildlife Conservancy (AWC) is a non-government conservation organisation whose mission is the
effective conservation of Australia’s wildlife and its habitats. To this end, AWC has acquired 21 sanctuaries covering
over 2.5 million hectares and supporting 27%, 69%, 60% and 29% of Australia’s threatened amphibians, birds,
mammals and reptiles respectively. As a relatively young organisation, the acquisition policy has evolved and
has been affected by opportunity costs (e.g. the purchase of Earth Sanctuaries sites and land values in northern
Australia). AWC’s conservation strategy relies on intensive management directed by solid science and monitoring by
a predominately field-based staff. Using Scotia Sanctuary (64,563 ha) as an example, we discuss the translocations
that have occurred, the feral eradication and control programme, and the interactions with surrounding landowners.
Scotia has two 4000 ha fenced and feral-free exclosures where seven previously extinct species have been
reintroduced, and numerous other threatened species persist. An experimental translocation of bridled nailtail
wallabies has been initiated into the broader landscape to assess the feasibility of having critical weight range fauna
coexisting with introduced predators at low densities. This is fundamental if they are ever to evolve strategies to
coexist with foxes and cats.
Notes
33
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
DINGOES: MANAGING FOR ECOSYSTEM RESILIENCE AND PASTORAL PRODUCTIVITY
Ritchie, Euan Dr
Deakin University, Burwood Victoria
[email protected]
There is growing recognition worldwide of the important roles played by predators in regulating ecosystems and
sustaining biodiversity. In Australia, we have suffered substantial biodiversity and economic losses through the
effects of predators, most notably cats (Felis cattus) and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and to a lesser extent, the dingo
(Canis lupus dingo). We argue that the impacts of the first two species could be reduced significantly by a new
management philosophy with respect to the dingo. Recent studies show clear and consistent evidence that the
ongoing persecution of the dingo, Australia’s sole remaining terrestrial top-predator, is linked with outbreaks of cat
and fox populations (‘mesopredator release’), as well as overabundant herbivore populations and increased attacks on
stock by dingoes. With reference to these studies, and our own, we outline the functional role of the dingo and how
this species could be better managed to maximise biodiversity and economic benefits. With the recent introduction
of the red fox and concurrent decline of the devil in Tasmania, and evidence for increasing rabbit and cat populations
and declining native mammals in northern Australia, there is clearly an urgent need to reassess predator management
in Australia.
Notes
34
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
INVASIVE SPECIES MANAGEMENT: TOWARDS AN INTEGRATED LANDSCAPE APPROACH
A. S. Glen, R. P. Pech and A. E. Byrom
Landcare Research, New Zealand
[email protected]
Management of invasive species is rarely conducted at a landscape scale. More typically, pests are managed
intensively in specific areas that are judged to be of high importance, with little or no management in the surrounding
landscape. This may lead to persistence of some native species only in areas where pests are controlled, perhaps with
periodic dispersal between patches. This is known in ecological theory as a metapopulation. If a local population
becomes dangerously small or even disappears, immigrants from neighbouring patches can provide a ‘rescue effect’.
The likelihood of extinction of the metapopulation is therefore much lower than that of a single, isolated population.
How can we apply a metapopulation paradigm to improve the outcomes of pest management for native biodiversity?
Starting with a synthesis of the literature on metapopulation theory, conservation planning and landscape
connectivity, we ultimately aim to establish integrated networks of pest management zones that facilitate dispersal
of native species through landscapes. Conversely, control programmes could be designed to reduce connectivity for
invasive species. The goal is to improve the timing and location of pest control to promote metapopulations of native
species, re-establish large-scale ecosystem processes, and hence provide greater overall benefits for biodiversity.
Notes
35
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
HARVESTING KANGAROOS ACROSS NSW: BALANCING CONSERVATION AND
ECONOMICS
Payne, Nicole
Kangaroo Management Program, NSW Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water
[email protected]
Kangaroos have been commercially harvested in NSW, within the context of a management plan, for over 30 years.
The plan ensures the conservation of kangaroos across landscapes by limiting commercial harvesting through annual
quotas. Kangaroo population sizes are monitored annually with standardised, accurate and precise aerial surveys.
Population estimates are used to set conservative annual harvest quotas. However, over the last 20 years, the harvest
has utilised just 66% of the available quota, equivalent to 8.4% of the estimated population. Concurrently, kangaroo
populations have fluctuated with drought and flush conditions irrespective of the extent to which the quota has been
utilised.
Why does the commercial harvest fall short of the available quota? Economics. The commercial harvest is about
generating profit within the industry: harvesters will only shoot animals if they can sell the carcases; processors will
only buy the carcases if they can sell the products. There are limited markets for kangaroo products, and potential
supply is generally greater than the demand. Conservation of kangaroo populations in the commercial harvesting
regions of NSW is assured because of the conservative limits imposed by the annual quota and because the actual
annual harvest is governed by weather conditions and market forces.
Notes
36
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
ENUMERATION OF EUROPEAN RABBITS ON ROBBEN ISLAND, WESTERN CAPE, SOUTH
AFRICA
B.K. Reilly1, V. Harley1 & R. von Brandis1
Department of Nature Conservation, Tshwane University of Technology
[email protected]
Robben Island holds a very significant place in the National psyche in South Africa due to its association with recent
political history. It has become an ecotourist haven and as with many islands its ecology has been severely disturbed
by the introduction of exotic fauna and flora. Its classification as a world heritage site, with the commensurate
regulations on the removal of exotic species has seen its elevation to the political football in the struggle between
preservation and conservation in the tabloid press and emotional outbursts with reference to removal of exotic fauna.
Rabbits were introduced to Robben Island by passing sailors in the seventeenth century and today together with
other alien fauna and flora pose a serious threat to the unique vegetation and associated fauna (particularly marine
avifauna) of the island. European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) are considered alongside the ship rat (Rattus rattus),
feral pig and cane toad to be amongst the biggest threats to environments where they have been introduced.
Foremost amongst these examples was that of their introduction to Australia in the mid nineteenth century and
subsequent efforts at their eradication.
Distance sampled night spotlight counts of rabbits were undertaken in December 2009 and in June 2010. Coefficients
of variation of the order of 6.4 to 7.3% were attained and numbers of the order of 3097 and 2648 respectively at a
density of 4.9 to 7.5 individuals per hectare. The method shows great promise for the monitoring of this population in
the face of previous estimates ranging as high as 25 000.
Notes
37
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
RABBIT IMPACTS ON LANDSCAPE RESTORATION
Arthur, Tony., McPhee, S., Bloomfield, T., Vincent, N., Lindeman, M., Main, M., Stuart, I. and Forsyth, D.
CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Canberra
[email protected]
Extensive and costly revegetation programs are widely undertaken to restore degraded landscapes. The impact of
rabbits on planted native vegetation and on natural regeneration for many landscapes is largely unknown though
probably significant. We describe early results from a large-scale restoration project near Ballan, Vic, where livestock
grazing has been removed and rabbits have been managed to revegetate 110 ha of land adjoining the Werribee
River. An experiment has been included to assess the impact of rabbits on planted seedlings. Extensive rabbit control
resulted in >93% reduction in the rabbit population across the 781 ha property. Baiting with 1080 oats reduced
the population from 85 to 6 rabbits per spotlight km. Heavy earth moving equipment ripping to a depth of >60 cm
then destroyed ~1400 warrens at a density of 6-11 warrens ha-1. Follow up fumigation of warrens is ongoing. Five
small pockets were not ripped, deliberately leaving areas of higher rabbit density (cf. controlled densities) to assess
the impact of rabbits on the growth and survival of three species (Allocasuarina verticillata, Acacia pycnantha, and
Eucalyptus viminalis) of planted seedlings. A sample of seedlings was also guarded to completely remove browsing by
vertebrate herbivores. The initial impact on the seedlings is discussed.
Notes
38
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
MANAGING FERAL GOATS THROUGH MANIPULATING THEIR ACCESS TO WATER
Russell, Benjamin G.1 , Gallard, Letnic,M.2, Tracey, J.3 , Fleming, P.J.S.3
Pest Management Unit, NSW DECCW, PO Box 1967, Hurstville NSW 1481
2
School of Natural Sciences, University of Western Sydney
3
Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, Industry and Investment NSW
[email protected]
1
Feral goats are a recognised threat to biodiversity in Australia. Throughout the arid and semi-arid rangelands of New
South Wales, their populations appear to be contiguous, in part because of a proliferation of artificial watering points
(AWPs) that has allowed them to expand further than would otherwise be the case. Feral goat control is often only
effective in the short term, as goats rapidly immigrate from surrounding areas. We investigated the effectiveness
of closure of AWPs and discontinuous goat-proof boundary fencing strategically built in areas close to water on
neighbouring properties to reduce goat abundance and impacts on conservation reserves. Effectiveness was
evaluated through dung and ground cover transect surveys and GPS collars placed on feral goats. The surveys showed
that twelve months after completing fence construction, goat dung significantly declined and there were significant
changes in ground cover. The GPS collar data showed that feral goats were strongly tied to specific watering points.
Average distance to water was 1.6km and average maximum distance from water was 3.4km. After AWPs were closed,
goats relocated to adjacent AWPs. These results have specific relevance for management of feral goats in rangeland
conservation areas and neighbouring lands.
Notes
39
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
THE WARRAGAMBA SPECIAL AREA FERAL PIG PROJECT
1
Purcell1, Brad V., Mitchell, B., Hammill, K. and Giese, M.
School of Natural Sciences, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South DC, 1797, Australia
[email protected]
Feral Pigs (Sus scrofa) in Australia are regarded as having a significant impact on the environment, with extensive
effort expended on the management of these animals across the country each year. Feral Pigs are prevalent in the
Warragamba Special Area (WSA), the largest water storage facility for the population of Sydney, approximately 75km
west of Sydney’s Central Business District (CBD). Feral Pigs are known to destabilise soils, alter vegetation communities,
increase the spread of weeds and decrease water quality. Despite years of active control of Feral Pigs in the area, little
is known of their biology, ecology or genetics and the efficacy of control measures has never been quantitatively
assessed.
A project was implemented within the WSA to collect information that would inform the management of Feral Pigs in
the area. Genetics, environmental impacts, abundance and patterns of movement, and the potential for pigs to act as
vectors for the transmission of zoonotic diseases were investigated.
Data from this study indicated that while current management techniques appear to be effectively suppressing Feral
Pig populations in the WSA, refinement of some control measures could further suppress these populations.
Notes
40
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES BEHIND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT PATTERNS: TWENTY-FIVE
YEARS OF FERAL PIG RESEARCH
Hone, Jim
Institute for Applied Ecology University of Canberra
[email protected]
Feral pigs occur in Namadgi National Park, ACT. Poisoning has been used for decades to try to reduce pig density
and potential effects on biodiversity. Over more than 20 years there was no long-term trend in pig density (r = 0.07
per year +/- 0.08 SE) and no trend (R2 = 0.03, df=22) in frequency of ground rooting by pigs. The ecological processes
generating observed patterns have been derived and evaluated for (i) damage/density relationship, (ii) trends in
pigs alive after start of poisoning, (iii) short-term effect of ground rooting by feral pigs on plant species richness, (iv)
effects on density of natural (non-toxic) and toxic (poison) food eaten, and (v) effects of poisoning on non-target
species (birds). The derivations of the ecological processes will be described and compared to observed data. The
management implications are described.
Notes
41
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
PROTECTING AGRICULTURE AND THREATENED SPECIES INTERNATIONALLY THROUGH
THE USE OF A HUMAN FOOD PRESERVATIVE?
Steve Lapidge1,5, Jason Wishart1, Simon Humphrys1, Michelle Smith2, Linton Staples2, Charlie Eason3, Duncan
MacMorran3 and Kathy Fagerstone4.
1
Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre, 48 Oxford Terrace, Unley SA 5061. Ph: 08-8357-1222
2
Animal Control Technologies Australia P/L, PO Box 379, Somerton, Victoria 3062
3
Connovation Research, PO Box 58613, Auckland 2141, New Zealand
4
USDA National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, Colorado USA 80521
[email protected]
In 2005 the Pest Animal Control CRC discovered the potential of sodium nitrite, a common meat preservative that
prevents botulism, to be a quick acting, low residue and reversible toxicant for feral pigs. Pigs are particularly sensitive
to nitrite-induced methaemoglobinemia as they have a pharmacological weakness in low levels of methaemoglobin
reductase, the enzyme required to reverse the effects of nitrite toxicosis. Over the last five years a great deal has been
achieved in obtaining funding and a patent to continue and protect the research, formulating nitrite, conducting pen
and field trials, assessing the humaneness of the toxicosis, predicting primary and secondary poisoning hazards to
non-target species and compiling a registration dossier. Collaboratively and simultaneously nitrite is being developed
for feral pig and possum management in New Zealand, and is currently being pursued for wild hog management in
America. As nitrite possess most of the ideal properties of a modern toxicant - human safety, highly toxic to target
species, bait deliverable, humane, low/no residues, biodegradable, reversible (antidote), affordable, comprehensive
toxicology data available and publicly acceptable - it is currently being investigate for a range of invasive species
worldwide. This talk will detail progress to date and future plans.
Notes
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23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
DO ROPE BRIDGES PREVENT POSSUMS FROM BEING SQUASHED ON ROADS AND
RE-CONNECT THEIR HABITATS?
Yokochi, Kaori, de Tores, P., Kennington, J., Clarke, J. and Bencini, R.
School of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Western Australia
[email protected]
My PhD project aims to assess the efficacy of rope bridges in mitigating the negative impacts of roads on the western
ringtail possum (Pseudocheirus occidentalis) and the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) in south-west
Western Australia by:
• examining the genetic structure of groups of possums historically separated by a high-use road;
• incorporating microchip readers and motion activated cameras on bridges to monitor the use of bridges by
individual microchipped possums;
• monitoring the change in movements before and after installation of rope bridges by using radio-telemetry
techniques;
• monitoring changes in road mortality of the possums before and after the installation of rope bridges; and
• investigating whether rope bridges facilitate breeding between the separated groups of possums once they are
linked by rope bridges.
Prior to rope bridge installation, no radio-collared possum appears to have crossed the road, even though some are
regularly observed in trees adjacent to the road. Other key preliminary findings, including the survivorship of the
possums prior to the bridge installation, will also be presented.
Notes
43
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PREDATORS AND THEIR PREY IN THE GREATER BLUE
MOUNTAINS WORLD HERITAGE AREA
Jack H. Pascoe, Robert C. Mulley, Rosalie Chapple, and Ricky Spencer
University of Western Sydney
[email protected]
The Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area (GBMWHA) provides habitat for a suite of native and exotic predators.
This study investigated the interactions between members of the predator guild and the prey populations upon which
they depend within the World Heritage Area. A particular focus of the study involved the endemic canids, the wild dog
(Canis lupus) and fox (Vulpes vulpes), but included data relevant to native mesopredators and scavengers.
Predators were shown to influence intraguild competitors occurring sympatrically through a range of exploitative (i.e.
resource utilisation) and interference (i.e. predation) competition. The predator guild also exerted top-down pressure
on prey populations through predation and by altering the behaviour of prey species. Bottom-up effects also had
an influence on the dynamics of predator-prey interactions, as demonstrated when apex predators switched prey
dependence following changes to relative abundance and activity of prey populations.
This study showed that careful management of apex predators, particularly canids, will be vital in the maintenance of
biodiversity in the GBMWHA.
Notes
44
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
THE RESPONSE OF WOODLAND-DEPENDANT BIRDS TO SCATTERED PADDOCK TREE
DENSITIES IN WESTERN VICTORIA
Stevens, Kate., Cooke, R and Clarke, R H.
School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University – Melbourne Campus
[email protected]
As major drivers of land-use change, global agricultural systems often result in landscapes containing remnant
habitat patches within fragmented systems. Despite these changes to natural ecosystems, many native fauna persist
across rural landscapes. Agricultural systems in western Victoria, Australia, were investigated for their conservation
value to woodland-dependant birds, taxa considered sensitive to land-use change. Species diversity and a variety of
behavioural responses were measured within high and low paddock tree densities, to ascertain the importance of
these aging vestiges.
Species diversity was greater in high density compared to low density paddock trees, and site characteristic anomalies
between high and low tree densities suggested an influence on the presence of some woodland-dependant species.
Birds exhibited shorter gap distance flights in high density trees, where available gap distances were also shorter.
Overall, most species differentiated their energies between tree densities, giving most time to foraging in low density
trees, and vigilance behaviour in high density trees.
High paddock tree densities were found to have a greater conservation value for an array of woodland-dependant
species, in particular, small to medium sized insectivores Other species however, were able to utilise both tree
densities similarly, such as the Crimson Rosella and Striated Pardalote, providing a consistent presence across all sites.
Notes
45
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
THE DISTRIBUTION OF THREE NOCTURNAL BIRD SPECIES ACROSS A SUBURBAN-FOREST
GRADIENT
Weaving, M.J1., White, J.G1., Isaac, B1., and Cooke, R1.
School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University
[email protected]
1
On a global scale, urbanization has a profound effect on the distribution of wildlife. Here we seek to test the effects of
urban encroachment on the distribution of three key members of the Australian nocturnal bird community (Tawny
Frogmouth Podargus strigoides, Southern Boobook Ninox novaeseelandiae, and Australian Owlet-nightjar Aegotheles
cristatus). Species distribution was recorded in three landscape types (suburban, urban-fringe and forest), with the
level of urbanization classified according to both landscape and site-level attributes. The effects of urbanization on
individual species were determined by a comparison of broad landscape attributes and species distribution. Site level
attributes were modeled to determine their influence on species presence. While all three species occurred at high
levels in the urban-fringe landscape, the presence of the Tawny Frogmouth, a species with more generalist habitat
requirements, increased in response to increasing levels of urbanization. Habitat specialists, the Southern Boobook
and Australian Owlet-nightjar, demonstrated a corresponding decrease to increasing levels of urbanization. Whilst
all three species appear to tolerate the level of disturbance in urban-fringe environments, these areas are also at risk
of further degradation. It is critical that continued research is focused on urban-fringe environments to investigate
species-specific demographic responses to urban gradients.
Keywords: Suburban-forest gradient, nocturnal birds, urbanization, urban ecology
Notes
46
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
ECOMORPHOLOGY OF FOX SKULLS IN SOUTHWEST WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Jesse L. Forbes-Harper1, Heather M. Crawford1, Natalie M. Warburton2, Peter J. Adams2, Patricia A. Fleming2
1
School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150
2
School of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150
Ecomorphology examines the relationship between morphological variation and ecology. Cranial morphology is
strongly influenced by both diet and feeding behaviour, which are tightly linked. Foxes are introduced predators
in Australia and are controlled because of their detrimental effects upon native wildlife and livestock. Their impact
is particularly severe in the biodiversity hotspot of the southwest. We collected samples from over 500 red foxes
from 16 locations during culls carried out as part of the Red Card for the Red Fox program 2010, coordinated by the
Department of Agriculture WA. We investigated the relationship between skull morphology (size, shape, weight,
tooth wear, and deformities), demographic characteristics (age, gender), body mass and size, body condition, diet
(from stomach contents) and geographic distribution. By far the majority of animals shot by hunters are juveniles
that are dispersing from their natal sites; adults are either less common or (more likely) too experienced to be tracked
and shot. Adult foxes were found to have significantly more robust and heavy skulls than juveniles, whilst most other
dimensions are in proportion with skull length. Statistical analyses show that most of the variation in skull shape is
driven by age, whilst gender, diet, and geographic location also have an influence. Adults have a more varied diet,
including a greater percentage of plant, invertebrate, and small vertebrate food. This may be a result of the increased
bite force and load bearing capacity associated with larger, more robust skulls.
Notes
47
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
PARASITES AND PESTS: HELMINTH FAUNA OF RED FOXES (VULPES VULPES) AND FERAL
CATS (FELIS CATUS) IN SOUTHWEST WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Dybing, N., Fleming, P. A. and Adams, P.J.
School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Western
Australia, 6150
The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and feral cat (Felis catus) are widely distributed across Australia and present throughout a
range of habitats and landscapes. These pest species are both highly invasive and destructive costing Australia an
estimated $370 million a year in economic and environmental damage. In addition to these impacts, they harbor
a wide range of parasites, many of which potentially have important conservation and agricultural repercussions.
In order to investigate the parasite status of these pest species, intestinal tracts were collected from 147 red foxes
and 47 feral cats that were culled throughout southwest Western Australia. Intestinal contents and linings were
examined under a dissecting microscope to identify helminth parasites present. Overall 58% of foxes and 81% of
cats were harboring helminths within their digestive tract. Many of the helminth species detected in red foxes were
also detected in feral cats. Commonly occurring helminths included Dipylidium caninum, Toxocara canis, T.cati, Taenia
taeniaeformis, Uncinaria stenocephala and Spirometra erinaceieuropaei. Echinococcus granulosus was not detected
in this study. Many of these parasites have the potential to adversely impact upon domestic livestock and/or native
wildlife. Results of this work are discussed with reference to host demographics (age, sex, location) environmental
factors and body condition.
Notes
48
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
ARE WE BARKING UP THE WRONG TREE? OBSERVATIONS ON COMMUNITY
CO-MANAGEMENT OF WILD DOGS IN NSW, AUSTRALIA
Ballard, Guy and Fleming, P. J. S.
Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, Industry & Investment NSW, UNE
[email protected]
Approaches to public involvement in modern wildlife management have been described as progressive steps on
a continuum where top-down / expert approaches are generally considered least desirable and community comanagement approaches are preferred.
In several mainland Australian states, a recent focus of wild dog management programs has been a ‘cooperative’
(also known as ‘strategic’) approach, typically manifest through the development and implementation of ‘nil-tenure’
management plans. At first glance, such initiatives may appear to fit a model of community co-management but in
reality, many either rely on the wider community being coordinated and driven by managers or members of the public
lobbying Government and public land managers to act.
In this paper we report on observations of real world wild dog management programs to consider the steps, if any,
that could be taken to improve outcomes for all stakeholders.
Notes
49
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
A CALL FOR TOURISM STUDIES: WILDLIFE EXPERIENCES THAT MAXIMIZE VISITOR
SATISFACTION AND MINIMIZE IMPACT ON WILDLIFE
1
Isabelle D. Wolf1, and David B. Croft2
Parks and Wildlife Group, Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW, Hurstville, NSW 2220
2
School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052
[email protected] and [email protected]
The protection for wildlife of interest to tourists and visitor satisfaction with wildlife tours are both critical for the longterm sustainability of the wildlife tourism industry. To solve the dilemma between these potentially conflicting goals,
research is needed on wildlife experiences that minimize impacts for wildlife and maximize visitor satisfaction. We
present two studies in the Australian rangelands that showcase that less intrusive viewing behaviour allows for a more
rewarding wildlife experience with closer and longer-lasting observations of a more natural wildlife behaviour.
(1) The first study compared the results of nocturnal wildlife observation achieved with different observation
techniques and used a questionnaire-based survey to assess visitors’ preferences for nocturnal wildlife observation in
Australia. The findings from the wildlife observation and visitor survey were consolidated to recommend an optimal
tour design. (2) The second study determined the typical properties of visitor approaches to Red Kangaroos (Macropus
rufus) and Euros (M. robustus erubescens) and simulated these to identify the least intrusive approach behaviour under
different environmental conditions with the highest potential for visitor satisfaction.
We discuss the critical factors for conceptualising such studies including the cooperation between scientists and
tourism practitioners.
Notes
50
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
NATURE IN THE BACKYARD - A STUDY OF COMMUNITY ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOURS
A. E. Shaw, K. K. Miller
School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University
Urbanisation affects biodiversity by fragmenting and reducing native vegetation, typically resulting in dramatic losses
of indigenous wildlife. If we are interested in conserving wildlife in urban areas, there is a need to understand the
current community attitudes toward native urban biodiversity.
The available evidence suggests that private gardens can play a significant role in supporting wildlife populations.
Backyard habitat has been identified as a valuable food and habitat source for a range of urban species and
subsequently is seen as essential to developing wildlife corridor connectivity in urban areas. In urban areas, exotic
species often make up the majority of vegetation cover and while these do provide ecological benefits, they are not
usually as important as native vegetation in providing habitat for native wildlife.
This study has the aim of investigating community attitudes toward nature in their backyards and their willingness to
plant native vegetation and share the urban area with native wildlife. To do this wildlife gardening program members
are being surveyed and interviewed, along with the general public, to gain an understanding of what influences
people to embrace urban wildlife.
Notes
51
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
THE COCKATOOS ARE IN PLAGUE PROPORTIONS – AND THEY’RE IN MY BACK YARD
Ian Temby
Department of Sustainability and Environment
[email protected]
Landscape-scale habitat modification in south-eastern Australia has enabled the distributions and numbers of Longbilled and Little Corellas to expand to the extent that both species are now common urban birds in Melbourne.
Thirty years ago these species were rare vagrants. Corellas feed, loaf and roost in flocks. When flocks roost in urban
areas, their noise, tree pruning behaviour and damage to infrastructure such as street lights, sports grounds and
solar water heating systems engenders antagonism and controversy. Local and State government agencies are often
called on to “solve the problem”, by irate residents and business people. Local media articles increase the pressure
for action. There are no simple solutions to these problems and a great deal of staff time is consumed in responding
to complaints either directly or via ministerial correspondence. DSE has found an alternative method for defusing
such situations. Highly vocal complainants were asked to arrange a public meeting, with the promise that a technical
expert from the Department would address the meeting and outline possible options for action and that there would
be local government representation present. Two examples will be discussed where this alternative approach has
been used and complaints have declined dramatically.
Notes
52
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
THOSE WICKED, WICKED ‘ROOS
Pip Chalk
University of Western Sydney, School of Natural Sciences
[email protected]
This presentation will broaden and enhance the human dimensions of current wildlife management discourse and
introduce a new and emerging issue, one often unknowingly faced by managers – wicked problems. Defined by Briggs
(2007) as ‘issues highly resistant to resolution’ and based upon individual stakeholder values, the issues surrounding
kangaroo management in Australia will be discussed within the criteria of this social planning paradigm. As pieces of
the problem conflict and refuse to join together to form a cohesive management model, it becomes apparent that
a simple solution to a wicked problem may not exist as we currently know it, but rather that stakeholders become
aware of this ‘wickedness’, understand and accept its volatility and work towards a merely ‘tolerable situation’. With
climate change upon us demanding that wildlife managers and policy makers review their current models for natural
resource management and biodiversity conservation, building awareness of managing wicked problems must be
another critical component of the future planning paradigm. For the iconic kangaroo and the controversy surrounding
its management, this social planning approach may finally bring some awareness and acceptance of this complexity
and instability that so defines a wicked problem and provide much needed steps toward finding that elusive tolerable
situation.
Notes
53
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
HOPE FOR RESURRECTING A FUNCTIONALLY EXTINCT PARROT OR SQUANDERED
SOCIAL CAPITAL? LANDHOLDER ATTITUDES TOWARD THE ORANGE-BELLIED PARROT
NEOPHEMA CHRYSOGASTER IN VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA
1
Weston, MA1, Miller, KK1, Lawson, J1, Ehmke, GS2
School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Vic. 3125, Australia
2Birds Australia, Suite 2-05, The Green Building, 60 Leicester Street, Carlton, Victoria 3052, Australia
[email protected]
In early 2010, after 30 years of active recovery efforts, the Orange-bellied Parrot (OBP; Neophema chrysogaster) was
expected to be extinct in the wild in 3-5 years. Shortly before the poor breeding season which precipitated these
projections, we surveyed landholders (114 responses of 783 surveys delivered) in the main non-breeding grounds,
according to three classes of habitat suitability (high, medium and low) identified by a habitat model. Landholders
were highly sympathetic to wetlands and birds, and the OBP. There was strong support among respondents for
increasing native vegetation cover on private land, and for the retention of existing vegetation, freshwater wetlands
and saltmarsh. Over half of landholders were prepared to consider changes to the way they managed their land,
and sought more information regarding OBPs and land management strategies, free trees/shrubs for revegetation;
and financial and human resources for further implementation of rehabilitation projects. The vast majority of
landholders had heard of the OBP and would be upset if it went extinct. This study demonstrates the recovery effort
had achieved high awareness and levels of empathy among key stakeholders, before the species was considered
functionally extinct. The maintenance of landholder support is likely to be critical if future attempts are made to
reintroduce the species to the wild.
Notes
54
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
TWITCHING FOR VALUES IN THE HUMAN DOMAIN: HOW DO AUSTRALIANS VALUE
NATIVE BIRDS?
Ainsworth, GB, Aslin, HJ, Garnett, ST and Weston, M
Charles Darwin University, Northern Territory
[email protected]
My research aims to understand which values society holds for Australian native birds and which of those influence
conservation action for threatened birds – by government, by individuals or by society at large. To do so I am initially
gathering data on bird values as expressed through a range of cultural artifacts and activities from stamps to scientific
papers, from tour guides to legislative schedules and using an adaptation of Kellert’s Wildlife Values typology as a
values framework. Later work will be delving more deeply into paired samples of threatened birds where different
values seem to have driven different outcomes for similar species.
Although research has been conducted on attitudes towards wildlife in general and towards single species, there
appears to be no precedent for valuing an entire class of fauna such as birds. I propose discussing the sociopsychological methods used in this research as well as some of my findings. Notes
55
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING OF WILD BIRDS IN AUSTRALIA: A NATIONAL PURSUIT!
Plant, Michelle Ms
University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland
[email protected]
Feeding native [and introduced] birds is a common pastime in Australia. A conservative count indicates over seventy
species of birds [native and introduced] are being fed in backyards, on balconies, in recreation areas and at wildlife
tourism settings commonly on a daily basis. Unfortunately, this all takes place with little guidance on appropriate
practices, and presents a challenge to some local councils and wildlife management officers dealing with neighbour
conflict, property destruction, public health issues and resident’s liberty in their own backyards. Supplementary
feeding takes place in contravention to government wildlife management policy that in some states and territories
is backed by legislation. Australia’s national bird conservation agencies have recently issued policy documents that
encourage uptake of responsible feeding practices. Such policies have long been commonplace in other bird feeding
nations including the UK and USA. Given the extent of supplementary feeding across Australia, it is time to move
beyond the conundrum of ‘to feed or not to feed’, and take a pragmatic approach to identify:
• Where supplementary feeding should be positioned relative to other human induced threats to our birdlife’s
diversity, health and welfare;
• Achievable wildlife management aims;
• Appropriate practices and standards for the activity and industry, given our nations idiosyncrasies — including
target species and climatic conditions;
• Opportunities to connect with and support this group of bird enthusiasts to undertake add-on conservation
efforts;
• Research gaps and fundamental questions that need to be answered in order to achieve sustainability, and
• Lessons learnt domestically (across a range of disciplines) and overseas.
It is also important to respond to a growing body of evidence that increasingly demonstrates preventative practices
are required to manage stressors to bird health and behaviour.
Key Words: Supplementary feeding, wild birds, Australia, wildlife management
Notes
56
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
HUMAN-WILDLIFE CONFLICTS – WHOSE BEHAVIOUR IS THE PROBLEM?
Chapple, Rosalie
Blue Mountains World Heritage Institute, Vallentine Annexe, University of NSW
[email protected]
The human dimension of wildlife management is increasingly recognised by the scientific community as being
an essential part of our trade. But what evidence is there that we are incorporating it into our research? In wildlife
conservation, the problem is commonly construed to be ecological. But it is people’s perspectives and practices that
are at the core of wildlife problems so this is where we need to focus our attention as well as on ecological problems.
This paper focuses on instances of wildlife conflict, using feral horses and dingoes (wild dogs) as key examples. In
Australia, wildlife conflicts commonly arise where the species presents a threat either to native species or agricultural
production or in some cases, such as wild dogs, to people themselves. In seeking resolutions to human-wildlife
conflicts, we need to uncover shared interests among wildlife managers, researchers, livestock producers and the
wider community - much broader than focusing on animal population size and distribution, and numbers culled.
The current institutional structure and mode of operation of management appears to trap people in patterns of
conflict. Political and agency leadership is important but to date, politics habitually worsens conflicts by polarising
issues. How do we break out of habitual conflict and find mutually agreeable solutions? This question needs
addressing urgently, as we face circumstances such as increasing human population, worsening economic downturn,
climate change, increasing pressure on agriculture, and proliferating invasive species, that will only exarcerbate
conflicts.
Notes
57
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
MANAGING THE COMMUNITIES KOALA’S: KOALA MANAGEMENT ON RAYMOND ISLAND,
GIPPSLAND
Waldegrave-Knight, Leona Ms
DSE, Bairnsdale Victoria
[email protected]
Since the introduction of 42 Koalas to Raymond Island, Gippsland Victoria, in 1953 there has been a dramatic increase
in the number of Koalas and subsequent management issues. In June 2003 the number of Koalas on Raymond Island
peaked at 605 animals. Given the area of suitable Koala habitat on Raymond Island it was evident that the major cause
of the decline in the condition of the Coast Manna Gum woodlands was due to over-browsing. A reported die off of
more than 140 Koalas over the 2003/2004 summer was the catalyst for an intensive translocation and management
program that upset many local residents and hit news headlines in Australia and overseas. Today Koala numbers are
approximately half and management is ongoing but the most significant change is in the involvement and acceptance
by the local community. This paper outlines some of important steps taken to include the community and gain their
confidence in looking after “their” Koalas.
Notes
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23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
THE ANIMAL ETHICS PROCESS FOR WILDLIFE RESEARCHERS: A SURVEY OF COSTS AND
PERSPECTIVES
Banks, Peter B. and Bytheway, J.P.
The University of New South Wales, Evolution and Ecology Research Centre,
School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences
[email protected]
Gaining animal ethics approval is a generic requirement of any animal-based research in Australasia, but the costs and
benefits of the approval process for wildlife management is poorly known. Approval should protect researchers from
public criticism because it comes from an independent ethical assessment of whether the research aims justify any
impacts on animal welfare. Yet the process adds to the bureaucratic burden facing wildlife researchers, often through
requirements designed for assessing animal use in medical research with little reference to the specifics of field
biology.
In this paper, we report on a web-based survey of more than 200 wildlife biologists on their perspectives of the animal
ethics process. We asked researchers questions relating to three key issues: 1) their background, research interests
and exposure to the animal ethics process; 2) their annual investment in gaining approval, the nature of their current
approval system and the utility of codes of practice; and 3) their perspectives on the integrity of the approval process,
whether they feel the system improves welfare or conservation outcomes, and whether the system facilitates or
hinders research. We interpret the results as a cost-benefit analysis to guide future systems of ethical assessment in
wildlife research.
Notes
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23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
ORIENTATION TO FORESTED PATCHES: PERCEPTUAL RANGE OF THE RED-BELLIED TREE
SQUIRREL (CALLOSCIURUS ERYTHRAEUS) INTRODUCED IN ARGENTINA
Lucy Bridgman, Verónica V. Benitez, Maricel Graña Grilli, Natalia Mufato, Daniela Acosta, & M. Laura Guichón
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato
[email protected]
Dispersal success of individuals is an important determinant of population level distribution. For introduced species,
it is a key element of the invasion process. In a heterogeneous landscape, dispersal is influenced by perceptual
range, which is the distance from which an animal can perceive habitat and orientate toward it. Investigating
perceptual range could improve understanding of colonisation and management of introduced species. We tested
the perceptual range of the red-bellied tree squirrel (Callosciurus erythraeus), introduced to Argentina in the 1970s.
Animals were trapped, transported to agricultural land and released at four distances from a forest patch. Orientation
of movement paths relative to forest were analysed. Based on previous literature we predicted that squirrels would
perceive forest at 100m, may perceive forest at 200m and would be unsuccessful at 300m. Releases at 20m were
carried out to test the validity of the method. Movement paths of squirrels showed significant orientation toward
forest at 20m, but not greater distances, indicating a perceptual range below 100m. We compare our findings to those
of other small mammal studies. Low evolutionary history in open areas is a possible explanation for the relatively short
perceptual range of the red-bellied tree squirrel. Implications for management are discussed.
60
Notes
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23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
LIKE A RAT UP A DRAINPIPE: A BLACK RAT BAIT STATION THAT PROTECTS NATIVE
RODENTS
Zewe, Frances, Meek, P., Ford, H. and Vernes, K.
School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of New England
[email protected]
The control of exotic rodents is a high priority for island conservation. The eradication of black rats (Rattus rattus) from
Muttonbird Island, New South Wales, is desirable to enhance the survival and breeding success of the wedge-tailed
shearwaters (Puffinus pacificus) on the island. The native swamp rat (R. lutreolus) also exists on the island and may
be at risk from black rat control measures. This study aimed to see if swamp rats could be protected on the Island
by using remote camera technology to assess a vertical bait station that delivers poison baits to only black rats. We
hypothesised that black rats would climb the 50 cm vertical bait station, whereas swamp rats would be excluded, due
to their inability or unwillingness to climb. The results of our study found that 11 (92%) out of 12 captive black rats
entered the vertical bait stations in the laboratory, and wild black rats were observed entering vertical bait stations
in the field. In contrast, although four (18%) out of 22 swamp rats climbed the vertical bait stations in the laboratory,
none were observed entering them in the field.
Notes
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23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
DO INTER-SPECIES INTERACTIONS INFLUENCE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MULTI-SPECIES
PEST CONTROL?
Sam, Shona Mrs, Ogilvie, S., Paterson, A.
Lincoln University, Christchurch, NZ 7675
[email protected]
Mammalian control methods that simultaneously target multiple species are an important area of research for pest
management. However, inter-species interaction at control devices is one aspect of pest control research that may
influence the effectiveness of multi-species control. Little is known about the interactions pest species may have with
each other. To investigate the influence rats may have on mouse activity at bait stations, rats were experimentally
reduced in an area relative to a control block that had both rats and mice present. Camera traps were used to
determine the activity of mice at bait stations before, two weeks and four months after intensive rat reduction. Mouse
activity increased significantly in the absence of rats, particularly at night, the time when rats were most active before
they were removed. In the control block (with rats present) there was a significantly lower level of mouse activity at
bait stations, indicating that rat presence reduces mouse activity. These species interactions are likely to diminish the
success of multi-species pest control operations where rats and mice are both present, and mice are a target species.
Notes
62
62
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
OLFACTORY CAMOUFLAGE WEAKENS THE FORAGING MOTIVATION OF AN ALIEN
PREDATOR - A NOVEL APPROACH TO REDUCE THE IMPACTS OF PREY SWITCHING BY
STOATS MUSTELA ERMINEA
Catherine J. Price and Peter B. Banks
Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biology, Earth and Environmental Sciences,
University of New South Wales
Switching between primary and alternate prey can enable alien predators to drive vulnerable native prey to extinction.
Switching is a particular feature of generalist predators that relies upon an individual’s ability to track changes
in the abundance of multiple prey species using environmental information, such as cues of prey activity. Using
captive animals searching for prey within foraging matrices, we show that stoats Mustela erminea, an alien predator
of conservation concern in New Zealand, uses olfactory cues to obtain information on both primary (rodent) and
alternate prey (invertebrate) prey simultaneously. By manipulating these cues we altered a stoat’s foraging motivation
for both prey types independent of prey density. When costs of prey detection were increased using olfactory
camouflage, stoats were unable to maintain the greater level of search effort needed to find both primary or alternate
prey, and gave up searching more readily. Our results suggest that vulnerable native prey may face reduced risks from
olfactory predators if the foraging costs associated with their detection can be increased. Olfactory camouflage offers
a novel method of increasing foraging costs to deter alien predators that hunt using olfaction.
Notes
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23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
QUOKKA (SETONIX BRACHYURUS) RECOVERY AFTER 16 YEARS OF 1080 BAITING TO
CONTROL FOXES.
Dundas, Shannon J., Adams, P.J., Morris, K. and Fleming, P.A.
Murdoch University, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences
[email protected]
The quokka (Setonix brachyurus) is a 2.5 – 5kg macropod endemic to southwest Western Australia, where small
mainland populations are restricted to dense riparian vegetation. The quokka is threatened by introduced predators
(direct predation by foxes and possibly cats and habitat destruction by feral pigs). In WA, broad scale seasonal aerial
1080 baiting (Western Shield) is conducted to control foxes. Additionally, selected populations of quokkas are
protected by more intensive monthly 1080 baiting. Previous research conducted in 1998-2000 by Hayward suggested
quokkas in the northern jarrah forest were collapsing and demonstrated little response to 6 years of intensive 1080
baiting to control foxes. A decade later, the situation has changed. We have conducted subsequent trapping at
Hayward’s sites following 16 years of baiting. In conjunction with trapping, we are monitoring feral predator presence
(foxes, feral cats and feral pigs) with a range of non-invasive techniques including remote sensor cameras, PVC
tubes for collection of hair for DNA analysis, track plates and bait stations. Preliminary results show viable quokka
populations exist in areas where quokkas were believed to be going extinct. We will discuss our most recent quokka
trapping results and outline the use of non-invasive techniques to detect feral predators and quokkas.
Notes
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23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
DIETARY DELICACIES: THE TASTE PREFERENCES OF TWO INTRODUCED PREDATORS IN
SOUTHWEST WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Crawford, Heather1, Fleming, Patricia2, Calver, Michael 1, and Adams, Peter2
1
School of Biological Sciences, Murdoch University
2
School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University
There is a paucity of data on the impact that red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and feral cats (Felis catus) have had as predators
on fauna species in the south west region of Western Australia. We compared the diet of foxes with cats by examining
the stomach contents of 542 foxes and 56 cats collected from across the south west of Western Australia in association
with the Red Card For The Red Fox feral control program. This ‘snapshot’ of dietary intake revealed that the impact each
feral species has on native animals differs. Both adult and juvenile foxes consumed mostly domestic sheep as either
carrion or lamb, as well as a large amount of plant matter including several varieties of fruit, vegetable and grains. By
comparison cats appeared to rely on introduced rodent species, but also consumed many bird and reptile species,
including four species of snake. From our results we surmise that foxes are being sustained mainly by domestic
livestock, whilst cats are actively hunting a greater proportion of native species. This has implications for both farmers
and conservationists; especially if active control of foxes leads to mesopredator release, as cats may have a greater
impact on the south west’s remaining native species. Our study provides the first insight into the summer dietary
preferences of the red fox and feral cat in south west Western Australia.
Notes
65
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
EFFECT OF CAMERA DISTANCE ON THE LIKELIHOOD OF DETECTING SOUTHERN BROWN
BANDICOOTS
T D Coates
Royal Botanic Gardens, Victoria
[email protected]
Motion triggered, infrared “trail” cameras are increasingly being used to survey and monitor populations of small
mammals in Australia. However, while there are considerable potential advantages to using this type of equipment,
many of the commercially available camera models were designed to detect relatively large bodied, game species
rather than small mammals. As yet there has been little formal assessment of the limitations and appropriate use of
these game cameras when surveying for small mammals under Australian conditions. Here I report on trials conducted
at the Royal Botanic Gardens Cranbourne to assess the relationship between camera distance and detection rate
for the endangered Southern Brown Bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus obesulus). Results of the trials indicate that the
likelihood of detecting bandicoots and other small mammals declined rapidly with distance from the camera, to the
point where many were unlikely to be recorded at distances greater than 3 meters. The implications for deployment of
cameras in small mammal survey are discussed.
Notes
66
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
FIELD OF VIEW: F-STOP INAPPROPRIATE USE OF REMOTE CAMERAS IN THE FIELD OF
WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT!
Meek, Paul. D., Ballard, G, Fleming, PJS, and Vernes, K.
Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, Industry and Investment, NSW
[email protected]
Remote cameras are increasingly used in Australian wildlife research, monitoring and management, providing a more
efficient and effective tool for researchers and managers in conducting resource-hungry surveys. Where species have
distinctive marks and body features, cameras can be a valuable tool for identification and population enumeration. In
situations where individuals or, even worse, species cannot be identified from images, their use is questionable. Here,
we describe a program for monitoring Hastings River Mouse (Pseudomys oralis) and a small mammal remote camera
trial in northern NSW. White-flash cameras were effective for collecting images of small mammals, but specialist skills
were required to identify to species, especially where species of similar size and shape co-exist. We summarise survey
effort comparisons between cameras and standard trapping, highlighting some of the pitfalls and knowledge gaps
in their use. Functionality of cameras, models and results vary greatly and careful consideration of the end point data
should drive the choice of cameras and not vice versa.
Notes
67
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
USING ARTIFICIAL COVER OBJECT SURVEYS TO ASSESS POPULATION TRENDS FOR AN
ENDANGERED GRASSLAND PYGOPOD, THE STRIPED LEGLESS LIZARD, DELMA IMPAR
Scroggie, Michael P., Peterson, Garry N.L., Detlef, Rohr H.
Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Victoria
[email protected]
We used arrays of artificial cover objects (recycled roof tiles) to monitor populations of the endangered Striped Legless
Lizard, Delma impar at over 300 grassland sites in western Victoria and adjacent areas of South Australia. Tile-grids
were monitored for the presence of D. impar and other herpetofauna over seven years. Statistical models allowing for
imperfect detection, and for changing site-occupancy status due to local extinction and colonisation were used to
assess temporal trends in site occupancy. The probability of detecting D. impar during inspections of tile grids was
strongly influenced by season: surveys conducted during late spring had the highest probabilities of detection, while
detection was least likely during winter. Multiple site inspections were found to be necessary for inferring absence at a
site with acceptable confidence. The number of occupied sites declined over the course of the study, with rates of local
extinction exceeding rates of recolonisation. We conclude that D. impar is experiencing an ongoing decline across a
large part of its geographic range.
Notes
68
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
SHANNON DIVERSITY FOR GENETIC ESTIMATES OF WILDLIFE DISPERSAL AND
STRUCTURE
WB Sherwin
Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological Earth and Environmental Science,
University of New South Wales
[email protected]
Shannon’s entropy-based diversity is the standard for ecological communities. Entropy-based genetic diversity
measures have many advantages over alternative methods. For making dispersal estimates form genetic data,
entropy-based methods provide the best approach, being robust to very low or high population size and dispersal.
They also excel in their ability to express diversity intuitively, and the hierarchical nature of entropy and information
allows integrated investigation of genetic, species, and ecological diversity.
Notes
69
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
HOW TO DESIGN AND TEST A POTENTIAL CHEMICAL DETERRENT VERTEBRATE ASSAY?
Bryant, Gillian L., Parsons, M.H., Dods, K., and Fleming, P.A.
Murdoch University, WA
[email protected]
Both visual and auditory stimuli do not have an exogenic chemical basis. Olfactory stimuli may signal the presence of
a predator to prey. This fear based stimuli suggests the potential of imminent danger. Prey species may respond to
this chemical information by altering their foraging behaviour if they recognise a predation threat. The dingo (Canis
lupus dingo) is the largest mammalian predator in Australia and has been a primary predator of the western grey
kangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus) since its introduction approximately 3500-4000 years ago. The potential for a chemical
deterrent for kangaroos built on predator based recognition could benefit current management practice by providing
an alternative to current culling practice, particularly in the recreational, agricultural and rehabilitated bushland
locations. We set out to trial two new testing methodologies to determine if it is possible for free-ranging kangaroos to
detect dingo urine and synthetic variants of dingo urine and if kangaroos alter their foraging behaviour when exposed
to olfactory chemical stimuli mimicking predator scent. Two test designs are presented to analyse kangaroo response
to a range of olfactory stimuli that could act as a chemical deterrent to normal behaviour: 1. a feeder-design and 2.
a Y-maze design . The preliminary results of current deterrent field-trials will be presented and the complexities in
interpretation and application of test design discussed.
Notes
70
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
WILDLIFE FORENSICS & CONSERVATION IN NEW ZEALAND
Dianne M. Gleeson, Diana Prada, Robyn Howitt
EcoGeneTM , Landcare Research, Auckland New Zealand
[email protected]
Wildlife forensics in New Zealand covers a wide range of applications. At the border, detection of protected species is
becoming more frequent due to increased demand for endemic species internationally. A variety of substances and
materials are continually being brought into New Zealand that may contain a variety of CITIES-listed species, usually
associated with traditional Chinese medicines. Within New Zealand, many of native species are threatened with
predation from introduced mammals, including domestic pets such as dogs and cats.
DNA-based evidence is increasingly used can support government agencies where evidence is required for cases
that may result in legal action. Recent examples have been the identification of species such as Himalayan bear, Asian
cobra, and salmon shark contained within illegally smuggled samples. We are currently establishing a range of DNAbased methods that are ISO accredited, thereby providing the level of quality assurance required for any prosecution
cases.
Within NZ, we are using these forensic methods to identify predators, particularly on nests where we can use saliva
swabs from eggshell remains. Another recent development has been the individual identification of dogs that may be
implicated in predation of kiwi. Prosecutions can be made under the Wildlife Act if it is shown that a domestic dog has
been allowed to wander into ‘kiwi zones’ and subsequently killed a bird. We have developed a range of microsatellite
markers that can be multiplexed and used to identify individual dogs from DNA obtained by swabbing wound sites
during post-mortem examination. It is hoped that publicity of this methodology will be sufficient in raising public
awareness and that more dog owners will take advantage of kiwi aversion training that is freely offered.
Notes
71
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
ARE WILDLIFE CONSIDERED IN WEED MANAGEMENT PROJECTS WITHIN VICTORIA?
Carlos, Emma, Gibson, M. and Weston, M.
School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University
[email protected]
Weeds have been documented as one of the most significant threats to biodiversity. Subsequently, immense amounts
of time and money are spent on their control. Yet, there is increasing literature suggesting that weeds can be of benefit
to some wildlife species, but, generally, no indication to suggest this is taken into account in management programs.
Questionnaires were sent out to land managers throughout Victoria to investigate whether wildlife were considered
in management of weeds and to what extent. Although a high number of respondents were aware that wildlife use
weeds and should be taken into account in weed management, fewer respondents indicated they adjusted weed
control in the field to accommodate wildlife. To successfully conserve biodiversity through the management of weeds,
the importance of weeds to wildlife should be considered during the weed management process. Managers need to
decide if wildlife conservation is an intended outcome of weed management in the planning stages of a program. Premanagement site assessment, adaptation during implementation and post-management monitoring should continue
to be carried out, with wildlife being considered throughout the entire process.
Notes
72
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
DO OBLONG TURTLES (CHELODINA OBLONGA) USE UNDERPASSES?
McKeown, Emma, Kuchling, Gerald and Bencini, Roberta
School of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Western Australia
[email protected]
The oblong turtle (Chelodina oblonga) is partly impacted by increasing urbanisation in Western Australia. Little is
known about this species outside of the Perth metropolitan area. Populations of oblong turtles in the Stakehill Suite
of Wetlands on the Swan Coastal Plain are at risk due to the recent construction of the Mandurah Entrance Road,
which now separates two main water bodies, Black Swan Lake and Lake Marlee. This species can aestivate by burying
in the mud of drying lakes, but residents had observed turtles moving between wetlands. It was hypothesised that
turtles would move between wetlands as the lakes dried up and re-filled. To test this hypothesis we captured and
microchipped 138 turtles and installed microchip readers in two underpasses that were built under the Mandurah
Entrance Road. Turtles weighing over 800g were fitted with radio transmitters to detect their movements. When the
lakes dried up turtles migrated only from Black Swan Lake to an adjacent dam that held water throughout the summer.
Approximately 155 individuals reside in this 250m² dam over summer. After ten months of monitoring no turtles have
yet used the underpasses to move between wetlands, preliminarily suggesting that these are metapopulations. This
research is ongoing.
Notes
73
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
MANAGING THE COMPLEX AND WICKED NATURE OF WILDLIFE SYSTEMS
Kasbarian, Alicia and Ramsay, G
School of Natural Sciences, University of Western Sydney
[email protected]
Wildlife are present in complex systems, and often the issues surrounding their management are part of a broader
complex social-environmental problem. These types of problems can be termed as ‘wicked’ and often managers find
that issues around wildlife management are not being resolved through existing ‘traditional’ scientific approaches.
In addition many of these approaches are often a) time inefficient, b) provide information with limited practical
application, c) generate large amounts of data that managers find do not inform their management processes,
and d) fail to address the uncertainty characteristic of ‘wicked’ problems. Most papers concerned with the sciencemanagement divide come from the science perspective.
Using a combination of research methods this paper moves away from traditional approaches to examine the
processes and information used by managers in managing for wildlife. The paper also considers the application of
systems ideas and their value as an innovative method to explore and expand information provision to inform and
modify management practices. The paper will unpack current ideas and ways of thinking about wildlife management
from the perspective of stakeholders to present a model which addresses some of the shortcomings associated with
current practices.
Notes
74
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
ALTERED RANGING BEHAVIOUR IN FEMALE KOALA AS A RESULT OF TREATMENT WITH
THE GNRH AGONIST DESLORELIN
Greenfield, Andrew, Handasyde, KA, Shaw, G and Renfree, M
Zoology Department, University of Melbourne
[email protected]
In the southern areas of their distribution, koalas are relatively sedentary, showing strong site fidelity once adult, with
small distances moved daily. We used radio-telemetry to monitor female koalas on French Island, Victoria, to assess
whether ranging behaviour changed after deslorelin treatment. Ten animals given placebo implants and 19 given
deslorelin (4.7 mg implants) were monitored. Before treatment, all animals ranging behaviour was consistent with
previous studies in this population. After treatment a higher proportion of deslorelin treated koalas undertook long
distance (>5 km) movements away from their site of initial capture, in comparison to placebo treated controls (Z =
2.57, p = 0.01). Long distance movements correlated strongly with the absence of back-young (odds ratio 6.9, 95% CI:
2.06 – 23.06). Timing of movement correlated strongly with oestrus activity (odds ratio 3.54, 95% CI: 1.34 – 8.93). In our
study we could not determine whether long-range movements were a direct effect of deslorelin or a consequence of
deslorelin’s effects on reproduction. Changed patterns of movement are an important consideration in developing
and assessing management strategies for wild populations. Our study shows the importance of trials in free ranging
populations at appropriate spatial scales, to assess behavioural effects that may impact management outcomes.
Notes
75
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
MANAGING THE FERTILITY OF FEMALE WESTERN GREY KANGAROOS (MACROPUS
FULIGINOSUS OCYDROMUS) WITH DESLORELIN – A WORD OF CAUTION
1
Chris Mayberry1, Peter Mawson2, Shane K Maloney3, Nicole Willers1, Roberta Bencini1 and Graeme B Martin1
School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, 2Department of Environment and Conservation,
3
Physiology: Biomedical and Chemical Science, The University of Western Australia
[email protected]
Isolated kangaroo populations within suburbia commonly breed up to problem levels. In these situations longterm management of female fertility may be preferable to repeated culling. We treated 12/23 female western grey
kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus ocydromus) on a golf course, in Perth, Western Australia, with Suprelorin®, a slowrelease implant of the gonadotrophin releasing hormone super-agonist deslorelin, to control breeding, and monitored
their subsequent fertility. None of the Suprelorin®-treated females produced a pouch-young in the following breeding
season whereas all the untreated females did. However, the maximum duration of infertility could not be determined
because not all of the Suprelorin®-treated females produced a new pouch-young within the period of the study. Wide
variations have been found in the response to Suprelorin® in other mammals and sensitivity to reproductive hormones
responds to selection for fertility traits. If the phenotypic variation in duration of response to Suprelorin® has a genetic
basis, repeated use of Suprelorin® within a population may select for individuals with a rapid return to fertility and lead
to the development of resistance.
Suprelorin® effectively suppresses breeding in western grey kangaroos. We suggest its use be carefully targetted until
the reasons for wide variations in response are better understood.
76
Notes
76
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
EAT, SHOOT….OR GRIEVE? COULD SUSTAINABLE USE OF WILDLIFE HELP AVERT THE
DEMISE OF OUR SPECIES AND LANDSCAPES?
Dr Rosie Cooney
Independent Consultant (Biodiversity Policy), and Visiting Fellow
Institute of Environmental Studies, UNSW and Fenner School of Environment and Society, ANU
[email protected]
The concept of sustainable use of wildlife as a tool for conservation is a controversial one, particularly where
consumptive use is involved – how could killing wildlife help conserve it? This is particularly true in Australia, which
since the 1970’s has been (in general) staunchly protectionist in its formal conservation approach. But could it be time
to reappraise this? In recent years sustainable use of wildlife has rapidly gained acceptance as a potentially powerful
strategy for conservation in certain contexts. This talk examines the logic behind sustainable use as a conservation
strategy and surveys examples of its successful deployment overseas. It then asks what potential this approach has for
broader implementation in Australia, and what obstacles it faces.
Notes
77
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
VOLUNTARY CONSERVATION HUNTING ON PUBLIC LAND IN NSW – INTEGRATING PEST
MANAGEMENT AND SUSTAINABLE USE FOR COMMUNITY AND BIODIVERSITY BENEFIT
Moriarty, Andrew
Game Council NSW
[email protected]
Conservation hunting in NSW was initiated in 2004 after the declaration of public lands under the Game and Feral
Animal Control Act 2002. Since its inception Conservation Hunting has accounted for more than 40,000 introduced
animals from declared state forests and crown land reserves. This has included 20,997 rabbits, 1728 hares, 722 feral
cats, 3921 foxes, 276 wild dogs, 5898 feral pigs, 7050 feral goats and 2067 wild deer. In addition a recently completed
survey estimated that Game Council licenced hunters also removed more than 600,000 introduced animals from
private property each year and that hunting related expenditure by these hunters was worth over $60 million annually
to the NSW economy.
Recently the concept of managing wild deer species in NSW sustainably has been developed (Ecological Deer
Management). A significant component of this concept involves the sustainable use of these species, however not
at the expense of environmental, agricultural or community values. Using knowledge of the density and impacts of
introduced animal populations as the drivers for identifying and targeting a pest issue or allowing the sustainable
harvest of a resource species within an adaptable harvest management framework will be discussed.
Notes
78
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
IS HUNTER EDUCATION THE KEY TO SUCCESSFUL HUNTING IN THE REGION?
English, Tony
A.W. English and Associates
[email protected]
The South Pacific region is a wonderfully diverse collection of countries and peoples, biomes and biodiversity, with
varying degrees of socio-political stability, ethnicity and religious beliefs. The region includes Australia and New
Zealand, as well as Papua New Guinea and many island states, such as New Caledonia and Mauritius. The use made
of wild animals in these countries also varies enormously, from the subsistence hunting practiced by the indigenous
Australians to the modern deer farms of New Zealand and Australia. Focussing on hunting as a source of game meat,
skins and trophies, there is clearly a significant amount of variation across the region in how that hunting is managed.
While there are a number of fundamental issues to be resolved, the way in which the “pest versus resource” debate has
progressed is arguably one of the most important.
If a pest species is to be hunted rather than culled, this must involve a game management system that delivers safe,
humane, ethical behaviour on the part of hunters. This can only be guaranteed if the hunters have access to the type
of education programs provided by Game Council NSW, with programs such as Ecological Deer Management (EDM) in
place to deliver the outcomes that hunters seek.
Notes
79
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
ENHANCING GAME MANAGEMENT INITIATIVE - PROMOTING THE VALUE OF WILDLIFE
HABITATS AND MONITORING OF GAME POPULATIONS IN VICTORIA
Brumley, Andrea1 Turnbull, John2 and Dunstan, Heath3
Department of Sustainability and Environment
1
Gippsland 574 Main St Bairnsdale, Victoria
2
Northeast Mc Coy St Wodonga, Victoria ,
3
Northwest 324 Campbell St Swan Hill
[email protected]
Hunting game species: deer, duck and quail is a culturally important and legitimate activity for over 37,000 licensed
game hunters in Victoria. The Department of Sustainability and Environment’s Game Managers have been working
with hunters and other agencies on projects to enhance game habitat and game species populations across Victoria.
This has been complemented by a communications project to promote these key principles to hunters.
The message that habitat is important is reinforced by collaborative conservation projects undertaken with hunter
groups. These include revegetation of woodland and wetlands on public land. Private landholders are also being
inspired to increase habitat across the landscape through the Property Based Game Management project.
To appreciate the importance of population monitoring, hunters are encouraged to be involved. Many hunters assist
with relative waterfowl population counts each year. A project to educate and involve hunters in assessing population
dynamics (recognising age, sex and moult in harvested waterfowl) has begun and will complement existing survey
data.
Hunters contribute to harvest estimates by participating in telephone surveys. Scientific evaluation of the collected
data is important and valid information is given back to hunters.
There are further opportunities for partnerships with agencies and universities for scientific analyses, education of
hunters and to monitor biodiversity outcomes of increased and managed habitat from on-ground conservation works.
Notes
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23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
IMPACT OF DROUGHT AND ANTHROPOGENIC DISTURBANCES ON PLATYPUS
POPULATIONS IN THE GREATER MELBOURNE REGION
Josh Griffiths
CESAR Consultants, Victoria
[email protected]
South-eastern Australia has been experiencing the worst drought on record with severe consequences for aquatic
ecosystems. Major impacts include loss of habitat availability, reduced flow, changes to in-stream fauna and riparian
habitat, and reduced connectivity. These effects are exacerbated by increased human usage and other anthropogenic
impacts on aquatic ecosystems, particularly in urban regions. Effects on aquatic fauna, such as platypuses, are likely to
be substantial but difficult to establish because of problems associated with monitoring.
Melbourne Water’s Urban Platypus Program is the only longitudinal study of platypuses in an urban environment with
surveys in some locations extending back 15 years. A recent 5-year commitment from Melbourne Water has enabled
a systematic approach and expansion of the monitoring program since the spring of 2008. Thirty core sites are now
surveyed bi-annually to monitor platypus populations throughout five catchments around Melbourne to generate
directly comparable data through time.
Using catch per unit effort (CPUE) as an index of abundance, significant declines are evident throughout the greater
Melbourne region. Overall, CPUE across these core sites declined from 0.133 in 2008-09 to 0.095 in 2009-10 with the
Werribee, Maribyrnong, and upper Yarra catchments of particular concern. Although the drought is probably the
single biggest factor, bushfires, litter, illegal fishing, predation, and habitat degradation all pose threats to platypus
populations around Melbourne.
Notes
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23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
WHO GOES WHERE AFTER EIGHT YEARS OF DROUGHT IN EASTERN AUSTRALIA - A
WATER BIRD RESPONSE!
Korn, Terry¹; Terrill, Peter²; Kingsford, Richard³; Porter, John²ª
¹ Australian Floodplain Association Inc. PO Box 1321 Dubbo, NSW 2830
² Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water, PO Box 2111, Dubbo, NSW 2830
²ª Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water, Bridge Street, Hurstville, NSW 2220
³ School of Biological, earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052
[email protected]
Over allocation of water resources and a plethora of water management structures on floodplains in the northern
Murray Darling Basin have seriously compromised the habitat of inland water bird species over the last thirty years. In 2008 and 2010 heavy rains in southern Queensland caused flooding of rivers flowing into northern New South
Wales, breaking an eight year drought. Aerial surveys of water birds, consistent with the methodology used in the
annual Eastern Australia Water Bird Survey, were conducted during these years in river systems stretching from the
Narran River in the east to the Bulloo River in the west to assess response to these events. Breeding, distribution and
abundance of up to 50 species were recorded. Some major breeding events were triggered by the floods and in one
instance water had to be purchased from Queensland farmers to ensure the completion of a major breeding event in
New South Wales.
We detail how the data collected during the surveys were used to inform debate and decisions associated with:
(1) the Murray Darling Basin Plan and (2) the future management of Toorale, a 90,000ha property on the Warrego River
purchased by the New South Wales and Federal Governments in late 2008.
Notes
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23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
THE AUSTRALIAN PAINTED SNIPE – OUR NEW WETLAND SPECIES
Janelle Thomas 1, Danny Rogers 2, Chris Purnell 1
1
Birds Australia, 2 Arthur Rylah Institute
[email protected]
Historically very little has been known about the cryptic Australian Painted Snipe Rostratula australis. In response to
this paucity of information, the Australian Painted Snipe Project was initiated in 2001 by Birds Australia’s Threatened
Bird Network and the Australasian Wader Studies Group. Through this project, a database of recent and historical
Australian Painted Snipe records was established. Analysis of information within this database has since provided
valuable findings about their habitat, abundance and distribution which have had significant conservation
implications for the species. In 2003 evidence that showed a major decline in both the population’s abundance
and range supported a nomination listing as Vulnerable under the federal Environment Protection and Biodiversity
Conservation Act. Reassessment of more recent data now indicates that this species should be upgraded to
Endangered. Data collected under this project has also contributed to recognition of the Australian Painted Snipe
as a full and independent species from the Greater Painted Snipe, Rostratula benghalensis, both nationally and
internationally.
Difficulties in detecting this species due to its cryptic nature, widespread distribution and limited ecological
understanding, have made this project demanding. Coordination of survey effort, community engagement on a
national scale and difficult survey conditions have provided significant challenges in keeping the momentum of this
project going. However, with the significant decline in suitable wetland habitat, compacted by the impacts of climate
change, it is imperative that we gain a better understanding of this new Australian species before it is too late.
Notes
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23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
GENETICS, TRANSLOCATIONS AND THE MANAGEMENT OF THREATENED SPECIES
Andrew Weeks
Dept. of Genetics, The University of Melbourne
[email protected]
We are facing a loss of biodiversity as many of our species become restricted to smaller and smaller areas due to
human pressures, climate change and the onslaught of invasive predators and competing species. Among policy
makers and even some managers of threatened species, there is often a lack of understanding around genetic
risks. Conservation is often seen as a numbers game, where captive breeding is focused on increasing the size of
populations and on the number of released individuals with little attention to genetic variation. Yet when poor genetic
stock is maintained or released there is little chance of successful reintroductions leading to species extinctions.
Similarly, translocations are treated with very little consideration for the underlying genetics of source individuals, and/
or without an understanding of adaptation and evolutionary potential. Here I will highlight the lack of understanding
and importance placed on genetic issues in recovery plans for threatened species, and hence why many have been
unsuccessful to date. I will show why maximizing genetic potential should be paramount in any threatened species
recovery plan, and how genetic monitoring of populations can provide insight into problems before they become
apparent through obvious reductions in populations size. Finally I will talk about a risk assessment framework for
undertaking translocations of threatened species in conservation programs.
Notes
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23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
WHO GIVES A HOOT - WHAT’S HAPPENING TO SOUTH GIPPSLAND’S POWERFUL OWLS ?
1
Willig, Rolf U.1 and Atkins, Shane 2
Department of Sustainability and Environment and 2Parks Victoria
[email protected], [email protected]
The Powerful Owl is Australia’s largest owl, found in forest habitats from Queensland to the Victorian/South
Australian border. In Victoria, the species is considered vulnerable due largely to habitat loss and fragmentation. A
1999 Population Viability Analysis identified the need to maintain 500 breeding pairs across the State. During the
preparation of Forest Management Plans in the 1990’s / early 2000’s, a series of Powerful Owl Management Areas
(POMAs), from which timber harvesting was excluded, were defined on public land. POMAs were each around 500ha
in size and based on records of owls and/or presence of suitable habitat.
Monitoring of 26 sites across South Gippsland (24 in POMAs) has been undertaken since 2006 using a standardised
owl playback survey technique to assess the ongoing use of these areas by owls. A number of other locations across
South Gippsland with suitable habitat were also surveyed for Powerful Owls. Results from 2006 - 2008 suggest a
likely stable population of owls within existing POMAs. Several additional sites were also identified. Wildfires in 2009,
however, appear to have negatively impacted on numbers. Implications on long-term survival of Powerful Owls in
South Gippsland are discussed with respect to future land and fire management practices.
Notes
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23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
SOUTHERN BROWN BANDICOOT RECOVERY: COOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT ACROSS A
LANDSCAPE
Coates, T.1, Coutts, S.2, Hick, J.3, Nicholls, David. 4, Smith, M.5, and Willig, R6.
1
Royal Botanic Gardens, 1000 Ballarto Rd, Cranbourne 3977
2
Parks Victoria, Hinton Street, Rosebud, 3939
3
Department of Sustainability and Environment, PO Box 48, Frankston, 3199
4
Mornington Peninsular & Western Port Biosphere Reserve Foundation, PO Box 261 Hastings, 3915
5
Port Phillip and Westernport Catchment Management Authority L1, 454-472 Nepean Hwy Frankston 3199,
6
Department of Sustainability and Environment, Traralgon, 3844, Victoria
[email protected]
The Southern Brown Bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus obesulus) has declined dramatically throughout its former range
in south eastern Australia. In the extensively modified south central region of Victoria there are few large areas of
secure habitat remaining and populations persist where patches of dense cover provide sufficient protection from
exotic predators. Curiously, in this region the species appears to have declined in dedicated nature reserves and now
depends largely on land managed primarily for purposes other than biodiversity conservation for its survival. Since
2003 community groups, private land managers and public agencies have worked cooperatively to locate, secure
and enhance remaining populations by developing and implementing strategic regional recovery actions. Survey
and mapping, predator control, habitat protection and restoration, reconnecting the landscape and community
engagement were identified as key to the effective conservation of the taxon at a landscape scale. We report on some
of the programs implemented and discuss future management directions.
Notes
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23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
PREDICTING TREE MORTALITY DUE TO HERBIVORE BROWSE DAMAGE
Holland, Pen
Landcare Research
[email protected]
The relationship between herbivore browse damage and tree mortality is highly variable and location dependent,
meaning that lowering herbivore density does not guarantee lower browse on targeted tree species. Predicting the
benefits of herbivore control in new locations therefore requires a model of how herbivore foliage consumption on
individual trees drives mortality rates at the larger spatial scale at which foraging decisions are made.
We derived a generic model of foliage growth, turnover and herbivore consumption for individual trees, incorporating
browse-mediated growth rates and within-canopy browsing behaviour. This is embedded into a site model,
accounting for spatial browse heterogeneity as a result of foraging choices and food availability at this larger spatial
scale. After initial parameterisation, site-specific parameters can be estimated from the literature and using empirical
data sets collected during one-off location visits.
We present a model-based application to predict tree mortality due to brushtail possum browse in New Zealand
forests. The model qualitatively and quantitatively replicates the observed mortality patterns of kamahi trees at two
new sites, and indicates by how much foliage consumption must be reduced at either site in order to protect kamahi
from possum browse-induced mortality.
Notes
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23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
FIELD EVALUATION OF PARA-AMINOPROPIOPHENONE (PAPP) FOR CONTROLLING
STOATS (MUSTELA ERMINEA) IN NEW ZEALAND
PETER DILKS 1, LEE Shapiro2, Terry Greene 1, Charles T. Eason 2, Elaine C. Murphy 1
Department of Conservation, PO Box 13049, Christchurch 8141, New Zealand
2
Connovation Limited, PO Box 58613, Botany, Manukau 2163, New Zealand
[email protected]
1
Stoats were introduced to New Zealand in the 1880s in an attempt to control rabbits, but were quickly implicated
in the decline of native birds. Stoat control will have to be on-going if some native species are to survive on the
mainland. Para-aminopropiophenone (PAPP) is being developed as a new, humane poison for stoats. Cage trials have
shown PAPP presented in a meat bait was palatable and effective, while symptoms observed demonstrated PAPP to be
humane. To evaluate the formulation in the field, two trials were undertaken in Waitutu Forest, Southland. Meat baits
containing 13 mg PAPP were placed in bait stations for 5 nights and tracking rates were used to monitor changes in
stoat abundance. In the first trial, the index of stoat abundance was reduced by 83% and in the second trial by 87%.
Our results indicate that PAPP is an effective toxin for stoats in the field and has the potential to provide a significant
new tool for management of native species. PAPP also represents the first new active ingredient to be developed as
a vertebrate pesticide in New Zealand for 30 years and we have submitted the data for registration of a PAPP-based
stoat control product.
Notes
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23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
SODIUM NITRITE – A POTENTIAL NEW TOOL FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF BRUSHTAIL
POSSUMS IN NEW ZEALAND
Helen Blackie1,4, Charlie Eason1, 2, Steve Lapidge3, Steve Hix 1, Lee Shapiro1, Paul Aylett1 and Duncan MacMorran1
1
Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, Christchurch, New Zealand,
2
Connovation Research, Auckland, New Zealand
3
Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre, Adelaide, Australia
[email protected]
The management of brushtail possums in New Zealand is seen as a vital necessity both in limiting the spread of bovine
tuberculosis and for protecting native biodiversity. Previous methods of possums control, in particular the use of
sodium fluroacetate (1080), continue to face increasing environmental, welfare and social pressures. Consequently,
there is a critical need to develop safer, more efficient and humane methods to aid in the control, reduction and
management of possum populations. Sodium nitrite (a meat preservative found in low concentrations in the human
diet) presents a new, humane culling technique for brushtail possums using agents that deprive the central nervous
system of oxygen. These agents (red blood cell toxins), cause sleepiness, respiratory depression and death, over a
short period, in a quiet and apparently humane manner. Here we present the first data collected in pen and field trials
using sodium nitrite as a possum control agent. We discuss the potential of this new toxin as a replacement for other
less humane possum control techniques, its limitations, proven success in field situations and future plans for further
implementation.
Notes
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23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
HOW MANY RATS AND MICE ARE KILLED BY STOATS?
C. Jones1, R. Pech1, G. Forrester1, C.M. King2 and E.C. Murphy3
1
Landcare Research, PO Box 40, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand
2
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, New Zealand
3
Department of Conservation, PO Box 13 049, Christchurch 8141, New Zealand
[email protected]
Mathematical models have been developed to understand the complex interactions between multiple introduced
species in New Zealand, and to predict the outcomes of control programmes that are intended to benefit native biota.
Recent models by Blackwell et al. (2001) and Tompkins & Veltman (2006) for stoats (Mustela erminea) and their primary
prey, ship rats (Rattus rattus) and mice (Mus musculus), have relied on simplistic assumptions for predation rates. In
both cases sensitivity analyses highlighted the need for better estimates of stoats’ functional responses to rodents.
We derived relationships between the presence or absence of mouse or rat remains in stoat guts and corresponding
indices of prey abundance in beech and podocarp forests, respectively. To convert field data on stoat gut contents
to kill rates we used data on feeding activity and estimates of gut passage time, observed in captive stoats. However
we can still only estimate minimum kill rates due to data constraints and a lack of quantitative information on surplus
killing and caching behaviour. Our functional responses are significantly different to estimates of kill rates used in the
published models but nevertheless reinforce predictions that stoat predation is unlikely to prevent eruptions of mice
or rats.
Notes
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23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
GOING WITH THE FLOW: MAMMALIAN PREDATOR PRESENCE ON ISLANDS IN
NEW ZEALAND’S BRAIDED RIVERS
Pickerell, Georgina; Seddon, P; Wilson, D and O’Donnell, C
Otago University, New Zealand
[email protected]
The ‘safe island’ concept postulates that prey species are safer from mammalian predation on islands compared to
mainland areas. Braided rivers contain a multitude of islands separated from the mainland by channels of varying size.
In New Zealand, four endemic species of bird rely on braided rivers for breeding, often nesting on islands. Mammalian
predation is thought to be the single largest threat to these populations but nesting on islands may provide some
protection. However, it is uncertain how decreases in river flow will affect predator access to the islands. We measured
the variables most likely to explain mammalian predator presence on islands in the Rangitata River, South Canterbury.
We reveal species-specific risk models for the presence of the most frequently-detected predator species on islands at
different levels of flow.
Notes
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23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
POSSUM POPULATION DYNAMICS IN MIXED PODOCARP FORESTS
Barron, Mandy, Ruscoe, W., Sweetapple, P., Perry, M. and Carran, R.
Landcare Research
[email protected], [email protected]
Brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) utilise a wide variety of food resources in New Zealand forests including
foliage, flowers, fruit, fungi and invertebrates. It has been argued that consumption of seasonal fruits drives possum
reproductive success and therefore could provide a regulatory mechanism for possum populations if there is feedback
via depletion of the fruit crop. We used possum demographic data and seedfall data gathered from a large-scale pest
removal experiment to determine if there was an interaction between possum demographic parameters and the
availability of two key food resources: tawa (Beilschmiedia tawa) and hinau (Elaeocarpus dentatus) fruit. We found
a positive relationship between the proportion of female possums breeding and the amount of tawa and hinau
seedfall although this was only apparent if a negative effect of the previous season’s possum density was included as
a predictor. We also found a negative relationship between autumn tawa seedfall and preceding (summer) possum
density suggesting reciprocal feedback between possums and their food resources. Related work (P Sweetapple,
unpublished data) has shown that, when available, tawa fruit constitutes a large proportion of possum diet suggesting
fruit consumption by possums is a plausible mechanism for this relationship.
Notes
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23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
REMOVAL OF LIVESTOCK INCREASES NATIVE VEGETATION RICHNESS AND ALTERS
SUITES OF INVASIVE MAMMAL PESTS IN DRY GRASSLAND/SHRUBLAND ECOSYSTEMS
Byrom, Andrea, Clayton R, Norbury G, Pech R, & Whitehead A.
Landcare Research, New Zealand
[email protected]
Increasing areas of seral non-forest ecosystems in the eastern South Island of New Zealand are being retired from
pastoral use. Conservation agencies are now responsible for thousands of hectares of grassland/shrubland ecosystems
that are often under-represented in legal protection. Consequently, former pastoral lease lands potentially have high
conservation values and require management that takes into account future transition to shrub dominance.
We investigated the effects of livestock exclusion on native biodiversity in dry grassland/shrubland vegetation
communities by comparing sites where grazing ceased 10-30 yr ago paired with sites where grazing has continued.
Ungrazed sites had significantly higher native vegetation richness and lower exotic richness than grazed sites.
Ungrazed sites also had significantly more native shrubs than grazed sites, higher shrub cover, and higher shrub
fruit productivity. These differences were reflected in the invasive mammal community; grazed sites were typically
associated with higher abundances of rabbits and hedgehogs whereas hares, possums and mice were dominant in
ungrazed sites.
Removal of livestock grazing can have profound effects on long-term successional trajectories of grassland/shrubland
ecosystems and potential impacts of invasive mammal pests. By quantifying ecological community responses to
retirement of land to the conservation estate we can support evidence-based management of such ecosystems.
Notes
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23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
THE CATTLE INDUSTRY MIGHT JUST BE GOOD FOR NATIVE MARSUPIALS: COMPARING
BEHAVIOUR MODELS OF GRAZING HERBIVORES
Tucker, Gail and Swain, Dave
Centre for Environmental Management, CQUniversity
[email protected], [email protected]
In the Beef industry proximity logger technology records valuable data about social interactions and reproductive
behaviours, such as mother/calf interactions (‘good’ and ‘bad’ parents) and the determination of sires. We are applying
this technology to study social interactions of cryptic marsupial species. We will compare behavioural models that
have been developed for domestic herd animals with models used for native herbivores. Our pilot study will focus on
a group of captive Southern Hairy-nosed Wombats at the Rockhampton Zoo, where we will monitor behaviour over
the mating season. At the same time we will also conduct manipulative experiments to test the effectiveness of this
technology on these animals.
Notes
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23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
CHANGES IN FOREST VEGETATION ON STEWART ISLAND OVER THE LAST 30 YEARS AND
THE INFLUENCE OF WHITE-TAILED DEER (ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS)
1
Richard P Duncan1,2, Wendy A Ruscoe1 and E. Pen Holland1
Wildlife Ecology and Epidemiology Team, Landcare Research
2
Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University
We examined changes since 1979 in the woody vegetation of permanent plots on Stewart Island, New Zealand, where
white-tailed deer have been present for over 100 years, and compared this with changes on Bench and Ulva islands,
where deer are absent. Forest composition was stable on Bench and Ulva islands over the study period but not so
on Stewart Island. In plots in northern Stewart Island and around Port Pegasus tree populations of many species
declined, but these declines could not be linked to deer impacts, and successional processes may be important. There
was evidence that deer were suppressing seedlings of palatable species, but were not causing significant declines
in seedling numbers. In eastern plots there was evidence that historically high deer densities on these more fertile
sites, probably in combination with possums, had shifted tree composition towards less palatable species. Since the
plots were established in 1979, however, there has been a marked recovery in the seedling and sapling tiers with all
species increasing in abundance, most likely in response to lower deer densities in recent years. Exclosure plots in this
area showed a significant response of deer-preferred species to deer exclusion. Our results suggest that white-tailed
deer affect seedling and sapling dynamics in the understorey, but that their impacts vary spatially, most likely due
to variation in deer density and the interaction with forest composition, which is influenced by site factors such as
fertility. Deer browsing appears to impact tree populations most apparently on higher fertility sites having a greater
proportion of deer-preferred hardwood species, where deer densities are also likely to be high.
Notes
95
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
DIETS OF NON-NATIVE SAMBAR DEER IN AUSTRALIA ESTIMATED BY MACROSCOPIC
VERSUS MICROHISTOLOGICAL RUMEN ANALYSIS
Davis, Naomi and Forsyth, D
The University of Melbourne, Department of Zoology
[email protected]
Estimating diet is an important step in understanding and managing ungulate impacts, but there is uncertainty about
whether rumen contents should be assessed using macroscopic or microhistological methods. Introduced sambar
deer (Cervus unicolor) have a large distribution in south-east Australia, and there is concern about their impacts
on plant species. We estimated the diets of 102 sambar using macroscopic and microhistological rumen analysis.
We identified 107 plant species in the sambar diet, 61 with both techniques and 23 only macroscopically or only
microhistologically. Rumen species richness was 70% greater using the microhistological technique. Estimates of plant
taxonomic and functional group composition by the two techniques were similar. Shrubs/trees dominated the diet,
followed by grasses and ferns. Nine non-indigenous plant species were identified, two of which were identified using
only the microhistological technique. Seeds of the weed Rubus fruticosus agg. were detected only by the macroscopic
technique, whereas R. fruticosus foliage was detected using both techniques. Both techniques classified sambar as
intermediate mixed feeders. Our results indicate that both macroscopic and microhistological techniques should be
used when it is important to identify plant species in the diet. However, either technique can be used to estimate
broader taxonomic and functional diet composition.
Notes
96
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
CREATION OF A NATIONAL DEER FAECAL PELLET COUNT DATABASE AND ITS USE TO
ESTIMATE LONG-TERM CHANGES IN DEER ABUNDANCE IN NEW ZEALAND
Forsyth, Dave Dr
Arthur Rylah Institute, Victoria
[email protected]
Introduced deer have been extant in New Zealand for many decades and there is interest in the dynamics of
populations for interpreting impacts and for evaluating harvesting options. Faecal pellet counts, an index of
abundance, have been conducted on New Zealand’s public conservation land since the 1950s. We first describe the
development of a database to enable archiving of faecal pellet count data. The National Ungulate Pellet Survey (NUPS)
database is managed by the Department of Conservation (DOC) and aims to safeguard New Zealand’s faecal pellet
data and to facilitate the use of these data. We then investigate temporal changes in deer pellet frequencies at the
national, island and DOC conservancy spatial scales using data from NUPS. A quadratic model with different trends
for each conservancy best explained the NUPS pellet frequency data during 1952−2010: pellet frequencies were
highest during the 1950s−1970s and then declined to minimums in the 1980s and 1990s and then increased in the
2000s. However, the temporal intensity of measurements was highly variable among conservancies, with several not
apparently collecting data in the 1990s and 2000s. The limitations of these data, and hence our analyses, are discussed.
Notes
97
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
RELATIVE INFLUENCE OF HABITAT, SPECIES INTERACTIONS AND CLIMATE ON THE
POPULATION DYNAMICS OF SOUTHERN NSW COASTAL FAUNA AFTER FIRE
Arthur, Tony, Catling, P., Reid, A. & Burt, R.
CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences,
[email protected]
We used time-series data from coastal NSW spanning 28 years after a wildfire to investigate the relative influence of
habitat structure, species interactions and climate on animal population dynamics. The fire had a large and immediate
impact on habitat structure, which then went through post-fire successional change including an increase and plateau
in tree canopy cover; an increase, stabilisation and then decline in shrub cover; and an increase in ground litter cover.
Population dynamics of different animal species appeared to be influenced by different components of successional
change. For example, lyrebird and bandicoot populations appeared to increase in association with an increase in
shrub cover while potoroos appeared to increase in association with litter cover. However, following the increases
the lyrebird population appeared to fluctuate around a carrying capacity, while the bandicoot population declined at
a faster rate than a direct association with shrub cover would suggest. The feral cat population appeared to lag the
bandicoot population. The feral fox population remained relatively constant throughout and neither cats nor foxes
appeared affected by dingoes. Implications of the results and limitations of time-series data are discussed.
Notes
98
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
EXAMINING SMALL MAMMAL COMMUNITIES: HOW MUCH DO WE NEED TO KNOW
TO CONSERVE COMMUNITIES EFFECTIVELY?
Cullen, Meghan and White, J.
Birds Australia
[email protected]
With the increasing threat of biodiversity loss, the rush to conserve ecological communities may cultivate the
oversimplification of their complex nature. If the information provided by researchers to managers in order to create
conservation strategies is too limited, then the developed strategies cannot conserve communities effectively.
This research examined variation in a range of small mammal community structure aspects over a complete
elevational gradient (from coast to main ridge) in the Otway ranges, Victoria. Lower elevations consist of sites with low
small mammal abundance, yet these zones display high variation in composition between sites, increasing the overall
zone richness. Beta diversity, and in turn the species richness of a zone, is reduced at high elevations, however, the
sites in these zones display higher small mammal abundance.
This study provides an empirical case study that highlights how investigating a single aspect can provide a basic view
of the community, but may not present adequate information to preserve ecological communities into the future.
Notes
99
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
CAN RETURNING THE WESTERN QUOLL TO FOX-BAITED ARID ZONE RESERVES ASSIST
RECRUITMENT OF ARID ZONE PLANTS AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION IN GENERAL?
Peacock, David Eric Dr
Biosecurity, South Australia
[email protected]
Recent research indicates that rabbit numbers as few as <1km-2 are preventing recruitment of plants such as mulga,
Acacia aneura, and at 0.5 ha-1 are preventing the recruitment of casuarinas. Reintroducing the western quoll (Dasyurus
geoffroii) to arid zone fox-baited reserves is proposed as a potentially useful biocontrol option for the rabbit. The
theory of ‘trophic cascade’, as seen in the return of the wolf to Yellowstone NP (USA), is considered supportive of likely
benefits of returning top-order predators such as quolls to ecosystems in general. Extensive collation of historical
quoll accounts supports the rabbit predation capacity of quolls and offers an insight into reasons for their decline.
Some of these accounts also state occasions of hyperabundance (“plague”), in what were probably D. viverrinus.
Notes
100
23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
LEARNING FROM PLANNED BURNING – MONITORING FAUNA HABITAT AT A
LANDSCAPE SCALE TO ASSESS CHANGE ACROSS SPACE AND TIME
Shannon Treloar
Office of Land and Fire, Department of Sustainability and Environment
[email protected]
The fire-prone, but fire adapted landscape of Victoria results in a substantial proportion of the biota being
dependent on fire. As such understanding the relationship between fire and biodiversity in an environment prone
to unpredictable wildfire is a major challenge. The Department of Sustainability and Environment is committed to
implementing state-wide long-term monitoring to increase knowledge about the landscape scale effects of both
wild and planned fire on biodiversity. Changing times now call for agencies to be responsive and holistic in their
approach to managing fire. Implementing fauna habitat monitoring at prescribed burns across Victoria including the
new Landscape Mosaic Burns (LMBs) will contribute to fire planning in the future and aid DSE in achieving the dual
objectives of protecting life and property while maintaining ecosystem resilience.
While flora has been central to understanding the effect of planned fire on fauna, a different way of interpreting and
monitoring vegetation is breaking new ground in understanding the affect of fire on fauna. Furthermore, the new
habitat monitoring protocols are significantly contributing to the development of new knowledge within an adaptive
fire management approach to planning in Victoria.
Habitat is a crucial driver for fauna, providing critical feeding, breeding and shelter sites. Habitat monitoring shifts
the focus from floristic species to structural features of the vegetation and other environmental components. As the
habitat progresses through development stages the fauna species utilising the habitat will also change in response.
Applying fire across the landscape changes the development stage of the habitat which will in turn affect the species
utilising the habitat. Fauna habitat monitoring protocols developed and tested through a state-wide pilot program
involving staff from DSE and Parks Victoria will collect vital information about how habitat develops and responds to
fire across space and time.
Notes
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23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
IS AN IDYLLIC SUN-DRENCHED ISLAND ENOUGH? CONSERVATION ACTIONS FOR
THE LANCELIN ISLAND SKINK
David Pearson
Department of Environment and Conservation
[email protected]
The Lancelin Island Skink (Ctenotus lancelini) has first collected in 1961 on Lancelin Island, a tiny (7.2 ha) limestone and
sand island off the mid-west coast of Western Australia. It was thought to have the smallest range of any Australian
reptile. Concerns about its apparent decline in 1992, led to the formation of a recovery team and the launch of a
research program to investigate its ecology and potential threatening processes (thought to be predation by seagulls
and weed infestation) and to clarify its taxonomic identity. Detailed field study of the species was conducted on
Lancelin Island. Toxicity trials tested the impacts on the skinks of the herbicide “Fusilade”. Concurrently, a captive
breeding program at Perth Zoo was commenced to reduce the risk of extinction should the decline continue on the
island. An analogue sibling taxon was used for captive breeding to hone techniques and then C. lancelini were bred for
translocation to another island.
Research on Lancelin Island found that this cryptic skink was present in large numbers and that predation by seagulls
and the spread of weedy grasses appeared to have no impact on the skinks. Other islands in the region were assessed
for their suitability for a translocation. Favorite Island in Jurien Bay was selected and surveyed prior to the release of
captive stock so that the impact of an added species to the island could be examined. Monitoring of the translocated
population continued at twice-yearly intervals for over five years and indicated the successful survival and breeding of
the skinks.
Notes
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23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
MIGRATORY BIRDS: THEIR FLYWAYS, THREATS AND THEIR COST-EFFECTIVE
CONSERVATION
Klassen, Marcel Professor
Deakin University, Centre for Integrative Ecology
[email protected]
The allocation of conservation effort to the management of populations is largely focused on sedentary species.
Very few studies consider how resources should be spent optimally managing habitat for migratory species within
an economic framework, and those that do focus on the management of a habitat, not an entire flyway. Given the
global threats to migratory birds (for instance, nearly all of Australia’s long-distance migratory waders are in decline)
developing frameworks for efficient and cost-effective conservation of flyway habitat is an urgent need. I will present a
GIS based approach to flyway conservation. Studying the remarkable migrations of some of Australia’s wader species,
which have now become available with the advent of ultra light tracking devices, the intra-individual variation in
migration strategies becomes apparent and therewith the potential of species to react to a changing world. This
potential of changing migratory behaviour may require more sophisticated methods to their conservation than the
GIS approach. Theoretical models are important in summarising knowledge of complex systems, such as, indeed,
migratory behaviour, and providing insight in the functioning of these systems. As such they are ideal tools to describe
the present and predict the future, notably in relation to hypothetical changes in model parameterization. Some of the
explanatory power of these migration models will be shown as well as their application in conservation planning.
Notes
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23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
DISTANCE DOES MATTER: EFFECTS OF BOAT APPROACH DISTANCES ON THE
BEHAVIOUR OF INDO-PACIFIC BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS
Steckenreuter, Andre, Harcourt, R., and Möller, L.
Macquarie University, Graduate School of Environment, Marine Mammal Research Group
[email protected]
The small, genetically distinct population of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) in Port Stephens, New
South Wales (NSW), is the target of the largest dolphin-watching industry in Australia and falls within the recently
created Port Stephens - Great Lakes Marine Park. The effects of different distances of boat approaches on dolphin
behaviour were investigated by controlled boat experiments between November and December 2009.
Results showed that the behaviour of the dolphins was altered when a boat was at a distance of 50 m compared to
when it was at 150 m. Groups of dolphins spent significantly less time resting and feeding and more time milling when
the boat was at a distance of 50 m. Additionally, the group dispersal was tighter and dolphins tended to avoid the boat
when it approached to 50 m.
This study recommends that the existing NSW regulations, which stipulate that dolphin-watching boats keep a
distance of 50 m to groups with adults only and 150 m to groups with calves, are maintained. It also aims to assist
authorities with the development of a local management plan to maintain the long-term viability of the dolphin
population and the sustainability of the local dolphin-watching industry.
Notes
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23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
RETURNING THE BALANCE: MANAGING HOODED PLOVER NESTS ON HIGHLY
DISTURBED BEACHES IN VICTORIA
Maguire, Grainne; Weston, Michael; Ehmke, Glenn; and Cullen, Meghan.
Birds Australia
[email protected]
Hooded Plovers are Australian shorebirds that nest directly on the beach or dunes during late spring and summer,
and are consequently highly impacted by human recreation. Threats include direct crushing of eggs and chicks by
people, dogs, horses and vehicles, as well as impacts of disturbance leading to overheating of eggs, starvation of
chicks and increased depredation rates. Poor breeding success is resulting in population decline within Victorian.
Management efforts are being implemented to alleviate threats, including fencing nesting sites, signage, wardening
and chick shelters. We monitored between 70 and 90 pairs of Hooded Plovers in Victoria across four breeding seasons
(2006-2010). At each breeding territory, the presence and intensity of threats were recorded per visit, enabling a
standardized comparison of the effectiveness of on-ground managements across sites. Managed nests experienced
higher hatching rates, however, fledgling production appeared equal between unmanaged and managed nests. When
site-based threats were accounted for, approximately 45% of fledglings came from remote and relatively undisturbed
sites, 50% from highly disturbed sites that were managed and less than 5% from disturbed sites that were unmanaged.
Chick shelters gave chicks a 42.8% increased chance of survival. This suggests that on-ground management efforts are
effective at reducing human-based threats.
Notes
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23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
HUMAN DIMENSIONS OF MANAGING BEACH-NESTING BIRDS
Weston, Michael; Maguire, Grainne; Miller, Kelly; Henry, Stacey; Williams, Kathryn;
Cullen, Meghan; Young, Kirsten; Rimmer, James
Birds Australia
[email protected]
The breeding success of beach-nesting birds is heavily impacted by human recreation on beaches. Awareness and
understanding of threats, and minor adjustments to recreational behaviour are required to improve the conservation
status of this suite of highly threatened birds. We investigated human attitudes and values regarding three elements
of beach-nesting bird conservation through a series of questionnaires, using the Hooded Plover as a flagship species:
1) the characteristics people value about beaches; 2) understanding of threats to Hooded Plovers and acceptance of
the different management strategies available, and; 3) attitudes toward leashing dogs on beaches. Our results show
that beaches were regularly used by coastal residents of south-east Australia and that they value uncrowded, clean
beaches with opportunities to view wildlife. Within Victoria, there were high levels of awareness about Hooded Plovers
but there was considerable variation in the levels of understanding about mechanisms of threat to breeding birds.
Dog owners in particular commonly did not perceive their dog as a threat to beach-nesting birds, and their propensity
to leash their dog was subject to how they valued unleashed exercise for their dog’s health and social pressures. These
findings provide important insight into designing and improving education and awareness campaigns for beachnesting birds.
Notes
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23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
AWMS POSTERS
(in alpha order of first author surname)
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23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
ENABLING STRATEGIC FERAL CAT CONTROL ON KANGAROO ISLAND
Bengsen, Andrew; Butler, J and Masters, P
Kangaroo Island Natural Resource Management Board
[email protected]
Feral cats pose a threat to endangered species on Kangaroo Island, and have substantial economic impacts on the
Island’s primary producers. Effective cat management requires a strategic approach, informed by the ecology and
impacts of the cats, as well as community expectations. We identified four key requirements necessary to support
existing knowledge and enable the development of strategic feral cat management on the Island:
• effective and target-specific control tools;
• information on temporal and spatial variation in landscape use by feral cats;
• identification of biologically relevant management units; and
• a reliable method for estimating cat abundance.
The aim of this study is to collect the information necessary to complete these existing knowledge gaps. We describe
our methods, preliminary results and likely implications for the development of effective cat control strategies and
tactics for Kangaroo Island.
Notes
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23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
REDUCTION IN FOX ACTIVITY IN THE SAND DUNES OF STURT NATIONAL PARK: EFFECTS
ON SMALL TERRESTRIAL VERTEBRATES, CATS AND RABBITS
Kloecker, Ulrike Miss
[email protected]
Fox control is commonly used in Australia as a conservation tool. However, the benefit (or otherwise) of this action has
rarely been assessed. This study investigated the responses of native small terrestrial vertebrates, House Mice, Cats
and Rabbits to reduced Fox activity. The sand dunes in the western part of Sturt National Park presented a suitable
study area as 1) populations of Foxes, Cats and Rabbits were abundant and largely uncontrolled due to the remoteness
of the area and 2) the small vertebrate community of the Park included several threatened species for which Fox
predation poses a likely threat.
The study design was conducted in the form of a BACI design. Fox activity was suppressed by 1080 baiting on the
‘Impact’ sites (n = 4). ‘Control’ sites (n=2) were left unbaited. There was also a likely drought-induced reduction in Fox
activity across the course of the study. Thus a breakpoint analysis was used to assess the impact of any reduced Fox
activity.
The results indicated that reduced Fox activity had no effect on most reptile and native small mammal species or
Rabbits. However, House Mice and Cats may have benefitted as abundance increased. Thus competitive and predatory
effects of the latter may have potentially counter-acted the reduced predation pressure from Foxes on small terrestrial
vertebrates.
Notes
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23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
THE EFFECT OF SHIP RAT SUPPRESSION AND FOOD SUPPLEMENTATION ON HOUSE
MICE IN PUREORA FOREST PARK
Lucy Bridgman, Carolyn M. King, John Innes, Craig Gillies
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato
[email protected]
Ship rats (Rattus rattus) are hypothesised to cause low house mouse (Mus musculus) abundance in New Zealand
podocarp-broadleaf forest. Evidence comes from increased mouse detection rates observed when rats are controlled.
The mechanism may be competition for food, or aggression. Mice may increase in abundance through improved
survival and/or recruitment or they may increase in detectability. To investigate we used live-traps and tracking
tunnels on grids to monitor mice following rat poisoning in Pureora Forest Park, and also carried out mouse specific
food supplementation. More mice were live-trapped on rat control grids compared to non-treatment grids, notably
in autumn, but capture probabilities were similar. Abundance indices from tracking tunnels showed similar trends to
trapping. Higher mouse abundance on rat control grids in autumn seemed to be due to juvenile recruitment and adult
immigration. Supplemented food did not influence mouse abundance on non-treatment grids and produced variable
results on rat control grids. Our results support the hypothesis that house mouse abundance is influenced by ship rats,
that juvenile recruitment is affected and that competition for food is unlikely to be the sole mechanism of interaction.
Future work will include monitoring a reversal of treatments within our study area.
Notes
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23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
ESTABLISHMENT OF AN ECOLOGICAL DEER MANAGEMENT COOPERATIVE AT
MARAGLE, NSW
Brown, Annette and Moriarty, A.
Game Council NSW
[email protected]
Few management approaches have been successfully used on wild deer populations in Australia. Often deer are
categorised as a pest and a hunting resource by different stakeholders, with statutory provisions for firearms use,
hunting seasons and deer conservation status varying according to land tenure and jurisdiction.
Ecological Deer Management (EDM) is a novel management system for wild deer species which recognises such
divergence by utilising game harvest management principles in conjunction with impact assessment, as used in a
traditional pest management system. This concept allows harvest levels to be set by land managers ranging from a
sustainable deer harvest to a mitigation harvest, depending on the impact of a deer population on environmental,
agricultural or community values.
Game Council’s pilot EDM project at Maragle NSW, aims to assess the density and impacts of a herd of wild fallow deer
(Dama dama) on both public and private land through the establishment of an EDM cooperative. This project seeks to
apply a whole of landscape approach to managing the deer population and their impacts.
Game Council staff, conservation hunters and land managers have been working together to monitor deer abundance
through scat, aerial and spotlight surveys and to estimate deer impacts using quantitative and qualitative methods on
properties across the region. EDM plans for each cooperative member will be devised using abundance and impact
data and an adaptive harvest management approach in the near future.
Notes
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23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
TEMPORAL AND SEASONAL USE OF COMPENSATORY NEST BOXES BY VERTEBRATE
FAUNA IN THE HUNTER VALLEY, NSW, AUSTRALIA
1
Clulow, Simon1,3, Blundell, A. T. 2, Clulow, J.1 and Peters, K. L.2
School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
2
Ecobiological, PO Box 585, Warners Bay, NSW, 2282
3
Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Nest boxes are a commonly used strategy for mitigating the loss of natural tree hollows used by arboreal and flying
fauna, and for monitoring native and exotic wildlife. The implementation of nest box programs is often accompanied
by a monitoring program, however, despite the collection of large data sets, these programs are rarely reported
upon. In 2004 a nest box installation and bi-annual monitoring program was established in the Donaldson Coal
Conservation Area (consisting of an operational open cut pit and several areas of bushland reserve) in the lower
Hunter Valley, NSW, Australia. Here we report on the outcomes of the first 5 years of that monitoring program (20052009) with particular emphasis on the changing rates of usage and occupancy across seasons (summer and winter)
and years. Forty-five nest boxes were installed and numerous species of vertebrate fauna were found to utilise
them. Temporal and seasonal differences in usage were observed. Mean annual occupancy rose from 7.7% in 2005
to 61.1% in 2009 (P<0.01). Summer occupancy was significantly higher than winter for each year (P < 0.02). The
differences in occupancy rates across the seasons may reflect a lack of insulation in the nest boxes, making them less
suitable than naturally occurring hollows in the cooler months. The next phase of this research program will examine
microclimatic characteristics of nest box design and aspect by comparing temperatures within nest boxes to ambient
air temperatures and temperatures within naturally occurring hollows.
Notes
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23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
HABITAT USE AND HOME-RANGE OF THE NORTHERN QUOLL, DASYURUS HALLUCATUS:
EFFECTS OF FIRE
School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia
2
Department of Environment and Conservation
3
Department of Environment and Conservation
[email protected]
1
Radio telemetry was used to investigate changes in home range size in response to fire and seasonal fluctuations
in resource availability by northern quolls Dasyurus hallucatus at two sites near the Mitchell River in the northern
Kimberley, WA. We expected that home range would be larger in the dry season and that an imposed fire would
displace quolls or cause their home range area to increase. Based on den locations the mean home-range area for
males was 64.2ha (SE±36.65; range 2.35-421.43ha). Females had smaller home ranges, of 6.8ha (SE±1.56; range 0.8015.38ha). The largest home range for a male (421.43ha) was recorded in the dry season and the largest for a female
(15.38ha) was recorded in the wet season. Quolls were not displaced by fire indicating that they are able to tolerate
fires under these conditions. Observed differences in home range area appear to be related to seasonal effects on
resource abundance rather than fire. Facultative post-mating male die-off was also investigated. Nine out of 15 males
investigated survived beyond their first breeding season. Four of these were confirmed to survive to their second
breeding season. This suggests that this habitat was particularly favourable at the time of sampling.
Notes
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23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
LINEAR HABITAT REMNANTS FUNCTION AS CORRIDORS FOR DISPERSING MAMMALS IN
FRAGMENTED LANDSCAPES
Eberhart, Achim and Handasyde, K. A.
The University of Melbourne, Department of Zoology
[email protected]
Habitat fragmentation is a major challenge for conservation programs. Habitat corridors have been widely discussed
as a conservation tool to address the problem of fragmentation, however empirical evidence showing that these
fulfil this role is scarce and inconclusive. Theoretical studies and experimental model systems have been developed
to investigate this question, but their applicability to real life situations is arguable. Although difficult to design
and execute, and costly in time and resources, rigorous field studies are necessary to test the role of corridors in
fragmented landscapes. One approach that could yield unambiguous data is to monitor animals dispersing naturally
and determine whether they use corridors. We present GPS-tracking data from sub-adult bobucks (Trichosurus
cunninghami) dispersing through highly fragmented habitat. While we obtained evidence that bobucks can traverse
pasture, there was a clear behavioural preference for travel in association with trees. Linear forest remnants, even
if only sparsely vegetated, were used whenever available, suggesting that these functioned as corridors. The clear
tendency of this relatively large and mobile species to select for tree cover during dispersal raises the question of
whether smaller animals, presumably more at risk of predation, would even attempt dispersal in the absence of
habitat corridors.
Notes
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23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
NATIVE RAT IN THE SEABIRD COLONY: RODENT MANAGEMENT ON MUTTONBIRD
ISLAND, COFFS HARBOUR, AUSTRALIA
Egan, D., Meek, Paul#, and Vernes, K.
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water, PO Box J200, Coffs Harbour, NSW 2450, Australia
#
Email: [email protected]
Muttonbird Island presents an interesting management issue: can we minimise black rat and mouse impacts on
seabirds on a high visitation land bridged island where three species of rodent coexist? The unique finding of the
native Swamp rat Rattus lutreolus poses an interesting rodent control management dilemma, to control exotics
without affecting this native species. This program poses challenges including: targeting exotic rats whilst maintaining
the native rat, minimising off-target raptor kills, a sensitive burrowed landscape, simultaneous mice/rat control, an
immigration pathway, major port proximity and high visitation. Surveys recorded rodent densities of 9, 6.5 and 53
animals/ha for R. lutreolus, R. rattus and M. domesticus respectively. Rats preferred denser vegetation (Flagellaria,
Dianella, and Lantana), with mice present across all vegetation types. A sustained control program (minimal off target
species design) was implemented to counter a recorded decline in the shearwater population. 2010 trapping found
zero R. rattus captures, but M. domesticus presence and bluetongue lizard increases pose future difficulties.
Notes
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23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Vic
THE AUSTRALIAN PEST ANIMAL STRATEGY
Dall, David
National Coordinator, Australian Pest Animal Strategy, University of Canberra
[email protected]
Activities aimed at reducing the economic, environmental and social impacts of pest animals are a significant part
of wildlife management in Australia. The Australian Pest Animal Strategy (APAS) was developed by the national
Vertebrate Pests Committee (VPC), a multi-jurisdictional body that has responsibility for developing national pest
management strategies and policies. The APAS now provides a framework plan for pest management activities that
is endorsed by all Australian governments. It sets out how the governments will work with each other, and with
business, industry and the community to manage the issues and problems associated with vertebrate pest animals
in Australia. In its most basic terms, the APAS aims to help prevent the introduction and spread of new pest animals,
manage the impact of those that are already established, and assist the cooperation between jurisdictions and
agencies that is required to achieve these goals. The APAS has also established a series of principles, objectives and
actions that are intended to deliver broad national outcomes congruent with these goals. Further details about the
APAS, together with full text of the APAS document, are available at www.apas.net.au
Notes
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23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
THE EFFECT OF DESLORELIN ON THE FERTILITY OF FREE-RANGING FEMALE KOALAS
(PHASCOLARCTOS CINEREUS) IN TWO VICTORIAN POPULATIONS
Greenfield, Andrew, Handasyde, KA, Shaw, G and Renfree, M
Zoology Department, University of Melbourne
[email protected]
We investigated the use of a long acting GnRH agonist (4.7 mg deslorelin implants) for the non-lethal control of
high density koala populations in Victoria. We tested these in free-ranging female koalas from two populations, one
with and one without chlamydial infection. Deslorelin or placebo implants were inserted subcutaneously before
the breeding season. Treated females were radio-collared to facilitate monitoring, and caught periodically to assess
reproductive status. After a single treatment with deslorelin, females were not observed with a pouch young for
between 338 days and 776 days. Fertility was decreased by 90–100% in both populations when females were treated
annually over the three years of the study. In addition, there was extended duration of contraceptive effect in the
annually treated group, with 0% fertility during the second season after final treatment. A small proportion of treated
females did give birth. However, most of these lost their young within three months post-partum and only one reared
her young to maturity. Our data show that deslorelin can provide effective control of fertility in female koalas, for at
least one breeding season. These implants may therefore have value in management programs for this species in the
wild.
Notes
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23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
PROCESSES THREATENING THE CONTINUED SURVIVAL OF THE CRITICALLY
ENDANGERED HELMETED HONEYEATER (LICHENOSTOMUS MELANOPS CASSIDIX)
Rose, Rebecca
Monash University
[email protected]
The Helmeted Honeyeater is a prime candidate for studying a complex endangered species management system,
as it involves many facets of management, captive breeding, re-introductions and translocations. Despite an active
recovery program spanning more than 20 years, Helmeted Honeyeater numbers have not increased significantly. It is
imperative that we better understand the factors that may be limiting the recovery of this species. I am undertaking
a comprehensive study of the Helmeted Honeyeater to assist in the management decisions for this species’ recovery.
My research is utilising microsatellite and functional genetic techniques to understand the current genetic diversity
of Helmeted Honeyeaters and compare this to historic genetic diversity. This will facilitate management decisions for
the captive breeding program, to maximise future genetic diversity across the species. I am also investigating how
individual Helmeted Honeyeaters respond to predation threats. This information will assist in developing predatorrelated strategies to maximise the success of the wild populations. Results will gauge any variation between captive
and wild birds in their responsiveness to predation threats, and therefore ascertain whether captive-bred birds
released into the wild may benefit from interventions such as a pre-release predator awareness training program to
increase their chances of survival in the wild.
Notes
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23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
LATE ABSTRACTS
(in alpha order of first author surname)
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23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
INCREASING COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT IN WILDLIFE CONSERVATION: THE MERITS OF
USING AN ANTHROPOMORPHISED FLAGSHIP SPECIES
Smith, Amy M.; Smith, Liam; Weiler, Betty
Tourism Research Unit, Monash University, PO Box 1071, narre Warren, VIC 3805
[email protected]
As wildlife professionals continue to use charismatic flagship species (e.g., pandas, elephants, platypuses) as tools to
motivate community involvement in wildlife conservation, it becomes increasingly important to find ways to maximise
their efficacy. Exposure to a flagship species can heighten concern and conservation actions for the species. This effect
is more likely when the flagship species is perceived as similar to self. Perceptions of similarity can be heightened
through anthropomorphism, whereby the flagship species is portrayed as having humanlike characteristics.
Traditionally, anthropomorphism has been considered “unscientific” for failing to portray the animal true to form.
Critics also argue that at the crux of the acceptability debate rests inconsistent uses of the term “anthropomorphism.”
This paper details the findings of a content analysis documenting four distinct types of anthropomorphism, and
provides suggestions for ways to use each type while still portraying the species true to form. This paper concludes
with an evaluation of the evidence in favour of using anthropomorphised flagship species in communication materials
designed to motivate public involvement in local wildlife conservation initiatives.
Notes
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23rd AWMS Annual Conference 2010 — Torquay, Victoria
POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE RED FOX (VULPES VULPES) DURING 27 YEARS OF
HUNTING IN SOUTH WEST GIPPSLAND AND THE MORNINGTON PENINSULA – VICTORIA,
AUSTRALIA
Jack West1 and Danny Dyall2
Wildlife Management Consultant – Field Zoologist
Director of “Panthera tigris”: Engineering and Wildlife Management Services,
39 Shinners Avenue, Narre Warren – Victoria 3805
2
Wildlife Management Contractor – Fox Drive Coordinator
10 Kallay Drive, Pioneer Bay VIC 3984
[email protected]
1
Ever since 1983, a country fox-hunters group has conducted fox-drives every Sunday in winter. All data i.e. date,
location, numbers of hunters, number of male-female foxes killed have been recorded. Most locations are rural,
farming properties with patches of scrub and trees, including some crown land i.e. creek and rivers. These 27 years of
valuable data have been extracted and studied to gain an understanding of their population dynamics. Most locations
are (re-)hunted every year. Some locations are even hunted twice in a year. Mapping out each location for every year
has resulted in a crucial Red Fox population dynamic trend, that can be used in- or for similar landscapes in Australia.
It is proven that other individual or paired foxes shall rather quickly move into the “fox-free” area. It also proves that fox
hunting i.e. Fox-drives with dogs and “Spot-lighting” can never totally eradicate them. These population dynamics and
ecological data of Australia’s most invasive and destructive introduced predator may be compared and or modeled
to Tasmania, where the fox is reportedly introduced. With abundant small animals to prey on, they shall establish
populations and “run wild” even faster in Tasmania. This paper shall also outline effective fox-drive strategies and
techniques that are applied to maximize eradication results.
Keywords: European Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes), population dynamuics, invasive, destructive introduced predator, Southwest Gippsland, Mornington Peninsula, Tasmania.
Notes
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124
Speaker’s List
(Alphabetical Order)
A
Abbott, Rachael ........................................................ 24
Acosta, Daniela........................................................... 60
Adams, P.J.................................................... 47,48,64,65
Ainsworth, GB............................................................. 55
Armistead, R................................................................ 25
Arthur, Tony........................................................... 38,98
Aslin, HJ......................................................................... 55
Atkins, Shane ............................................................. 85
Aylett, Paul................................................................... 89
B
Ballard, G,............................................................... 49, 67
Banks, Peter B....................................................... 59, 63
Barron, Mandy............................................................ 92
Ben D. Bell.................................................................... 24
Bencini, R................................................... 43,73,76,115
Bengsen, Andrew....................................................110
Benitez, Verónica V. . ................................................ 60
Beveridge, I.................................................................. 22
Blackie, Helen.............................................................. 89
Bloomfield, T................................................................ 38
Blundell, A. T. ............................................................114
Bothma, J du P . ......................................................... 17
Bothma, M.D .............................................................. 17
Braysher, M................................................................... 14
Bridgman, Lucy .................................................60,112
Brown, Annette .......................................................113
Browning, TL................................................................ 31
Brumley, Andrea ....................................................... 80
Bryant, Gillian L.......................................................... 70
Bryant, Jessica............................................................. 20
Buckmaster, T. ........................................................... 14
Burt, R............................................................................ 98
Butler, J . .....................................................................110
Byrom, AE . ........................................................... 35, 93
Bytheway, J.P............................................................... 59
C
Calver, Michael .......................................................... 65
Carlos, Emma.............................................................. 72
Carran, R........................................................................ 92
Catling, P....................................................................... 98
Chalk, Pip...................................................................... 53
Chapple, Rosalie.................................................. 44,57
Choquenot, David..................................................... 15
Clarke, J. ....................................................................... 43
Clarke, R H................................................................... 45,
Clayton R...................................................................... 93
Clifton, Delma............................................................. 18
Clulow, J...............................................................28, 114
Clulow, Simon...........................................................114
Coates, T D
.................................................. 66, 86
Cook, Annette . ........................................................115
Cooke, R ............................................................... 45, 46
Cooney, Rosie............................................................. 77
Corinna Orscheg........................................................ 20
Coulson, G.............................................................. 22,23
Coutts, S........................................................................ 86
Crawford, Heather M. . ..................................... 47, 65
Cripps, Jemma . ......................................................... 23
Cullen, Meghan......................................... 99, 105,106
D
Dall, David..................................................................118
David B. Croft.............................................................. 50
Davis, Naomi............................................................... 96
de Tores, P..................................................................... 43
Death, Clare, ............................................................... 22
Detlef, Rohr H.............................................................. 68
Dickman, Christopher R.......................................... 26
Dilks, Peter................................................................... 88
Dods, K.......................................................................... 70
Duncan, Richard P . ................................................ 95
Dundas, Shannon J................................................... 64
Dunstan, Heath.......................................................... 80
Dyall, Danny..............................................................122
Dybing, N...................................................................... 48
E
Eason , Charles T............................................. 42.88,89
Eberhart, Achim.......................................................116
Egan, D........................................................................117
Ehmke, GS............................................................54,105
Eldridge, Mark DB...................................................... 31
English, Tony............................................................... 79
F
Fagerstone, Kathy...................................................... 42
Fleming, P. A. .........................................47,48, 64,65,70
Fleming, P. J. S................................................. 39,49,67
Forbes-Harper, Jesse L. ........................................... 47
Ford, H. ......................................................................... 61
Forrester, G. . ............................................................... 90
Forsyth, D......................................................... 38,96,97
Furlan, Elise.................................................................. 25
G
Gaffney, Robbie ........................................................ 26
Gallard, Letnic,M........................................................ 39
Garnett, ST .................................................................. 55
Garnham, J. I................................................................ 28
Gibson, M. ................................................................... 72
Giese, M......................................................................... 40
Gillies, Craig...............................................................112
Gleeson, Dianne M. . ................................................ 71
Glen, A. S. . ................................................................... 35
Goldizen, AW............................................................... 31
Goldsworthy, S........................................................... 16
Greene , Terry . ........................................................... 88
Greenfield, Andrew...........................................75,119
Griffiths, J..............................................................25,811
Grilli, Maricel Graña................................................... 60
Guichón, Laura........................................................... 60
Gust, N........................................................................... 25
H-I
Hammill, K. . ................................................................ 40
Handasyde, K. A......................................21,75,116,119
Harcourt, R.................................................................104
Harley, V. ..................................................................... 37
Hayward, Matt W. ..................................................... 33
Hazlitt, SL, . .................................................................. 31
Henry, Stacey............................................................106
Hick, J............................................................................. 86
Hix , Steve . .................................................................. 89
Holland, E. Pen...................................................... 87,95
Hone, Jim...................................................................... 41
Howitt, Robyn............................................................. 71
Hufschmid, J................................................................ 22
Hughes, Channing ................................................... 26
Humphrys, Simon...................................................... 42
Hynes, Emily................................................................ 21
Innes, John . ..............................................................112
Isaac, B........................................................................... 46
J-K
Jones, C......................................................................... 90
Kasbarian, Alicia......................................................... 74
Kennington, J.............................................................. 43
King, C.M. ............................................................90,112
Kingsford, Richard..................................................... 82
Klassen, Marcel.........................................................103
Kloecker, Ulrike.........................................................111
Korn, Terry.................................................................... 82
Krebs, C......................................................................... 14
Kuchling, Gerald ....................................................... 73
L
Lapidge, Steve...................................................... 42,89
Lawson, J...................................................................... 54
Legge, Sarah................................................................ 33
Leigh, Kellie................................................................. 32
Lindeman, M............................................................... 38
Linklater, Wayne L...................................................... 27
Low, Tim . ..................................................................... 13
Lunney, Dan................................................................. 20
M
MacMorran, Duncan........................................... 42,89
Maguire, Grainne............................................ 105,106
Mahony, M. J................................................................ 28
Main, M.......................................................................... 38
Maloney, Shane K ..................................................... 76
Martin, Graeme B....................................................... 76
Masters, P...................................................................110
Mawson, Peter . ......................................................... 76
Mayberry,Chris .......................................................... 76
McKeown, Emma....................................................... 73
McPhee, S., . ................................................................ 38
Meek, P............................................................61,67,117
Miller, K. K............................................................... 51,54
Miller, Kelly.................................................................106
Mills, H .......................................................................... 29
Mills, Harriet R...........................................................115
Mitchell, B..................................................................... 40
Mitrovski, P................................................................... 25
Möller, L.......................................................................104
Moriarty, A...........................................................78,113
Morris, K. . .................................................................... 64
Mufato, Natalia .......................................................... 60
Mulley, Robert C. ...................................................... 44
Murphy , Elaine C................................................. 88,90
N-P
Nicholls, David............................................................ 86
Nicholls, JA . ................................................................ 31
Norbury G..................................................................... 93
O’Donnell, C................................................................ 91
Ogilvie, S....................................................................... 62
Page, B........................................................................... 16
Page, M . ....................................................................... 29
Parsons, M.H................................................................ 70
Pascoe, Jack H. . ......................................................... 44
Paterson, A................................................................... 62
Payne, Nicole............................................................... 36
Peacock, David Eric........................................ 100,102
Pech R................................................................ 35,90,93
Perry, M. ....................................................................... 92
Peters, K. L..................................................................114
Peterson, Garry N.L................................................... 68
Pickerell, Georgina.................................................... 91
Pickett, E. J.................................................................... 28
Plant, Michelle............................................................ 56
Plotz, Roan David, .................................................... 27
Pollard, Carla J............................................................. 28
Porter, John.................................................................. 82
Prada, Diana ............................................................... 71
Price, Catherine J. ..................................................... 63
Purcell, Brad V............................................................. 40
Purnell, Chris............................................................... 83
R
Radford, Ian ..............................................................115
Ramsay, G..................................................................... 74
Reid, A. ......................................................................... 98
Reilly, B.K. ............................................................30,370
Renfree, M............................................................75,119
Rimmer, James.........................................................106
Ritchie, Euan . ............................................................. 34
Rogers, Danny ........................................................... 83
Rose, Rebecca ..........................................................120
Ruscoe, W............................................................... 92, 95
Russell, Benjamin G................................................... 39
S
Sam, Shona . ............................................................... 62
Scroggie, Michael P................................................... 68
Seddon, P..................................................................... 91
Shapiro, Lee ......................................................... 88, 89
Shaughnessy, Peter................................................... 16
Shaw G..........................................................21, 75, 119
Shaw, A. E. ................................................................... 51
Sherwin, WB................................................................ 69
Smith, A M..................................................................121
Smith, M................................................................. 42, 86
Smith, Liam................................................................121
Spencer, Ricky............................................................. 44
Staples, Linton . ......................................................... 42
Steckenreuter, Andre.............................................104
Stevens, Kate., . .......................................................... 45
Stockwell, M. P., ......................................................... 28
Stuart, I. ........................................................................ 38
Swain, Dave................................................................. 94
Sweetapple, P.............................................................. 92
T-V
Temby, Ian.................................................................... 52
Terrill, Peter.................................................................. 82
Thomas, Janelle.......................................................... 83
Tony Cathcart.............................................................. 33
Tracey, J......................................................................... 39
Treloar, Shannon......................................................101
Tucker, Gail............................................................. 19,94
Turnbull, John . ......................................................... 80
Umina, P........................................................................ 25
Vernes, K.......................................................61, 67, 117
Vincent, N..................................................................... 38
von Brandis, R. .......................................................... 37
W-Z
Waldegrave-Knight, Leona.................................... 58
Warburton, Natalie M. ............................................ 47
Weaving, M.J............................................................... 46
Weeks , Andrew.................................................... 25,84
Weiler, Betty...............................................................121
West, Jack...................................................................122
Weston, M..........................................54,55, 72,105,106
White, J.................................................................... 46,99
Whitehead A............................................................... 93
Willers, Nicole ........................................................... 76
Williams, Kathryn . ..................................................106
Willig, Rolf U. ........................................................ 85,86
Wilson, D . .................................................................... 91
Wilson, Michelle . ...................................................... 23
Wishart, Jason . .......................................................... 42
Wolf, Isabelle D. ......................................................... 50
Yeatman, Georgina .................................................. 29
Yokochi, Kaori, ........................................................... 43
Young, Kirsten...........................................................106
Zewe, Frances, ........................................................... 61
Australasian Wildlife Management Society
PO Box 3711
Weston Creek, ACT 2611
Tel: +61 2 6288 3998
www.awms.org.au