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Increasing energy Fifth Fourth Third Second First • Further away from the nucleus means more energy. • There is no “in between” energy • Energy Levels The Quantum Mechanical Model • Energy is quantized. It comes in chunks. • A quanta is the amount of energy needed to move from one energy level to another. • Since the energy of an atom is never “in between” there must be a quantum leap in energy. • Schrödinger derived an equation that described the energy and position of the electrons in an atom Atomic Orbitals • Principal Quantum Number (n) = the energy level of the electron. • Within each energy level the complex math of Schrödinger's equation describes several shapes. • These are called atomic orbitals • Regions where there is a high probability of finding an electron S sublevel has 1 orbital • The S sublevel starts in the 1st energy level • Looks like a sphere • Each orbital can hold 2 electrons P sublevel contains 3 orbitals • Start at the second energy level • Looks like a dumbbell • Each orbital can hold 2 electrons The D sublevel contains 5 D orbitals • The D sublevel starts in the 3rd energy level • Looks like a four leaf clover • Each orbital can hold 2 electrons The F sublevel has 7 F orbitals • • • • The F sublevel starts in the fourth energy level The F sublevel has seven (orbitals) Looks like a ????? 2 electrons per orbital 1 2 3 4 5 6 group # = # valence (outside) e- 1A 1 2A 8A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 2 Row 3 = 4 # shells 5 6 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 8B 8B 1B 2B s d p 7 6 7 f Subshells d and f are “special” group # = # valence e- 1A period # = # e- shells 1 8A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 2 3 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 8B 8B 1B 2B 4 3d 5 4d 5d 6d 6 7 d 6 4f 7 5f f Summary Starts at energy level Sublevel # of shapes (orbitals) Max # of electrons s 1 2 1 p 3 6 2 d 5 10 3 f 7 14 4 THIS SLIDE IS ANIMATED IN FILLING ORDER 2.PPT H = 1s1 1s He = 1s2 1s Li = 1s2 2s1 1s 2s 1s 2s 1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz 1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz Be = 1s2 2s2 C = 1s2 2s2 2p2 S = 1s2 2s2 2p4 3s 3px 3py 3pz