* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download prevention of global economic crisis in perspective of applied
Persecution of Buddhists wikipedia , lookup
Buddhist ethics wikipedia , lookup
Greco-Buddhism wikipedia , lookup
Triratna Buddhist Community wikipedia , lookup
Enlightenment in Buddhism wikipedia , lookup
Buddhism and psychology wikipedia , lookup
History of Buddhism in Cambodia wikipedia , lookup
Chinese Buddhism wikipedia , lookup
History of Buddhism wikipedia , lookup
Buddhism and sexual orientation wikipedia , lookup
Dalit Buddhist movement wikipedia , lookup
History of Buddhism in India wikipedia , lookup
Buddhism in Japan wikipedia , lookup
Buddhism and Western philosophy wikipedia , lookup
Buddhism in Vietnam wikipedia , lookup
Buddhism in Myanmar wikipedia , lookup
Women in Buddhism wikipedia , lookup
Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent wikipedia , lookup
PREVENTION OF GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS IN PERSPECTIVE OF APPLIED BUDDHISM ANKUR BARUA, DIPAK KUMAR BARUA, M. A. BASILIO Hong Kong, 2010 Background: Dr. Ankur Barua had graduated with distinction from the University of Hong Kong (MBuddStud, 2009). He had also completed two other Master Degrees, one from Sikkim Manipal University (MBAIT, 2007) while the other from Manipal University (MBBS-2000, MD in Community Medicine - 2003) and presently working as Associate Professor of Community Medicine at Melaka-Manipal Medical College in Malaysia. Dr. Dipak Kumar Barua was the earlier Dean of the Faculty Council for Postgraduate Studies in Education, Journalism & Library Science in the University of Calcutta (19871991) and the Director of Nava Nalanda Mahavihara, Nalanda (1996-1999). He is also the pioneer in developing the concept of applied Buddhism. Ms. M.A. Basilio is a nursing professional who has also a keen passion for research on religion and science. First Publication on 17th January 2010 Buddhist Door, Tung Lin Kok Yuen, Hong Kong Copyright © Ankur Barua, Dipak Kumar Barua and M.A.Basilio Communication Address of Corresponding Author: Dr. ANKUR BARUA Block – EE, No.-80, Flat No.-2A, Salt Lake City, Sector-2, Kolkata - 700091, West Bengal, INDIA. Email: [email protected] Mobile: +91-9434485543 (India), +60122569902 (Malaysia) Prevention of Global Economic Crisis in Perspective of Applied Buddhism Page 2 Acknowledgements The authors would like to extend their sincere thanks to Ven. Dr. Jing Yin, Professor of Buddhist Studies and Director of the Centre of Buddhist Studies in the University of Hong Kong for his kind support, inspiration, encouragement and timely advice during the compilation of this book. The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude and indebtedness to Prof. Y. Karunadasa and Ven. Dr. Guang Xing, the eminent professors at the Centre of Buddhist Studies in the University of Hong Kong for their constant encouragement, constructive criticism, personal attention and valuable guidance throughout this work. Prevention of Global Economic Crisis in Perspective of Applied Buddhism Page 3 PREVENTION OF GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS IN PERSPECTIVE OF APPLIED BUDDHISM Abstract Globalization is the latest expression of a long-standing strategy of development based on economic growth and liberalization of trade and finance. Globalization leads to the globalization of economy and the homogenization of culture. It can undermine local cultures and disrupt traditional relationships in a society with the assumption that free trade will also to lead to a more democratic society. Prevention of Global Economic Crisis in Perspective of Applied Buddhism Page 4 Modern Buddhism has become an intrinsic part of a globalized world. With its philosophy of the way of life, it takes special place in human and cultural identity. Buddhism in modern times had already incorporated either other genuine Asian traditions or Western traditions and merged with the socio-cultural backgrounds of many countries across the world. Buddhism stresses the principle of interdependence which is also the foundation of globalization in economic interest. An important truth is that no economic system is valuefree. Every system of production and consumption encourages the development of certain values and discourages others. So, it is not possible for economics to be free of values when, in fact, it is rooted in the human mind. Prevention of Global Economic Crisis in Perspective of Applied Buddhism Page 5 The economic process begins with want, continues with choice and ends with satisfaction. All of these are functions of the mind. We need to give up our attachments to material wealth and conquer greed and obsession for social recognition at individual level in order to make the economy value free. The practice of ‘Dāna’ or ‘giving’ is the traditional Buddhist way of redistribution of wealth. Dāna is selfless giving. It is giving in the spirit of Non-clinging. Non-clinging is the Wisdom of Insight into the Insubstantiality (Anattā; Nairātmya) or Emptiness (Śūnyatā) of all things. The emphasis on ‘Dāna’ and meritmaking is the Buddhist contribution to the healthy and uniform economic globalization. Key words: Dāna, Globalization, Buddhism, Applied, Redistribution, Wealth, Economy. Prevention of Global Economic Crisis in Perspective of Applied Buddhism Page 6 PREVENTION OF GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS IN PERSPECTIVE OF APPLIED BUDDHISM Introduction The issue of globalization is directly or indirectly affecting all our lives. Globalization leads to the globalization of economy and the homogenization of culture. It can undermine local cultures and disrupt traditional relationships in a society with the assumption that free trade will also lead to the formation of a more democratic society. Unfortunately, the effects of the globalization of business and trade are often disastrous for underdeveloped nations.1,2 Prevention of Global Economic Crisis in Perspective of Applied Buddhism Page 7 These nations provide the raw materials and cheap labor which are necessary to make globalization prosperous for the more developed nations. Though there are successes in the process of globalization, there is much unrest in the poor and underdeveloped nations which are deep in debt and suffer internal conflict, poverty, droughts and famines.1,2 The concept of globalization is important for Buddhism because Buddhism is a global, world faith. Buddhism in modern times had already incorporated either other genuine Asian traditions or Western traditions and merged with the socio-cultural backgrounds of many countries across the world. Buddhism stresses the principle of interdependence which is also the foundation of globalization in economic interest.1,2 Prevention of Global Economic Crisis in Perspective of Applied Buddhism Page 8 A Buddhist Perception of Globalization Globalization is the latest expression of a long-standing strategy of development based on economic growth and liberalization of trade and finance. This results in the progressive integration of economies of nations across the world through the unrestricted flow of global trade and investment. The mainstream approach is generally rooted in the underlying assumption that globalization brings jobs, technology, income and wealth to societies. In order to make this strategy of globalization successful, all the societies must be willing to submit to the principles of the free market—limiting public spending, privatizing public services, removing barriers to foreign investment, strengthening export production and controlling inflation. However, this is very difficult task to achieve within a short span of time.1,2,3 Prevention of Global Economic Crisis in Perspective of Applied Buddhism Page 9 As a result, most often, globalized production has led to a litany of social and ecological crises: poverty and powerlessness of the majority of people, destruction of community, depletion of natural resources and unendurable pollution.1,2,3 Prevention of Global Economic Crisis in Perspective of Applied Buddhism Page 10 Buddhism and the Problem of Global Economic Crisis When we evaluate an economic system, we should consider not only how efficiently it produces and distributes goods, but also its effects on human values, and through them its larger social effects. The collective values that it encourages should be consistent with the individual Buddhist values that reduce the Dukkha. As the individual and social values cannot be delinked, the crucial issue remains as whether our economic system is conducive to the ethical and spiritual development of its members. Much of the philosophical reflection on economics has focused on questions about human nature. Those who defend market capitalism argue that its emphasis on competition and personal gain is grounded in the fact that Prevention of Global Economic Crisis in Perspective of Applied Buddhism Page 11 humans are fundamentally self-centered and selfinterested. Critics of capitalism argue that our basic nature is more cooperative and generous that is, we are naturally more selfless.3,4 Buddhism avoids that debate by taking a different approach. The Buddha emphasized that we all have both unwholesome and unwholesome traits (kusala / akusalamula). The important issue is the practical matter of how to reduce our unwholesome characteristics and develop the more wholesome ones. This process is symbolized by the lotus flower. Although rooted in the mud and muck at the bottom of a pond, the lotus grows upwards to bloom on the surface, thus representing our potential to purify ourselves.5 Prevention of Global Economic Crisis in Perspective of Applied Buddhism Page 12 Our unwholesome characteristics are usually summarized as the "three poisons" or three roots of evil: lobha - greed, dosa - anger and moha - delusion. The goal of the Buddhist way of life is to eliminate these roots by transforming them into their positive counterparts: greed into generosity (Dāna), anger into loving-kindness (metta), and delusion into wisdom (prajna).5,6 Economists talk about demand, but their concern to be objective and value-neutral does not allow them to evaluate different types of demand. The "engine" of the economic process is the desire for continual profits and in order to keep making those profits people must consume more. Harnessing this type of motivation has been extraordinarily successful depending on your definition of success.3,4 Prevention of Global Economic Crisis in Perspective of Applied Buddhism Page 13 According to the Worldwatch Institute, more goods and services were consumed in the forty years between 1950 and 1990 (measured in constant dollars) than by all the previous generations in human history. According to the United Nations Human Development Report for 1999, the world spent at least $435 billion the previous year for advertising, plus well over $100 billion for public relations and marketing. The result is 270 million "global teens" who now inhabit a single pop-culture world, consuming the same designer clothes, music and soft drinks.3,4 While this growth has given us opportunities that our grandparents never dreamed of, we have also become more sensitive to the negative consequences such as its staggering ecological impact and the worsening maldistribution of this wealth. Prevention of Global Economic Crisis in Perspective of Applied Buddhism Page 14 A child in the developed countries consumes and pollutes 30 to 50 times as much as a poor one in an undeveloped country, according to the same UNHDR. Today 1.2 billion people survive on less than a dollar a day and almost half the world's population live on less than two dollars a day. The 20% of people in the richest countries enjoy 86% of the world's consumption, the poorest 20% only 1.3%. Thus, the gap of globalization is increasing and not decreasing.3,4 From a Buddhist perspective, the fundamental problem with consumerism is the delusion that genuine happiness can be found this way. If insatiable desires (tanha) are the source of the frustration (dukkha) that we experience in our daily lives, then such consumption, which distracts us and intoxicates us, is not the solution to our unhappiness Prevention of Global Economic Crisis in Perspective of Applied Buddhism Page 15 but one of its main symptoms. That brings us to the final irony of this addiction to consumption: also according to the 1999 UNHDR, the percentage of Americans who considered themselves happy peaked in 1957, despite the fact that consumption per person has more than doubled since then. At the same time, studies of U.S. households have found that between 1986 and 1994 the amount of money people think they need to live happily has doubled. That seems paradoxical, but it is not difficult to explain. When we define ourselves as consumers, we can never have enough. For reasons we never quite understand, consumerism never really gives us what we want from it; it works by keeping us thinking that the next thing we buy will satisfy us.4,5,7,8 Prevention of Global Economic Crisis in Perspective of Applied Buddhism Page 16 Higher incomes have certainly enabled many people to become more generous, but this has not been their main effect, because capitalism is based upon a very different principle: that capital should be used to create more capital. Rather than redistributing our wealth, we prefer to invest that wealth as a means to accumulate more and spend more, regardless of whether or not we need more. In fact, the question of whether or not we really need more has become rather quaint; you can never be too rich.4,5,6,8 This way of thinking has become natural for us, but it is uncommon in societies where advertising has not yet conditioned people into believing that happiness is something you purchase. International development agencies have been slow to realize what anthropologists Prevention of Global Economic Crisis in Perspective of Applied Buddhism Page 17 have long understood. In traditional cultures, income is not the primary criterion of well-being and sometimes it is not even a major one. The person who is sometimes ranked as poorest by the common people in a community is often a man who is probably the only person receiving a salary.6,7,8 Our obsession with economic growth seems natural to us because we have forgotten the hierarchy of "needs" that we often take for granted. We project our own values when we assume that a person must be unhappy by presuming that the only way to become happy is to start on the treadmill of a lifestyle increasingly preoccupied with consumption. Prevention of Global Economic Crisis in Perspective of Applied Buddhism Page 18 However, the importance of self-limitation, which requires some degree of non-attachment, is an essential human attribute to remain happy according to Buddhism. This is expressed better in a Tibetan Buddhist analogy. The world is full of thorns and sharp stones (and now broken glass too). What should we do about this? One solution is to pave over the entire earth, but a simpler alternative is to wear shoes. "Paving the whole planet" is a good metaphor for how our collective technological and economic project is attempting to make us happy. Without the wisdom of self-limitation, we will not be satisfied even when we have used up all the earth's resources. The other solution is for our minds to learn how to "wear shoes," so that our collective ends become an expression of the renewable means that the biosphere provides.5,6,8 Prevention of Global Economic Crisis in Perspective of Applied Buddhism Page 19 Our evangelical efforts to economically "develop" other societies, which cherish their own spiritual values and community traditions, might be viewed as a contemporary form of religious imperialism. Conventional economic theory assumes that resources are limited but our desires are infinitely expandable. As we know, desire leads to frustration and it is a major cause of anger and hatred. Without self-limitation desire also becomes a cause for conflict. From a Buddhist point of view, our economic emphasis on competition and individual gain encourages the development of anger and hatred in the mind rather than cultivating the loving-kindness. A society where people do not feel that they benefit from sharing with each other is a society that has already begun to break down.3,5,6,7,8 Prevention of Global Economic Crisis in Perspective of Applied Buddhism Page 20 The Buddha warned against negative feelings such as envy (issa) and avarice (macchariya). Issa becomes intense when certain possessions are enjoyed by one section of society while another section does not have the opportunity to acquire them. Macchariya is the selfish enjoyment of goods while greedily guarding them from others. A society in which these psychological tendencies predominate may be materially wealthy but it is spiritually poor.3,5,6,7,8 The globalization of market capitalism is a victory for "free trade" over the inefficiencies of protectionism and special interests. Free trade seems to realize in the economic sphere the supreme value that we place on freedom. It optimizes access to resources and markets. But despite its success, it is only one historically-conditioned way of Prevention of Global Economic Crisis in Perspective of Applied Buddhism Page 21 understanding and reorganizing the world. However, if we view "free trade" from a different perspective provided by Buddhism, we shall understand that such an idea helps us to see presuppositions usually taken for granted. The Buddhist critique of a value-free economics suggests that globalizing capitalism is neither natural nor inevitable.1,2,3 The critical stage in the development of market capitalism occurred during the industrial revolution (1750 1850 in England), when new technologies led to the "liberation" of a critical mass of land, labor, and capital. They became understood in a new way for commodities to be bought and sold. The world had to be converted into exchangeable "resources" for market forces to interact freely and productively.3,4 Prevention of Global Economic Crisis in Perspective of Applied Buddhism Page 22 But it was strongly resisted by most people at the time and was later successfully implemented only because of strong government support for it. For those who had capital to invest, the industrial revolution was very profitable. But for most people industrial commoditization seems to have been experienced as a tragedy. The earth became commoditized into a collection of resources to be exploited. Human life became commoditized into labor or work time and was also priced according to supply and demand. All these became means which the new economy used to generate more capital.3,4 From a religious perspective, when things become treated as commodities they lose their spiritual dimension. The commoditized understanding induces a sharp duality between humans and the rest of the world. All value is Prevention of Global Economic Crisis in Perspective of Applied Buddhism Page 23 created by our goals and desires. The rest of the world has no meaning or value except when it serves our purposes. This now seems quite natural to us, because we have been conditioned to think and live this way. For Buddhism, however, such a dualistic understanding is delusive. The world is a web; nothing has any reality of its own apart from that web, because everything is dependent on everything else. The concept of interdependence challenges our usual sense of separation from the world. The feeling that ‘I am here and the world is out there’, is at the root of our Dukkha and it alienates us from the world where we live. This non-dual interdependence of things was experienced by the Buddha when he became enlightened. The Buddhist path works by helping us to realize our interdependence and non-duality with the world and to live in harmony with it.5,6,7,8 Prevention of Global Economic Crisis in Perspective of Applied Buddhism Page 24 Application of Buddhist Economics in Prevention of Global Credit Crisis The traditional Buddhist teachings have many important social implications. Buddhism does not separate economic issues from ethical or spiritual ones. The notion that economics is a "social science" related to discovering and applying impersonal economic laws always obscures two important truths. First important truth is that the concept of who gets what and who does not depends on moral considerations. So, production and distribution of economic goods and services should not be left only to the supposedly objective rules of the marketplace. If some people have much more than what they need while others have much less, some sort of redistribution is necessary.1,2,5,8 Prevention of Global Economic Crisis in Perspective of Applied Buddhism Page 25 Thus, the practice of ‘Dāna’ or ‘giving’ is the traditional Buddhist way of redistribution of wealth. Dāna is selfless giving. It is giving in the spirit of Non-clinging. Non-clinging is the Wisdom of Insight into the Insubstantiality (Anattā; Nairātmya) or Emptiness (Śūnyatā) of all things. The emphasis on ‘Dāna’ and merit-making is the Buddhist perspective on the economic globalization.1,2,5,8 The second important truth is that no economic system is value-free. Every system of production and consumption encourages the development of certain values and discourages others. The economic process begins with want, continues with choice and ends with satisfaction. All of these are functions of the mind.1,2,5,8 Prevention of Global Economic Crisis in Perspective of Applied Buddhism Page 26 Abstract values are thus the beginning, the middle and the end of economics. So it is impossible for economics to be value-free. Yet many economists avoid any consideration of values, ethics or mental qualities, despite the fact that these will always have a bearing on economic concerns.1,2,5,8 At present, without the help from government and industry for boosting a new direction in policy, people are starting to change the economy from the bottom up towards more human-scale structures which are more consistent with the Buddhist viewpoint. This process of localization has begun spontaneously, in countless communities all around the world.3,4 Prevention of Global Economic Crisis in Perspective of Applied Buddhism Page 27 Because economic localization means an adaptation to cultural and biological diversity, no single strategy would be applicable everywhere.3,4 The range of possibilities for local grassroots efforts is as diverse as the locales in which they take place. In many towns community banks and loan funds have been set up, thereby increasing the capital available to local residents and businesses. This system is promoting people to invest in their neighbors and their community, rather than in a faceless global economy. In other communities, ‘buy-local’ campaigns are helping locally owned businesses survive even when pitted against heavily subsidized corporate competitors.3,4 Prevention of Global Economic Crisis in Perspective of Applied Buddhism Page 28 These campaigns not only help to keep money from leaking out of the local economy, but also help educate people about the hidden costs in purchasing cheaper, but distantly produced products. In some communities, Local Exchange and Trading Systems (LETS) have been established as an organized, large-scale bartering system. Thus, even people with little or no ‘real’ money can participate in and benefit from the local economy. LETS systems have been particularly beneficial in areas with high unemployment. The city government of Birmingham, England, where unemployment hovers at 20%, is a cosponsor of a highly successful LETS scheme. These initiatives have psychological benefits that are just as important as the economic benefits. A large number of people, who were once merely ‘unemployed’ and therefore treated as ‘useless’, are becoming valued for their skills and knowledge.3,4 Prevention of Global Economic Crisis in Perspective of Applied Buddhism Page 29 One of the most exciting grassroots efforts is the Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) movement, in which consumers in towns and cities link up directly with a nearby farmer. In some cases, consumers purchase an entire season’s produce in advance, sharing the risk with the farmer. In others, shares of the harvest are purchased in monthly or quarterly installments. Consumers usually have a chance to visit the farm where their food is grown, and in some cases their help on the farm is welcomed. While small farmers linked to the industrial system continue to fail every year at an alarming rate, CSAs are allowing small-scale diversified farms to thrive in growing numbers. CSAs have spread rapidly throughout Europe, North America, Australia and Japan. In the United States, the number of CSAs has climbed from only two in 1986 to 200 in 1992, and is closer to 1,000 today.3,4 Prevention of Global Economic Crisis in Perspective of Applied Buddhism Page 30 Buddhism provides us with both the imperative and the tools to challenge the economic structures that are creating and perpetuating suffering the world over. We cannot claim to be Buddhist and simultaneously support structures which are so clearly contrary to Buddha’s teachings, unethical to life itself. The economic and structural changes needed should involve rediscovering the deep psychological benefits of joy of being embedded in the community and this fundamental shift would also involve the reintroduction of a sense of connection with the place where we live. Buddhists in China also faced with this same reality earlier. Thus, over the time Buddhism became more focused to become engaged. However, as the Buddha taught, our spiritual awakening comes from making a connection to others and to the nature.5,6,8 Prevention of Global Economic Crisis in Perspective of Applied Buddhism Page 31 This requires us to see the world within us and to experience more consciously the great interdependent web of life. In this way the principles of impermanence and interdependence exhort us to interact with others and with nature in a wise, compassionate and sustainable way.5,6,8 Prevention of Global Economic Crisis in Perspective of Applied Buddhism Page 32 Conclusion Buddhism shows us the possibility of a better way of leading a stress-free life. The teachings of the Buddha are based on a different way of understanding the relationship between ourselves and the world. From the Buddhist perspective, economic growth and consumerism are unsatisfactory alternatives because they evade the basic problem of life, which is suffering, by distracting us with symbolic substitutes such as money, status and power.5,6,8 Modern Buddhism has become an intrinsic part of a globalized world. With its philosophy of the way of life, it takes special place in human and cultural identity. However, modern Buddhism has showed its potential to transcend the crucial problems of modernity. Prevention of Global Economic Crisis in Perspective of Applied Buddhism Page 33 References 1. Quang, T.T. 2009. Buddhism and Globalization. Bliss and Growth. Blag Biz. 2. Loy, D. 2007. A Buddhist View of Globalization. Buddhist Peace Fellowship. Japan: Bunkyo University. 3. Power, G. 1997. Globalization and its Discontents in Development. The Journal of the Society for International Development 40(2). 4. Schumacher, E.F. 1975. Small is Beautiful: Economics as if People Mattered. New York: Harper. 5. Payutto, P.A. 1994. Buddhist Economics: A Middle Way for the Market Place. (translated by Dhammavijaya and Bruce Evans) Second Edition. Bangkok: Buddhadhamma Foundation. Prevention of Global Economic Crisis in Perspective of Applied Buddhism Page 34 6. Sizemore, R.F., Swearer, D.K., ed. 1990. Ethics, Wealth and Salvation: A Study in Buddhist Social Ethics. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina. 7. David R. Loy, "The Religion of the Market" in Visions of a New Earth: Religious Perspectives on Population, Consumption and Ecology, edited by Harold Coward and Dan Maguire (Albany, New York: State University of New York Press, 1999. 8. Hodge, H.N. 2009. Buddhism in the Global Economy. Berkeley, US: ISEC. Prevention of Global Economic Crisis in Perspective of Applied Buddhism Page 35