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Earth Science Study Guide: Chapter 2 Name _____________________________ Vocabulary: Atom – smallest unit of an element Molecule – two or more atoms chemically combined (O2) Compound – two or more elements chemically combined (SiO2) Physical properties – observable characteristic of a substance that will not change the chemical composition of the substance 5. Chemical properties – describes how a substance interacts with other substances to create a new substance 6. Salt – compound formed from an alkali metal (group 1) and a halogen (group 17) 1. 2. 3. 4. Concepts: Recognize compounds of silicates and non-silicates by their chemical formula. Recognize elements versus compounds. Cu (copper) & Ag (silver) are elements Compounds contain more than one element SiO2 is a silicate called quartz Al2O3 Aluminum oxide is a non-silicate Vocabulary: 1. Mineral – natural inorganic solid found in earth’s crust 2. Inorganic – NOT made up or produced by living organisms or their remains 3. Silicate – mineral that contains atoms of silicon and oxygen (ex: quartz, feldspar) 4. Non-silicate - minerals that do not contain silicon (only 4% of the Earth’s minerals) 5. Crystal - a natural shape of specific geometric arrangement 6. Streak - color of a mineral in powder form 7. Density - the ratio of the mass of a substance to its volume 8. Luster - light reflected from the surface of a mineral (metallic & non-metallic) 9. Fluorescence - ability to glow under UV light 10. Phosphorescence - minerals that continue to glow even after exposure to UV light stops 11. Cleavage - the surface on which a mineral breaks 12. Fracture -minerals that break unevenly, in irregular pieces 13. Hardness - the ability to resist scratches 14. Loadstone - a natural magnet; form of magnetite OVER Concepts: Characteristics of Minerals: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Naturally occurring (a diamond made in a lab is NOT a mineral) Solid Inorgainc (not made up or produced by living organisms or their remains) Definite chemical composition (halite is always NaCl) Definite crystal structure (Silicates always form a silicon-oxygen tetrahedron) Know the most common elements found in the Earth’s crust and their relative amounts: (you do NOT need to memorize the %) o oxygen (46%) o silicon (28%) o aluminum (8%) o iron (5%) (Example: oxygen is the most common element, aluminum is the most common metal) < 4% calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium Silicates: Of the over 3000 minerals, only 20 are common. 10 minerals make up 90% of the earth’s crust. Silicates (contain Silicon and Oxygen) make up 97 % of the earth’s crust. Quartz and Feldspar alone make-up 50% of the earth’s crust. Nonsilicates: Identify the major groups of nonsilicate minerals carbonates, halides, native elements, oxides, sulfates, and sulfides (p. 47-49) Non-silicates make up about 4% of the earth’s crust Mineral identification: Understand and identify the characteristics of minerals for identification: color, streak, luster, cleavage/fracture, hardness, crystal shape, density Be able to use Mohs’ scale of hardness [1 is softest (talc), 10 is hardest (diamond)] Order of hardness using scratch test: fingernail, copper, steel, glass, quartz Recognize these crystal shapes (p. 166): isometric (3 axis of equal length at 90º angles) – galena, halite, and pyrite hexagonal (intersect at 60º angles) – quartz and calcite Identify special or unusual properties of some elements: magnetism – loadstone fluorescence – calcite radioactivity - uranium double image – calcite Review homework assignments and lab reports.