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Chapter 3
CASE STUDY
Khalil Larkins, an 18-year-old senior at Wolfridge
High School, was running the 100-meter dash for
his qualifying time. As he left his starting block, he
heard a “pop” and instantly felt a sharp pain in the
upper back part of his left leg. He struggled as he
limped off the track. His teammates helped him to
the treatment area, where his trainer could assess
him. After a quick evaluation, the trainer placed
ice on Khalil’s left hamstring, the muscle in the
posterior upper leg. Khalil was instructed to stay
off his left leg and was given a pair of crutches to
use until he could be examined by a physician.
The next morning, Khalil’s pain had not
subsided, and now there was swelling, bruising,
and tenderness at the injury site. Khalil continued
to use his crutches to move around, and when
it was convenient, he iced the back part of his
upper left leg. The following day, Khalil saw
Dr. Schumacher for his initial assessment.
Dr. Schumacher was an orthopedist (OR-thohPEE-dist), or a medical specialist who treats
conditions and injuries of the musculoskeletal
(MUS-kyoo-loh-SKEL-uh-tuhl) system, which is
made up of the muscular and skeletal structures
and tissues of the body.
Dr. Schumacher determined that Khalil had a
strained, or pulled, hamstring in his left leg.
Chapter Objectives
Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to
1. identify and define medical terms associated
with the major structures and functions of the
muscular system;
2. recognize, define, spell, and pronounce terms
related to the pathology, diagnosis, and
treatment of muscular system diseases and
conditions; and
3. identify medical careers associated with the
diagnosis and treatment of muscular system
diseases and conditions.
What kinds of treatments do you think Dr. Schumacher
recommended for Khalil’s hamstring strain? What
facts in the case study led you to this answer? As you
read through this chapter, you will learn medical terms
that will help you understand the basic structures and
functions of the muscular system, as well as common
diseases and conditions, diagnostic tests and procedures,
and surgical and therapeutic treatments. You will refer
back to this case study when you interpret Khalil’s
medical record in the Chapter Review.
Medical Word Parts
conditions, diagnostic and surgical procedures,
and therapeutic treatment methods.
YOUR TURN
While studying, look for the
activity icon
•
•
•
•
to
• Practice identifying medical word
parts and abbreviations with
e-flash cards.
Review anatomical concepts with interactive art
labeling.
Assess your understanding of medical vocabulary with
e-flash cards and vocabulary games.
Listen to pronunciations of medical terms and spell
them in audio activities.
Expand your knowledge and skills with animated
videos.
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E-flash
Cards
The muscular system is made up of many unique
structures and parts, all of which have specific names
in the healthcare and medical fields. Mastery of the
combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes listed in the
tables that follow will help you understand medical
terms pertaining to the muscular system.
Combining Forms
The combining forms that follow are common
in medical terms used to describe muscular system
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Introduction to Medical Terminology
Combining Form
(Root Word plus
Combining Vowel)
articul/o
card/o, cardi/o
duct/o
electr/o
fasci/o
Meaning
joint
heart
to lead; to carry
electricity
fibrous band; fascia
(Continued)
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Combining Form
fibr/o
flex/o
kines/o, kinesi/o
lei/o
muscul/o
my/o, myos/o
myocardi/o
neur/o
orth/o
ped/o
plant/o
radi/o
rhabd/o
sarc/o
son/o
tax/o
ten/o, tendin/o,
tendon/o
tens/o
ton/o
vers/o
Meaning
fiber
to bend
movement
smooth
muscle
muscle
heart muscle
nerve
straight; normal
child; foot
sole of the foot
X-rays
rod-shaped
flesh; connective tissue
sound
coordination; order
tendon
stretched; strained
tone; tension
turn; turning
Prefixes
The prefixes that follow are not specific to muscular system terminology. These universal prefixes are used in many other medical terms, as you
will see in your study of medical terminology and
other body systems.
Prefix
a-, anabadbibradycircumdorsidyse-, exhemihyperhypo-
Meaning
not; without
away; away from
toward
two; both
slow
around
back
painful; difficult
out; away from
half
above; above normal;
excessive
below; below normal;
deficient
(Continued)
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Prefix
inpar-, para-
Meaning
in; into; not
near; beside; alongside;
beyond; abnormal
four
fast
three
quadritachytri-
Suffix
-tomy
-tonia
-trophy
Ponder This
Suffixes
The suffixes that follow are common in medical terms used to describe health conditions,
diagnostic tests and procedures, and therapeutic
treatments related to the muscular system. You
will encounter many of the same suffixes in your
study of other body systems.
Suffix
-ac, -al, -ar, -ic
-algia
-asthenia
-cele
-ceps
-dynia
-ectomy
-esthesia
-gram
-graphy
-ia
-ion
-itis
-logy
-lysis
-malacia
-oma
-paresis
-penia
-plasty
-plegia
-plegic
-rrhexis
-scope
-scopy
Meaning
process of cutting; incision
tone; tension
condition of growth or
development
Meaning
pertaining to
pain
weakness
hernia; swelling;
protrusion
heads (attachments)
pain
surgical removal; excision
sensation
record; image
process of recording
condition
process; state; condition
inflammation
study of
breakdown; separation;
loosening
softening
tumor; mass
weakness
deficiency
surgical repair
paralysis
pertaining to paralysis
rupture
instrument used to view
visual examination using
a scope
Trapezius, deltoid, gluteus maximus, sartorius...
it’s all Greek and Latin. Why do you think so
many structures in the body get their names from
long, sometimes difficult-to-pronounce words that
originated in ancient cultures? Why would modernera science and medicine benefit from the continued
use of terms that come from Greek and Latin?
Anatomy and Physiology
What is your favorite sport or activity? Do you
enjoy volleyball, football, swimming, cycling, or
dancing? Without muscles, none of these activities—or other forms of movement—would be
possible.
The muscular system is composed of different
kinds of tissue that work together to perform several essential functions. These essential functions
include
• holding body parts in position and making
movement possible;
• providing a protective covering for the internal
organs;
• producing, through movement, nearly 85 percent of the heat that keeps the body warm;
• moving food through the digestive system;
• aiding blood flow through the veins as blood
returns to the heart; and
• assisting with the movement of fluids through
the ducts and vessels of other body systems.
Figure 3.1 illustrates some of the major muscles
in the body. As you view the figure, consider what
muscles of the body perform what functions.
Fascinating Fact
On average, muscles make up 40 to 45 percent
of your body weight. Your body has more than
630 muscles that help you perform different kinds
of movement.
Muscle Tissue Types
Muscle is a type of body tissue made up of
bundles of fibers (long, slender cells) that are held
together by connective tissue. When nerves stimulate muscle fibers, the fibers contract (become
shorter and thicker), causing body movement.
Muscles that are stimulated to move through
conscious control are called voluntary muscles.
The phrase “conscious control” does not mean
that your brain has to think about, or plan, every
muscular action before it is performed. Rather,
voluntary muscular activity is action that you can
control through the force of your will (for example,
swallowing). Much voluntary muscular activity
happens when you are giving little, if any, thought
to the actions that are performed by your body. By
contrast, muscles that are not stimulated to move
through conscious control are called involuntary
muscles. You cannot force yourself to move these
muscles through willpower (for example, the
heart beating).
Voluntary and involuntary muscles in the body
come in three types: skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle.
Skeletal muscle, also called striated (strigh-AYted) muscle, is voluntary muscle that is attached to
bone and can be contracted or relaxed through conscious control. Striated muscle has a distinctively
striped appearance and is composed of muscle
fibers. Skeletal muscle fibers are long, slender cells
grouped and held together with connective tissue
and covered with fascia (FASH-ee-uh), a band or
sheet of fibrous tissue that encloses a muscle or
group of muscles. Skeletal muscle is found in the
scalp, face, mouth, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice
box), neck, chest, vertebral column, arms and
hands, abdomen, back, and legs and feet.
Smooth muscle, also called visceral (VIS-uh-ruhl)
muscle, is a type of involuntary muscle, meaning it
is not controlled by conscious thought processes.
Smooth muscle surrounds internal organs and is
found throughout your respiratory tract, stomach,
intestines, and urinary tract. Smooth muscle contracts and relaxes to move contents through body
system passageways. This involuntary movement, known as peristalsis (PEER-ih-STAHL-sis),
enables blood to travel through arteries and veins,
food to move through the stomach and intestines,
and a fetus to be expelled through the birth canal.
(Continued)
Chapter 3 The Muscular System
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Introduction to Medical Terminology
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• elasticity (EE-las-TIS-ih-tee)—the ability of
skeletal muscle fibers to resume their resting
length when a stretching force is removed; for
example, when a spring is stretched and then
released, it returns to its original position.
• excitability (also called irritability)—the ability
of a skeletal muscle to receive and respond to
a nerve impulse by contracting. For example,
nerves send a message to the heart muscle,
and the heart pumps blood through the vessels
throughout the body.
• extensibility (eks-TENS-ih-BIL-ih-tee)—the ability of the skeletal muscles to be stretched. Extensibility is evident in the hamstrings and calf muscles
during a toe touch, for example.
Frontalis
Trapezius
Deltoid
Pectoralis major
Triceps brachii
Biceps brachii
Latissimus dorsi
Origin point
Coracoid
process
Origin point
Supraglenoid
tuberosity
Biceps
muscle
Insertion point
Tubercle of radius
Abdominal
muscles
The ratio of muscle to total body weight is often
expressed as a percentage. Percentages can
also be expressed as fractions. (For example,
¼ is 25 percent.) To calculate a percentage,
first set up a fraction. Then divide the
numerator (top number) by the denominator
(bottom number).
Directions: To practice calculating
percentages, do the word problems that follow.
Round your answers to the nearest whole
number.
1. Blake weighs 140 pounds, 60 pounds of
which are muscle. What percentage of
Blake’s body weight is muscle?
2. What is the percentage of muscle weight
for an 80-pound female with 35 pounds of
muscle?
Gluteus
medius
Gluteus maximus
Sartorius
Biceps femoris
Rectus femoris
Gastrocnemius
Achilles tendon
A. Anterior view
B. Posterior view
Label
art
Figure 3.1 Anterior and posterior views of the major muscles in the body.
Cardiac muscle, also called myocardial (MIGHoh-KAR-dee-uhl) muscle, is found only in the
heart. Like smooth muscle, cardiac muscle is
unconsciously controlled. As cardiac muscle
involuntarily contracts, it pumps blood from the
heart into blood vessels.
Fascinating Fact
You probably have heard the saying, “It takes more
muscles to frown than it does to smile.” Did you
know that you have more than 30 facial muscles
that produce a range of subtly different expressions
including happiness, sadness, surprise, anger, fear,
disgust, and astonishment?
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Muscle Tissue Properties
Muscle tissue has many unique properties. It is
the only tissue in the body that has the following
physiological characteristics:
• automaticity
(AW-toh-muh-TIH-sih-tee)—the
ability of a muscle to contract without the involvement of a nerve supply. Automaticity is a property of visceral, smooth, and cardiac muscles.
• contractility (KAHN-trak-TIL-ih-tee)—the ability of a skeletal muscle to contract (shorten); for
example, the biceps muscle contracts when the
arm is flexed.
Chapter 3 The Muscular System
63
Muscle Origin and Insertion
Skeletal muscle plays a vital role in directional
movements of the skeleton. The connecting parts
of each muscle are specific to that muscle and the
bone to which the muscle is connected. Skeletal
muscle is attached to bone at both ends of the
muscle.
Typically, during contraction, one end of a muscle remains fixed in its position, and the other end
of the muscle moves. The origin of a muscle is the
attachment site that does not move when the muscle
contracts; the insertion is the attachment site that
moves during muscular contraction. Figure 3.2
illustrates examples of origin and insertion points
in the shoulder and forearm.
Most skeletal muscle is attached to bone by
tendons. A tendon is a band of fibrous tissue that
64
Introduction to Medical Terminology
Biceps
muscle
Figure 3.2 The insertion is the attachment site that
moves during muscular contraction. The origin is the
muscular attachment site that does not move.
connects muscle to bone (Figure 3.3). The Achilles
tendon, for example, attaches the gastrocnemius
(GAS-trok-NEE-mee-us) muscle on the calf of the
leg to the calcaneus (kal-KAY-nee-us), or heel bone.
Tendons are different from ligaments. As you
learned in Chapter 2: The Skeletal System, a
ligament is a fibrous cord of tissue that attaches
bone to bone. Ligaments usually impart stability
by holding structures together (Figure 3.3).
Skeletal Muscle Organization
The basic structure of muscles includes several connective tissue layers (Figure 3.4). The
inner layer, or endomysium (EN-doh-MIZ-eeum), is a fine sheath of areolar connective tissue
around each muscle fiber. Areolar tissue consists of
loosely woven fibers and many blood vessels. The
perimysium (PEER-ih-MIZ-ee-um) is a sheath
of connective tissue that surrounds bundles of
muscle fibers called fascicles (FAS-ih-kuhlz). The
outer layer, or epimysium (EP-ih-MIZ-ee-um), is
a dense, fibrous connective tissue that surrounds
the entire muscle. All of these structures are surrounded by fascia (FASH-ee-uh), fibrous connective tissue that binds muscles into functional
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groups and envelops other structures in the body,
such as bones, nerves, and blood vessels.
The muscular system has its own blood and nerve
supply. Muscles have arteries, veins, and capillaries
due to their remarkable energy needs and the metabolic waste they generate as a product of contraction.
Ligament
Bone
Joint capsule
Fascinating Fact
The eye muscles are the most active muscles in
the body. Scientists estimate that these muscles
may move more than 100,000 times a day.
Skeletal
muscle
Directional Motion
Tendon
Three factors make the muscular system capable of moving the body: muscle type, muscle
excitability (stimulation of a muscle by a nerve
impulse), and opposition between agonist (AGuh-nist) and antagonist (an-TAG-uh-nist) muscle
pairs (Figure 3.5).
Agonist and antagonist muscle pairs work in
opposition to create body movement. In these
pairs, the agonist is the muscle that causes the primary movement. The antagonist is the muscle that
works against this movement. For example, when
you flex your arm, your biceps muscle functions
as the agonist. When you straighten your arm, the
biceps muscle becomes the antagonist while the
triceps muscle functions as the agonist to achieve
primary muscular movement. For this reason,
agonist muscles are referred to as “prime movers.”
Figure 3.3 Tendons connect muscle to bone, and ligaments connect bone to bone.
Muscle fiber
Fascicle (wrapped by perimysium)
Many types of muscular movement have a
directional opposite; therefore, the directional
motions produced by agonist and antagonist muscles are typically categorized in pairs, as described
in the table that follows, with a couple of exceptions. These movements are described from the
perspective of anatomical position.
Directional Movements
Movement of a body
part away from the
midline of the body.
abduction
ab-DUK-shun
ab- = away from
duct/o = to lead
-ion = process; state;
condition
adduction
Tension
in biceps
(agonist)
Blood vessel
Triceps
relaxed
(antagonist)
Endomysium (covers fibers)
Perimysium
(covers fascicle)
Bone
Nerve impulses are vital to the directional
motion of the body. When nerve impulses are
impaired, a condition called paralysis (puhRAL-uh-sis) can occur. Paralysis prevents
muscular movement. The term neuromuscular
(NEW-roh-MUS-kyoo-ler) is used to describe
or define the relationship between nerves and
muscles in the body.
Directions: On a separate sheet of paper,
dissect the word neuromuscular into its
individual word parts. Identify each word part
(combining form, prefix, or suffix). Then define
each word part and the term as a whole.
Epimysium
(wraps entire muscle)
Movement of a body
part toward the
midline of the body.
uh-DUK-shun
ad- = toward
duct/o = to lead
-ion = process; state;
condition
inversion
in-VER-zhun
in- = in; into
vers/o = turn; turning
-ion = process; state;
condition
eversion
Tendon
Fascia
Animation
Label
art
Figure 3.5 Agonist and antagonist muscular pairs
work in opposition.
ee-VER-zhun
e- = out; away from
vers/o = turn; turning
-ion = process; state;
condition
The turning inward of
the sole of the foot.
The turning outward
of the sole of the foot.
(Continued)
Figure 3.4 The organization of skeletal muscle.
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Chapter 3 The Muscular System
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Introduction to Medical Terminology
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elevation
Directional Movements
Raising of a body part.
depression
Lowering of a body
part.
flexion
The movement of two
body surfaces toward
each other, as in the act
of bending.
FLEK-shun
flex/o = to bend
-ion = process; state;
condition
extension
eks-TEN-shun
ex- = out; away from
tens/o = stretched;
strained
-ion = process; state;
condition
hyperextension
HIGH-per-eks-TEN-shun
hyper- = above normal
tens/o = stretched;
strained
-ion = process; state;
condition
dorsiflexion
DOR-sih-FLEK-shun
dorsi- = back
flex/o = to bend
-ion = process; state;
condition
plantar flexion
PLAN-ter FLEK-shun
plant/o = sole of the
foot
-ar = pertaining to
flex/o = to bend
-ion = process; state;
condition
rotation
Directional Movements
Movement of a body
part around its
longitudinal axis—
that is, lengthwise.
(Imagine doing “the
Twist” with your foot.)
medial (internal)
rotation
The straightening of a
limb after it has been
flexed.
lateral (external)
rotation
The act of bending a
joint or limb beyond
normal extension or
range of motion.
pronation
proh-NAY-shun
Movement of the sole
of the foot upward
(flexed toward the
lower leg).
supination
SUP-ih-NAY-shun
circumduction
Motion of the plantar
surface (sole of the
foot) away from the
midline of the body.
SER-kum-DUK-shun
circum- = around
duct/o = to lead
-ion = process; state;
condition
Movement medially,
or toward the midline
of the body. (Imagine
rotating one foot
inward, toward the
other foot.)
Major Muscles and Their
Functions
table, along with brief descriptions of their main
functions.
The human body is made up of many muscles,
all with specific functions and names. People in
the fields of healthcare and medicine need to be
familiar with the major muscles of the body. The
major muscles of the body are listed in the following
Muscle
frontalis
Fascinating Fact
The term hamstring derives its name from
eighteenth-century English butchers, who used
string to hang slaughtered pigs (ham) by the
muscles in the back of the knees.
Location
Primary Functions
forehead
Raises eyebrows; wrinkles forehead.
upper back and neck
Extends neck; elevates, adducts, and
rotates scapula.
external shoulder
Abducts, flexes, extends, and rotates
arm.
chest
Flexes, adducts, and rotates arm.
posterior upper arm
Extends forearm.
anterior upper arm
Flexes arm and forearm; supinates
(rotates) hand.
midback and lower spine
Extends, adducts, and rotates arm.
abdominal muscles
ribs to pubic bone
Flex and rotate trunk.
gluteus medius
Adducts and rotates thigh.
GLOO-tee-us MEE-dee-us
medial muscle of buttocks;
outer surface of pelvis
gluteus maximus
outer muscle of buttocks
Extends and rotates thigh.
anterior thigh (crosses thigh
obliquely)
Flexes and rotates thigh; flexes leg.
sar-TOR-ee-us
biceps femoris (hamstring)
posterior thigh
Extends thigh; flexes and rotates leg.
anterior thigh
Flexes thigh; extends leg.
prominent muscle in posterior
calf
Flexes foot and leg.
GAS-trok-NEE-mee-us
tibialis anterior
anterior lower leg
Dorsiflexes and inverts foot.
frun-TAY-lis
Movement laterally,
or away from the
midline. (Imagine
rotating one foot
outward, away from
the other.)
trapezius
truh-PEE-zee-us
deltoid
DEL-toyd
pectoralis major
Rotational motion of
the forearm in which
the palm moves to face
downward.
Rotational motion of
the forearm in which
the palm moves to face
upward.
Rotation of an arm or
leg (as if “drawing a
circle” with the limb).
This type of motion
occurs in multiple
planes.
pek-tuh-RAY-lis MAY-jer
triceps brachii
TRIGH-seps BRAY-kee-igh
biceps brachii
BIGH-seps BRAY-kee-igh
latissimus dorsi
luh-TIS-ih-mus DOR-sigh
GLOO-tee-us MAK-sih-mus
sartorius
(Continued)
BIGH-seps FEM-uh-ris
rectus femoris (quadricep)
REK-tus FEM-uh-ris
gastrocnemius
TIH-bee-AL-is an-TEER-ee-er
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Diseases and Conditions
How is the flexibility in your upper and lower
extremities? In the passive range-of-motion (ROM)
exercises that follow, you and a classmate will take
turns being the patient and the physical therapist.
Record your answers to the following questions as
you work through each exercise.
1. In which passive ROM exercises did you
demonstrate more joint flexibility?
2. Which exercises do you think might help you
to strengthen certain joints and muscles?
Directions:
a. “Snow Angel Arms”—In a sitting position,
keep your left arm straight at your side;
then move the arm straight out while your
classmate supports your left elbow and wrist.
Repeat these steps with your right arm as your
partner supports your right elbow and wrist.
b. “Brush Your Hair”—As your classmate
supports your elbow and wrist, bend your left
or right arm at the elbow and bring your arm
over your head.
c. “Let’s Go Bowling”—Begin with your arm
straight at your side; then move the arm
slightly behind your back while your partner
supports your elbow and wrist.
d. “Open the Door”—As your classmate
supports your elbow, place one hand in the
palm of his or her other hand and rotate your
forearm upward. Then rotate it downward, as if
turning a doorknob.
e. “Come Here”—Begin with your elbow
supported on a desk, a table, or the arm of
a chair. As your classmate provides support
above and below your wrist, flex your palm
toward the ventral (interior) side of your
forearm. Then extend the back of your hand
toward the top of your forearm.
f. “Wave Goodbye”—Begin with your elbow
supported on a flat surface. As your classmate
provides support above and below your wrist,
turn your hand toward your thumb; then turn
your hand toward your pinky finger.
g. Finger Curls—With your elbow supported on
a flat surface, place the palms of your hands
in the palms of your classmate’s hands. Next,
curl your fingers around your classmate’s
fingers; then straighten your fingers.
Perhaps you or someone you know has experienced carpal tunnel
syndrome, uses a wheelchair due to paralysis, or has been diagnosed
with a chronic disease such as muscular dystrophy. In this section, you
will learn about common characteristics of diseases and conditions that
affect the muscular system.
h. Thumb and Finger Touches—As your
partner supports your elbow on a flat surface,
touch the tip of each of your fingers with the tip
of your thumb.
i. Finger Spreads—As your partner supports
your elbow on a flat surface, spread each of
your fingers away from the midline of your
hand.
Disease/Condition
Definition
adhesion
Normally, the formation of a fibrous
band of tissue that holds two parts or
surfaces together, as in the healing of
a wound. In a disease condition, the
formation of a fibrous band of tissue
that holds two surfaces together due to
inflammation or trauma (Figure 3.6).
ad-HEE-zhun
j. “Snow Angel Legs”—Lie in a supine (flat
on your back) position. As your classmate
provides support beneath your left knee and
ankle, move your left leg straight out to your
side; then move it back to its “starting” position.
Repeat the exercise with your right leg.
ataxia
uh-TAKS-see-uh
a- = without
tax/o = coordination
-ia = condition
l. “Bicycle”—Lie in a supine position. With
one leg straight and your classmate providing
support beneath the knee and ankle of your
other leg, bend the supported leg at your
knee. Then straighten your leg and lower it to
its original position.
atrophy
AT-troh-fee
a- = without
-trophy = condition of
growth or development
l. “The Twist”—Lie in a supine position on a
mat. With one leg straight and your partner
providing support beneath the knee and ankle
of your other leg, rotate your entire supported
leg inward; then rotate it outward.
Inability to coordinate voluntary
muscle activity; characterized by shaky,
unsteady movements.
Wasting away or shrinkage of muscle
size.
m. Ankle Circles—With your leg on a mat, and
your classmate providing support above and
below your ankle, rotate your foot in a circle to
the right; then rotate it in a circle to the left.
NOTE: For the exercises that follow, you and your
classmate should wear gloves.
n. Toe Curls—Lie with your legs straight on a
mat. With your classmate providing support at
your ankle, she or he curls your toes inward
and then straightens them.
o. Toe Spreads—As you lie with your leg on a
mat, your partner moves each of your toes
away from your middle toe and then back
toward your middle toe.
Figure 3.6 Abdominal adhesion. Endoscopic view of a patient’s abdomen
with adhesions between the omentum (bottom left) and the abdominal wall
(top). The omentum is a membranous sac that hangs down from the stomach,
covering the intestines. Adhesions are growths of fibrous (scar) connective
tissue formed as a response to tissue trauma. They often result from
abdominal surgery. If the adhesions cause severe pain or obstruct part of the
bowel, they are removed surgically.
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Chapter 3 The Muscular System
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Normal heart
Disease/Condition
Definition
carpal tunnel syndrome
(CTS)
Disorder marked by pain, burning, and
itching or tingling due to an inflamed
median nerve and tendons in the wrist;
commonly associated with repetitive
activity and/or overuse injury.
contracture
Permanent tightening of skin, muscles,
tendons, ligaments, and fascia (a band
or sheet of fibrous tissue that encloses
muscle tissue); most commonly due to
lack of use or immobilization.
kun-TRAK-cher
Duchenne muscular
dystrophy (DMD)
doo-SHEN MUS-kyoo-ler
DIS-truh-fee
dystaxia
dis-TAK-see-uh
dys- = painful; difficult
tax/o = coordination
-ia = condition
fasciitis
FAS-ee-IGH-tis or FASH-eeIGH-TIS
fasci/o = fibrous band;
fascia
-itis = inflammation
flaccidity
fluh-SIH-dih-tee
hemiparesis
HEM-ee-puh-REE-sis
hemi- = half
-paresis = weakness
hemiplegia
Progressive disease that weakens the
muscles of the shoulder and pelvic
girdle. DMD is a sex-linked recessive
trait that affects mostly males.
Enlargement
of the heart
muscle
Partial ataxia; a mild form of ataxia (lack
of muscular coordination that produces
shaky, unsteady movements).
Right
ventricle
high-PER-truh-fee
hyper- = above normal;
excessive
-trophy = condition of
growth or development
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Disease/Condition
Definition
hypotonia
Loss of muscle tone.
HIGH-poh-TOH-nee-uh
hypo- = below normal;
deficient
-tonia = tone; tension
Condition or state in which muscles
are flabby, relaxed, or have defective or
absent tone. Tone is the normal tension
present in muscles in a resting state.
impingement syndrome
im-PINJ-ment
Weakness or slight paralysis on one side
of the body.
Acromion
Condition that occurs when tendons
of the shoulder become impinged,
or compressed, by the bones of the
shoulder (Figure 3.8).
Swollen
bursa
Inflamed
tendon
muscular dystrophy (MD) Genetic disease characterized by
progressive muscular weakness and
skeletal muscle deterioration (Figure 3.9).
MUS-kyoo-ler DIS-truh-fee
dys- = painful; difficult
-trophy = condition of
growth or development
Total paralysis on one side of the body.
myalgia or myodynia
Excessive growth or abnormal
enlargement of a muscle (Figure 3.7 on
the next page).
Muscle pain.
migh-AL-jee-uh or MIGH-ohDIN-ee-uh
my/o = muscle
-algia / -dynia = pain
myasthenia gravis
MIGH-uhs-THEE-nee-uh
GRAV-is
my/o = muscle
-asthenia = weakness
Chapter 3 The Muscular System
Left
ventricle
Figure 3.7 At left, a normal heart; at right, a heart affected by muscular hypertrophy.
Inflammation of a fascia (a band or sheet
of fibrous tissue that encloses a muscle
or group of muscles).
HEM-ee-PLEE-jee-uh
hemi- = half
-plegia = paralysis
hypertrophy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
71
72
Chronic autoimmune disease
characterized by voluntary muscle
weakness that worsens after activity and
improves after rest.
Introduction to Medical Terminology
Figure 3.8 When the bones
of the shoulder compress the
shoulder tendon, the result is
impingement syndrome.
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Disease/Condition
Definition
myoma (continued)
leiomyosarcoma
Malignant tumor of smooth muscle.
LIGH-oh-MIGH-oh-sarKOH-muh
lei/o = smooth
my/o = muscle
sarc/o = flesh
-oma = tumor; mass
rhabdomyoma
RAB-doh-migh-OH-muh
rhabd/o = rod-shaped
my/o = muscle
-oma = tumor; mass
rhabdomyosarcoma
(RMS)
Benign tumor consisting of striated
muscle that occurs on or in the smooth
muscle of the heart (Figure 3.10).
Malignant tumor of skeletal muscle.
RAB-doh-MIGH-oh-sarKOH-muh
rhabd/o = rod-shaped
my/o = muscle
sarc/o = flesh
-oma = tumor; mass
myomalacia
Figure 3.9 Muscular dystrophy is a genetic disease marked by deterioration of
skeletal muscle and progressive muscular weakness.
Disease/Condition
Definition
myocele
Herniation or protrusion of muscle
through a tear in the fascia.
MIGH-oh-seel
my/o = muscle
-cele = hernia; swelling;
protrusion
myolysis
migh-AH-lih-sis
my/o = muscle
-lysis = breakdown
myoma
myoparesis
leiomyoma
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Weakness or mild muscular paralysis.
Rhabdomyoma
Figure 3.10 A rhabdomyoma
is a benign tumor consisting
of striated muscle in or on the
heart.
MIGH-oh-puh-REE-sis
my/o = muscle
-paresis = weakness
myorrhexis
Degeneration or deterioration of muscle
tissue.
MIGH-oh-REK-sis
my/o = muscle
-rrhexis = rupture
Tumor of the muscle.
MIGH-oh-SIGH-tis
myos/o = muscle
-itis = inflammation
myositis
migh-OH-muh
my/o = muscle
-oma = tumor; mass
LIGH-oh-migh-OH-muh
lei/o = smooth
my/o = muscle
-oma = tumor; mass
Abnormal softening of muscle tissue.
MIGH-oh-muh-LAY-shee-uh
my/o = muscle
-malacia = softening
paraplegia
PAIR-uh-PLEE-jee-uh
para- = beside; alongside
-plegia = paralysis
Benign tumor of smooth muscle, such
as that found in the heart, bladder, or
uterus.
paresthesia
PAIR-es-THEE-zee-uh
par- = abnormal
-esthesia = sensation
Chapter 3 The Muscular System
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74
Rupture or tearing of a muscle.
Inflammation of a muscle.
Paralysis of both legs and, often, the
lower trunk.
Abnormal sensation that typically is
not painful, such as tingling, numbness,
itching, prickling, or burning. An
example of a common form of temporary
paresthesia is when your foot “falls
asleep,” causing a “pins and needles”
sensation after you have sat on it too long.
Introduction to Medical Terminology
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Disease/Condition
Definition
Disease/Condition
Definition
plantar fasciitis
Inflammation of the plantar fascia (the
thick band of tissue in the sole of the
foot between the heel bone and the toes),
resulting in heel pain.
tremor
An involuntary, repetitive shaking
or quivering of a part or parts of the
body. Causes include illness (such
as Parkinson’s disease), fever, or
hypothermia (dangerously low body
temperature).
PLAN-ter FAS-ee-IGH-tis or
FASH-ee-IGH-TIS
plant/o = sole of the foot
-ar = pertaining to
fasci/o = fibrous band;
fascia
-itis = inflammation
quadriplegia
Paralysis of all four extremities.
Inquiring Minds
QUAH-drih-PLEE-jee-uh
quadri- = four
-plegia = paralysis
rigor or rigidity
RIG-er or rih-JIH-dih-tee
sarcopenia
SAR-koh-PEE-nee-uh
sarc/o = flesh
-penia = deficiency
Muscular stiffness/stiff muscle, as in
rigor mortis (Latin rigor = “stiffness”;
mortis = “of death”).
Stiffness that occurs in dead bodies due
to chemical changes in the muscles.
Loss of muscle mass, strength, and
function as a result of aging.
shin splint
Painful condition caused by muscle
tearing away from the tibia.
spasm
Involuntary sudden movement or
convulsive muscular contraction. Such a
movement is described as spastic.
sprain
The stretching or tearing of a ligament,
which connects bone to bone.
strain
The stretching or tearing of a muscle
or tendon, the latter of which connects
muscle to bone; pulled muscle or pulled
tendon.
tenalgia or tenodynia
A trained individual conducting a postmortem exam can estimate the
time of a person’s death by studying a few revealing facts, such as
body temperature and the presence (or absence) of body stiffness,
called rigor mortis. (The term postmortem comes from the Latin words
post, which means “after,” and mortem, meaning “death.”) Use of a rectal
thermometer is the most accurate method of assessing the temperature of
a corpse. The normal body temperature of a living person is 98.6 degrees
Fahrenheit (F), and normal rectal temperature is 99.6 degrees F. In a
temperature-controlled environment, the body temperature of a deceased
person drops an average of 1.5 degrees F per hour. Rigor mortis sets
in approximately 2 to 4 hours after death, peaks around 12 to 18 hours
postmortem, and usually fades 24 to 36 hours after death. At this stage,
decomposition (decay) begins to occur.
Imagine that you are a forensic pathologist, a medical professional who
determines cause of death by examining corpses. You establish that the
rectal temperature of a corpse at midnight was 95 degrees F. You also note
that rigor mortis was present. Based on these factors, what do you estimate
to be the time of death? What medical terms would you, as a forensic
pathologist, need to know to communicate your observations? Summarize
your observations and share with a partner using the appropriate medical
vocabulary.
Diagnostic Tests and Procedures
A diagnostician uses different kinds of tools and methods to aid in
pinpointing the causes of patients’ health problems. Following are some
of the most common tests and procedures used to diagnose diseases and
conditions of the muscular system.
Pain in the tendon.
tuh-NAL-jee-uh or TEN-ohDIN-ee-uh
ten/o = tendon
-algia / -dynia = pain
tendinitis or tendonitis
tetany
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Definition
The removal of a small piece of living
tissue for microscopic examination
(Figure 3.11).
computerized tomography
(CT)
also called
computed
tomography (CT) or
computerized axial
tomography (CAT)
Process in which radiographic images
of a specific section of the body are
taken from multiple angles. The images
are then analyzed using a computer to
identify muscular injury or disease. CT
scans provide more detailed imagery
than standard X-rays.
Inflammation of a tendon.
TEN-dih-NIGH-tis or TENduh-NIGH-tis
tendin/o, tendon/o = tendon
-itis = inflammation
TET-uh-nee
Test/Procedure
biopsy
A state of sustained muscular
contraction.
Chapter 3 The Muscular System
75
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Puncture
site
Biopsy
needle
To triceps
To biceps
To dry-earth strap
Figure 3.13 An electromyogram, or EMG, is a graphic recording of the
contraction of a muscle produced by electrical stimulation.
Figure 3.11 During a muscle biopsy, a small piece of muscle tissue is removed
for microscopic examination.
Definition
Test/Procedure
Definition
deep tendon reflexes
(DTR)
Evaluation of involuntary muscular
responses with a reflex hammer
(Figure 3.12). Patients under heavy
sedation or in a deep coma do not
exhibit these reflexes.
radiography
Diagnostic imaging technique that uses
electromagnetic waves to create images
of the inside of the body. X-rays are used
to check for structural abnormality or
disease.
electromyogram (EMG)
A graphic recording of the contraction
of a muscle as a result of electrical
stimulation (Figure 3.13 on the next
page).
range-of-motion (ROM)
testing
Diagnostic procedure performed to
evaluate the extent to which joints can be
moved in a variety of directions.
sonography
Diagnostic imaging method involving
the use of high-frequency sound waves
to generate images of structures in the
body, such as muscles, ligaments, and
displaced or dislocated structures. Also
called diagnostic sonography or, more
commonly, ultrasound.
Test/Procedure
ee-LEK-troh-MIGH-oh-gram
electr/o = electricity
my/o = muscle
-gram = record; image
goniometry
GOH-nee-AH-muh-tree
magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI)
RAY-dee-AH-gruh-fee
radi/o = X-rays
-graphy = process of
recording
The measurement of range of motion in
a joint.
A noninvasive scanning test that
involves use of an electromagnetic field
and radio waves to visualize soft-tissue
structures.
suh-NAH-gruh-fee
son/o = sound
-graphy = process of
recording
Figure 3.12 A neurologist
performs a deep tendon reflex
(DTR) test on a patient.
nuclear medicine imaging Diagnostic imaging technique in
(NMI)
which a radioactive substance and a
special camera are used to visualize
structures and functions in the body.
The radioactive substance is injected into
or swallowed by the patient.
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Chapter 3 The Muscular System
Fascinating Fact
The term goniometry comes from the Greek gonia (“angle”) and metron
(“measure”). More precisely, goniometry is the measurement of the angles
produced by joints during range-of-motion activity.
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Directions: In a group of three or four students, research one of the following topics. Then prepare and
present a report to the class. As you work on this project, practice your ability to cooperate, contribute,
and collaborate with members of your team.
1. Choose one of the individuals below. Using reliable resources for research if necessary, discuss the
importance of the individual’s contributions to our understanding of the human muscular system.
• Jacopo Berengario da Carpi
• Leonardo da Vinci
• William Harvey
• Andreas Vesalius
2. Investigate the pros and cons of a high-protein diet as it relates to safe bodybuilding techniques.
3. Visit the National Institutes of Health website and type the phrase “anabolic steroid abuse” in the
search box. What are anabolic steroids? What are their effects on health? Why do people abuse
these drugs? What can be done to prevent steroid abuse?
Surgical repair of a muscle through
plastic surgery.
MIGH-oh-PLAS-tee
my/o = muscle
-plasty = surgical repair
physical therapy
range-of-motion (ROM)
therapy
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Most common first-aid treatment for
muscular injuries; often referred to as
“RICE.”
tenotomy
Incision to the tendon, usually to repair a
deformity caused by a shortened muscle.
Injuries and conditions of the muscular system often require treatment with medications. The following list includes common drugs and
their pharmacodynamics (actions in the body).
Once a muscular condition or disease has been diagnosed, a treatment plan can be developed and implemented. For example, when an
EMG (electromyogram) reveals symptoms of muscle weakness, physical
therapy may be the recommended treatment.
Following is a list of common surgical and noninvasive treatments for
diseases and conditions of the muscular system.
myoplasty
Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevation
(RICE)
Therapeutic Drug Treatments
Surgical Procedures and Therapeutics
Definition
Definition
teh-NAH-tuh-mee
ten/o = tendon
-tomy = process of cutting;
incision
• John Moir
• Juan Valverde de Amusco
Treatment
Treatment
Drug
Effect on the Body
analgesic
A drug that relieves pain; includes
nonprescription pain relievers, such as
aspirin, and prescription pain relievers,
such as hydrocodone.
AN-uhl-JEE-zik
anti-inflammatory
A drug that reduces inflammation.
antispasmodic or
anticholinergic
A drug prescribed to suppress smoothmuscle contractions of the bladder,
stomach, or intestine.
AN-tee-spaz-MAH-dik or
AN-tee-koh-lih-NER-jik
Treatment to rehabilitate a patient
disabled by illness or injury. Common
methods include exercise; hydrotherapy
(water therapy), shown in Figure 3.14;
ultrasound; and diathermy (DIGH-uhTHER-mee), or deep heating of body
tissues using a high-frequency electrical
current.
Exercises performed to improve or
maintain joint mobility and flexibility.
Active ROM exercises are those that can
be performed on your own. Assisted
ROM exercises require minor assistance
due to mild weakness, pain, or stiffness.
Passive ROM exercises are performed
by a physical therapist on a person
who requires total assistance to do the
exercises.
Figure 3.14 Hydrotherapy is
often recommended for patients
with arthritis because the
buoyancy of the water means
less weight-bearing impact on
the joints.
Chapter 3 The Muscular System
79
narcotic
A drug that, in moderate doses,
depresses the central nervous system,
relieves pain, and induces sleep.
Taken in excess, narcotics produce
unconsciousness, stupor, coma, and
possibly death.
nonsteroidal
A group of drugs with analgesic,
anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic
(AN-tee-pigh-RET-ik) (fever-reducing)
properties. Aspirin, ibuprofen, and
naproxen are common over-the-counter
(OTC) NSAIDs. This group of drugs is
set apart from other drugs that have
the same properties because they are
nonsteroidal. (Steroidal drugs have
narcotic effects and may result in
addiction.)
(NON-steer-ROY-duhl)
anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAID)
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Common Medical Abbreviations
E-flash
Cards
Careers to Consider
The following medical abbreviations are commonly used in reference to the muscular system. These abbreviations provide a shorthand
method of communication among healthcare professionals concerning
pathological conditions, diagnostic tests, surgical procedures, and therapeutic treatments. These abbreviations can be found in this chapter and
in the medical record activity that follows.
Abbreviation
Meaning
amb
ambulate (walk)
computerized
axial tomography
CFT
DTR
EMG
certified fitness
trainer
complains of;
complaining of
cardiopulmonary
resuscitation
computed
tomography;
computerized
tomography
carpal tunnel
syndrome
Duchenne
muscular
dystrophy
deep tendon reflex
electromyogram
h
hour(s)
Q8H
Hx, hx
IM
history
intramuscular
R
RICE
L
MD
left
muscular
dystrophy
milligram(s)
magnetic
resonance imaging
not applicable
RMS
ROM
CPR
CT
CTS
DMD
mg
MRI
N/A
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Certified Fitness Trainer
Abbreviation
Meaning
NMI
nuclear medicine
imaging
NSAID
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory
drug
OTC
over-the-counter
CAT
c/o
If you pursue any of the following careers, you will interact on a regular basis with patients who have
conditions or diseases of the muscular system. For more detailed information on the career opportunities discussed in this section, visit the US Bureau of Labor Statistics website.
PCN
penicillin
PCP
primary care
physician
personal fitness
trainer
PFT
PRN, p.r.n.
Pt, pt.
PT
Q2–3H
wt
y/o
A certified fitness trainer (CFT) serves as a
leader and instructor in exercise programs and
helps people achieve and maintain a healthful
lifestyle. This career path demands a passion for
being physically active, healthy, and fit. CFTs
must have excellent communication skills and a
talent for encouraging and motivating others.
Certified fitness trainer programs take, on average, six months to complete. These programs
teach a well-rounded curriculum that includes
coursework in exercise programs, nutrition, anatomy and physiology, and psychology. Admission
to a CFT program generally requires a high school
diploma and current certification in first aid and
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
as needed (from the
Latin pro re nata)
patient
physical therapy
every two or three
hours
every eight hours
(from the Latin
quaque octava hora)
right
rest, ice,
compression,
elevation
rhabdomyosarcoma
range of motion
The work environment for CFTs varies widely.
Certified fitness trainers are employed in fitness
and health clubs, gyms, hospitals, resorts, country
clubs, universities, and yoga and Pilates studios. A
CFT may also choose to work as a personal fitness
trainer (PFT), traveling to people’s homes and
developing custom-tailored exercise programs to
help clients become physically fit.
weight
years old; year-old
(as in 18-year-old)
Chapter 3 The Muscular System
Exercise physiologists develop individualized
exercise plans based on their clients’ needs, and
they design exercise programs to help athletes
achieve specific goals.
To prepare for a career in this field, candidates
must have at least a bachelor’s degree in exercise
physiology. With further education and successful completion of the Exercise Physiologist Certified (EPC) exam, administered by the American
Society of Exercise Physiologists (ASEP), a person
can obtain board certification. Exercise physiologists are employed in a variety of environments,
including healthcare facilities, fitness centers, colleges and universities, athletic or military training
facilities, and rehabilitation centers.
Sports Medicine Physician
A sports medicine physician treats and prevents sports-related injuries of the bones, joints,
and muscles. These healthcare professionals are
qualified to diagnose and treat patients, prescribe medication and therapy, and perform surgery. They attend an accredited medical school to
obtain a Medical Doctor (MD) degree or a Doctor
of Osteopathic Medicine (DO) degree. Both types
of physicians must complete residency programs
and obtain a license to practice. Sports medicine
physicians may work exclusively for an athletic
team, for a university sports program or fitness
center, in a private practice, or with a group of
physicians.
Exercise Physiologist
An exercise physiologist is a healthcare professional who performs exercise stress tests and
evaluates a person’s physical condition, focusing on cardiovascular health and metabolism.
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Chapter 3 Review
Chapter 3 Review
Anatomy and Physiology
Directions: Provide the correct term(s) for each
question that follows.
For each exercise that follows, write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
Identify the Anatomical Structure
1. What type of body tissue is made up of bundles of
fibers held together by connective tissue?
Directions: Identify the correct anatomical term that corresponds to each letter in the diagram.
2. What are the three types of muscle tissue in the
body? Give an example of each.
A
3. What term is used to describe muscles that are
controlled consciously?
B
4. What term is used to describe muscles that
cannot be consciously controlled?
C
5. Which property describes the ability of muscle
to shorten (for example, the biceps muscle when
flexed)?
D
6. Which property describes the ability of skeletal
muscle fibers to resume their resting length when
a stretching force is removed?
E
F
7. Identify the term for the attachment site of a muscle
that does not move when the muscle contracts.
G
8. What is the name for the attachment site of a
muscle that moves during muscular contraction?
H
9. What is the term for the band of fibrous tissue that
connects muscle to bone?
10. What is the term for the band of fibrous tissue that
connects bone to bone?
Word Construction
I
Directions: Using word parts and meanings presented
in the chapter, build the medical term described in
each definition that follows.
J
K
1. surgical repair of a muscle
L
2. pertaining to muscle
3. process of leading toward
M
4. pertaining to the sole of the foot
5. the study of movement
N
6. paralysis of half (of the body)
O
7. without growth or development
8. three heads (a muscle with three heads or
attachments)
A. Anterior view
9. pertaining to paralysis of four (extremities)
B. Posterior view
10. process of leading away from
11. process of bending
Word Parts
Directions: Write the meaning(s) of each word
part listed. Identify each word part by type (prefix,
combining form, or suffix).
1. muscul/o
3. ab2. tendin/o
4. -malacia
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5. -asthenia
11. -plegic
6. kinesi/o
12. quadri-
7. myocardi/o
13. -ar
8. ad-
14. -tonia
9. -paresis
15. fibr/o
12. inflammation of the tendon
Word Surgery
Directions: Dissect each medical term into its word
parts. Identify the word-part types (prefix, combining
form, or suffix), and write the meaning(s) of each word
part. Then write a definition of the term.
10. my/o
Chapter 3 The Muscular System
83
84
Introduction to Medical Terminology
Example: muscular
Dissection: muscul / ar
muscul / o (combining form) = muscle
-ar (suffix) = pertaining to
Definition: pertaining to muscle
1. hypertrophy
2. dystaxia
3. hypotonia
4. myomalacia
5. leiomyosarcoma
6. paresthesia
7. hyperextension
8. adduction
9. myocele
10. eversion
11. circumduction
12. fibromyalgia
Matching
Directions: Match the combining form (root word and
combining vowel) to the correct meaning.
1. fibr/o
a. heart muscle
2. rhabd/o
b. coordination; order
3. lei/o
c. muscle
4. muscul/o
d. tendon
5. plant/o
e. rod-shaped
6. kinesi/o
f. movement
7. orth/o
g. stretched; strained
8. articul/o
h. straight; normal
9. sarc/o
i. tone; tension
10. tax/o
j. smooth
11. flex/o
k. flesh
12. ton/o
l. joint
13. tendin/o
m. to bend
14. myocardi/o
n. fiber
15. tens/o
o. sole of the foot
Spelling
Directions: Identify the correctly spelled medical term
in each numbered item.
1. fasciitis
fasceitis
fashiitis
fascitis
2. hypertonnia
hipertonia
hypertonia
hypertoenia
3. myalgea
myalgia
mialgea
mialgia
4. dorsaflexion
dorsiflexion
dorsaflection
dorsiflection
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Chapter 3 Review
Chapter 3 Review
5. lieomyoma
leomyoma
laiomyoma
leiomyoma
Interpreting Abbreviations
Medical Record Practice
6. dystraphy
dystrophy
distrophy
distraphy
7. kinesiology
kynesiology
kenesiology
kinesialogy
Directions: Write the correct medical term or phrase
for each abbreviation listed.
1. mg
9. ROM
Following is a physical therapy report for Khalil, the 18-year-old high school senior who was introduced in
the Case Study. Read Khalil’s medical record. Then, on a separate sheet of paper, write a definition for each
highlighted term and abbreviation.
8. paraplegea
peraplegia
periplegia
paraplegia
9. fibermyalgia
fibromyalgea
fibromyalgia
fibremyalgia
10. myorrhexis
myorrexis
myorhexis
myarhexis
Pronunciation
Directions: Pronounce each term below, then write
the correct spelling.
1. FASH-ee-uh
2. MUS-kyoo-ler
3. QUAH-drih-PLEE-jik
4. high-PER-truh-fee
5. TRIGH-seps
6. DOR-sih-FLEK-shun
7. HEM-ih-PLEE-jee-uh
8. fas-ee-IGH-tis or fash-ee-IGH-TIS
9. MIGH-uhs-THEE-nee-uh
10. HEM-ee-puh-REE-sis
2. DTR
10. PRN
11. EMG
3. amb
4. IM
5. L
12. h
13. R
6. wt
14. RICE
7. PCN
8. NSAID
15. PT
16. CT
HERMAN ORTHOPEDIC CLINIC
987 Medical Drive, Hospital City, US 12345
PHONE: (xxx) xxx-4321
PT NAME: Khalil Larkins
ID NO: 86523497
DATE: 03/20/20xx
Search the Source
PCP: Dr. Evan Schumacher
1. There are more than 30 different forms of
muscular dystrophy, but Duchenne muscular
dystrophy tops the list. Working with a partner,
visit the National Institutes of Health (NIH) website
and research the facts about DMD. What is it?
What are the common signs and symptoms? How
does DMD develop? What is its prevalence?
2. A sprain and a strain are similar types of injuries
but involve different body parts. Visit the NIH
website and research the facts about both
types of injuries. What are the similarities and
differences? What body parts are affected during
a strain and a sprain? What is the leading cause
of each injury? How is each injury treated?
Subjective Data:
Identifying Abbreviations
Directions: Write the correct abbreviation for each
medical term or phrase listed.
1. electromyogram
2. muscular dystrophy
3. years old; year-old
4. physical therapy
5. computerized axial tomography
6. range of motion
7. primary care physician
8. nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
9. computed tomography; computerized tomography
10. rest, ice, compression, elevation
11. nuclear medicine imaging
12. carpal tunnel syndrome
13. history
14. Duchenne muscular dystrophy
No prior surgeries.
Social Hx:
No alcohol or drug use.
Current Limitations:
Unable to amb and bear wt on L leg.
Medications:
Ibuprofen 800 mg Q8H PRN for pain.
Allergies:
PCN
Current Pain Level:
8 on a 1–10 pain scale.
Pt Goal:
Pain free, return of full ROM and strength.
Objective Data:
Injury Involved:
L hamstring strain.
Matching Terms of Directional
Motion
Directions: Match each directional movement to the
correct definition.
a. movement away from the
midline of the body
1. abduction
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
adduction
rotation
circumduction
flexion
extension
supination
pronation
elevation
depression
b. raising of a body part
c. straightening of a limb
d. rotational movement in
which the palm moves to
face downward
e. rotation of a limb, as if
drawing a circle
Treatment
Recommendations:
f. movement of a body part
around its longitudinal
axis
g. movement toward the
midline of the body
h. rotational movement in
which the palm moves to
face upward
15. complains of; complaining of
i. lowering of a body part
16. intramuscular
j. bending
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. .
Pt. is an 18 y/o male c/o pain, swelling, and tenderness to L hamstring area.
Past Medical Hx:
Limitation before Injury: N/A
11. MIGH-oh-KAR-dee-um
12. migh-AH-lih-sis
FAX: (xxx) xxx-2910
PHYSICAL THERAPY NOTE
Chapter 3 The Muscular System
85
86
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Rest the injury.
Ice to injured site Q2–3H.
Compression bandage to minimize bleeding into the tissue.
Elevation of the injury to decrease swelling.
Continue RICE treatment for the next 48 h.
Use crutches for next 48 h.
After 48 h, alternate ice and heat.
Return to PT department for initial stretching and strengthening
exercises in 72 h.
Introduction to Medical Terminology
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.