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Internet The Internet is the world’s largest public computer network, a network of networks that provides a vast array of services to individuals, businesses, and organizations around the world. In this section: • Internet Technologies • Web Technologies • Web Applications 1958 – DoD: ARPA, NASA 1969 – ARPANET 1993 – World Wide Web Links: The Internet Concepts > Internet Internet Technologies Many different Internet technologies work together to provide information and services over the Internet, including a variety of protocols, hardware, and software. In this section: • • • • • Internet Backbone TCP/IP Internet Service Provider (ISP) Client/Server Peer-to-Peer Concepts > Internet > Internet Technologies • • • • • Router Domain Name System (DNS) Port Voice over IP (VoIP) Internet2 Internet Backbone Submarine fiber optic cables such as this make up the portion of the Internet backbone that connects countries around the world. Courtesy of Tyco Electronics SubSea Communications The Internet backbone refers to the main Internet pathways and connections, made up of the many national and international communication networks that are owned by major telecom companies, such as Verizon, AT&T, and Sprint - the same companies and networks that provide telephone service – mostly fiber-optic cables. Concepts > Internet > Internet Technologies > Internet Backbone TCP/IP The protocols on which the Internet is based are the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP); together referred to as TCP/IP. Internet applications divide up information, such as an email messages, into small packets to make efficient use of the network. Upon arriving at their destination, the packets are reconstructed into the original message. Concepts > Internet > Internet Technologies > TCP/IP Expanding the Internet Links: Expanding the Internet: From IPv4 to IPv6 IPv4 & IPv6: A Short Guide Concepts > Internet > Internet Technologies > TCP/IP Internet Service Provider A company that provides individuals and organizations with access to the Internet is called an Internet service provider (ISP). ISPs charge a monthly fee to Internet users and provide devices, such as modems, by which the user can connect to the Internet. Concepts > Internet > Internet Technologies > Internet Service Provider Client/Server Client/server is a network architecture in which one computer or program (the client) makes a service request from another computer or program (the server), which provides the service. Concepts > Internet > Internet Technologies > Client/Server Peer-to-Peer Peer-to-peer (P2P) is a network architecture that does not utilize a central server, but facilitates communication directly between clients with computers acting as both client and server. Concepts > Internet > Internet Technologies > P2P Peer to Peer Filesharing Links: Peer to Peer Filesharing Concepts > Internet > Internet Technologies > P2P Router Although routers play a crucial role on the Internet backbone, they also are used on smaller networks. Routers are used on business and home networks to allow computers on the network to communicate. Concepts > Internet > Internet Technologies > Router A router is a network device that manages network traffic by evaluating messages and routing them over the fastest path to their destination. Voice over IP (VoIP) Voice over IP (VoIP) refers to technologies that support voice communications using the Internet Protocol over data networks. This VoIP phone combines voice, video, and text communications. Links: Skype Concepts > Internet > Internet Technologies > VoIP Cisco Unified Communications Links: Cisco Unified Communications Concepts > Internet > Internet Technologies > VoIP Web Technologies 1) Hyperlinks 2) Protocols (HTTP) – W3C & Berners-Lee 3) Tools (HTML) The Web, short for World Wide Web, is an Internet service that provides convenient access to information and services through hyperlinks. In this section: • Web Browser • Web Server • URL • HTML • XML • CSS • Web Development Software • • • • Cookie Plug-in Web Programming RSS Links: Tim Berners-Lee on the next Web Concepts > Internet > Web Technologies Web Browser A Web client, usually called a Web browser, such as Internet Explorer, Safari, and Firefox, is used to request Web pages from Web servers, interpret the HTML code in the Web page that is delivered, and display it onscreen. Concepts > Internet > Web Technologies > Web Browser What is a browser? Links: What is a browser? Concepts > Internet > Web Technologies > Web Browser Web Server The term Web server refers to software that fulfills Web page requests from Web clients, and the computers that run such software. Web hosting companies provide Web service and Web storage services to individuals and businesses for an annual fee. Concepts > Internet > Web Technologies > Web Server URL http:// www. cengage.com/ coursetechnology/ index.html Protocol Web server Domain name Location on server Requested file http://www.cengage.com/coursetechnology/index.html Top-Level Domains .com .net .biz .gov .edu .me .org .mobi A Uniform Resource Locator, more commonly called a URL, acts as a Web page address, incorporating the domain name of the Web server and the location of the Web page file on the server. Links: Go Daddy Concepts > Internet > Web Technologies > URL HTML Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the primary markup language used to specify the formatting of a Web page. Concepts > Internet > Web Technologies > HTML XML XML (Extensible Markup Language) provides a method for describing and classifying Internetdelivered data so that it is easier to organize and manage. XML code used to catalogue a collection of CDs Concepts > Internet > Web Technologies > XML CSS Cascading Style Sheets or CSS allows easy application of visual styles for fonts, colors, layout, and other page attributes to create a visual theme for Web pages and sites. Provides a consistent design and appearance across multiple pages on a Web site. Links: CSS Zen Garden Concepts > Internet > Web Technologies > CSS Web Development Software Web development software allows developers to create Web pages more easily using a wordprocessing-style environment and automating complex coding activities. WYSIWYG (pronounced “wizziewig”) implies that the Web page you design with the Web development software will look the same when published on the Web. Links: Weebly Concepts > Internet > Web Technologies > Web Development Software Cookie A cookie, sometimes called an HTTP cookie, is a small text file placed on a user’s computer by a Web server in order to identify the user whenever he or she returns to visit a Web site. Cookie files can contain data or perhaps a unique identifier that is used to look up your personal profile in a database on the server. Links: Information about Cookies on Microsoft.com How to manage cookies in Firefox Web browser Concepts > Internet > Web Technologies > Cookie Cookies 101 Links: Cookies 101 Concepts > Internet > Web Technologies > Cookie Plug-In Flash Player, Acrobat Reader, Java Runtime Environment, QuickTime, RealPlayer, Windows Media Player A plug-in, also called an extension or add-on, works with a Web browser to offer extended services such as audio players, video, animation, 3D graphics viewers, and interactive media. Links: Concepts > Internet > Web Technologies > Plug-In Internet Explorer Add-ons Firefox Add-ons Safari Add-ons Really Simple Syndication (RSS) Really Simple Syndication, or RSS, is a Web technology used to automatically deliver frequently updated Web content, such as blogs, podcasts, and news, in a standardized fashion. Concepts > Internet > Web Technologies > RSS Google Reader Links: Google Reader Concepts > Internet > Web Technologies > RSS Web Applications Internet and Web applications are varied and many, assisting individuals, businesses, and organizations with all facets of life including education, news and information sharing, communication, travel, commerce, and entertainment. In this section: • Search Engine • Portal • Internet Communications • Online Information • Online News Concepts > Internet > Web Applications • • • • Online Education Online Travel Maps and Geolocation Online Employment Support • Online Music • • • • • Online TV and Video Online Games Web 2.0 Social Media Web 3.0 Search Engine A search engine is a valuable software tool that enables users to find information on the Web by specifying words that are key to their topics of interest – keywords. Links: Concepts > Internet > Web Applications > Search Engine Google Microsoft Bing Yahoo Dogpile Mahalo Portal A Web portal is a Web page that combines useful information and links, and acts as an entry point to the Web – the first page you open when you begin browsing the Web. Links: Concepts > Internet > Web Applications > Portal MSN iGoogle My Yahoo! About.com my SIUE Web 2.0 Web 2.0 refers to Web resources that allow average users to collaborate and contribute to Web content, and to the transition of the Web from an information resource to a computing platform. Concepts > Internet > Web Applications > Web 2.0 Evolution Web 1.0 2.0 3.0 Links: Evolution Web 1.0, Web 2.0 to Web 3.0 Concepts > Internet > Web Applications > Web Evolution Web 3.0 Web 3.0 refers to the next major change that will take place in Web technology, and as such is speculation at this point. Amit Agrawal states that Web 3.0 is, among other things, about the Semantic Web and personalization (Wikipedia). Concepts > Internet > Web Applications > Web 3.0 WWW in Plain English Links: World Wide Web in Plain English Concepts > Internet > Recap Discussion Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. We often hear about information “in the cloud.” How has this concept changed the direction of the Internet? Share ideas on how the “digital divide” can be addressed so that everyone has access to technology and the Internet. List Internet service providers (ISPs) in your local area and compare the services they offer. Explain the role of the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) when you send information over the Internet. What are some things to consider when choosing a domain name for your personal Web site? Business Web site? List the benefits and drawbacks to combining voice, video, and data communications into one interface, such as Skype. Describe what happens when you visit a Web site where cookie files are enabled. Should you worry about the information collected by these files? Why or why not. How would you choose between using a RSS feed or a blog to learn about current events on the web? Google and Bing are two of today’s most popular search engines. Explain how they are different. Which do you prefer and why? Concepts > Internet > Discussion Questions