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Health Science 20
April ____, 2016
The Circulatory System
Overview
The circulatory system, sometimes known as the _________________________,
consists of the _______________________________________. The
cardiovascular system itself actually consists of three separate systems
(circulatory, systemic, and pulmonary systems) but we will be focusing only on the
circulatory system. Approximately ______________ of blood travels daily
throughout 96 560 kilometers of blood vessels in the circulatory system delivering
oxygen to all parts of the body.
Heart
The heart is the ________ component in the circulatory system and is composed
of the _________________ and __________. The cardiac muscle works constantly
to _______ blood through the _______ and draw it back through the arteries,
circulating ___________________________ throughout the human body. The
blood consists of ________________________________________. The heart is
about the size of two adult hands held together and rests near the center of the
chest and slightly to the left. A double walled sac called the ________________
goes all around the heart, protecting it. The human heart has ________________:
two upper chambers; called the atria, and two lower chambers; called the
ventricles. The heart's outer wall consists of _________________. The first layer
(endocardium) is the lining that contacts the blood. The middle layer
(myocardium) contains the muscle that contracts. The third layer (epicardium) is
the inner wall of the pericardium.
Arteries
Arteries are _________________ that deliver the _______________ blood from
the heart to all parts of the body. Each artery is composed of a _______________
lined with __________________. There are three main layers that form an artery,
these are the _______; the inner layer lined by a smooth tissue called
__________________, the _________; the _____________________ that allows
arteries to handle the high pressures of the heart, and the ______________ which
is the ________________________ that anchors the arteries to the surrounding
tissues. The largest artery in your body is the _________ artery which runs from
your heart to the neck and down through both legs then branches into smaller
arteries called arterioles and capillaries. It is the body’s largest source of blood to
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April ____, 2016
the body and an average of ____ liters of blood is pumped through per minute
through it which is about 7200 gallons daily.
Veins
Veins are blood vessels that _____________ blood from different areas of the
body back to the heart. Veins are components of the cardiovascular system,
which _____________ blood to provide nutrients to the cells of the body.
Sometimes vein problems can occur, most commonly due to either a blood clot or
a vein flaw. There are four main types of veins:
___________________________________________________________________
________________.
• Pulmonary veins:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
• Systemic veins:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
• Superficial veins:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
• Deep veins:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Capillaries
Capillaries are the ___________, fine branched blood vessels that carry
oxygenated blood from the arterioles into the small tissues of the body and back
again to the arterioles and then to the veins. Their walls consist of only a single
layer of _______________ cells (the inner most layer of most arteries) and permit
only a _____________________of red blood cells to pass through them. They are
an _____________________ part of the circulatory system because they make
the main connection between the arteries and the veins and are _____________
___________________ which means they allow some substances through, but
not others. This helps in the filtration of toxins such as ________________
_____________and keeps them from reaching the most important parts of the
tissues that require oxygen. Most of the 97 000 kilometers of blood vessels in the
body are _________________. Capillaries are divided into three main types:
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April ____, 2016
_______________________________________________________________.
Fenestrated capillaries allow food molecules from the stomach to be carried into
the blood to make ___________ for the body, continuous capillaries are the
________ of capillaries so they don’t allow anything but the smallest molecule to
pass through. _________ capillaries are continuous and are so tiny only water and
small ions can pass through. The final types of capillaries are the discontinuous
ones and allow _____________________to pass through and are the __________
______capillaries found in the body.
Red Blood Cells
Red blood cells carry __________ throughout the body. They are produced in the
_________________ and it usually takes them around _______ days to fully
develop. Red blood cells contain _____________ which helps them carry oxygen
and carbon dioxide to all the body tissues and to the lungs, where it is excreted.
Hemoglobin is a __________ as well; it gives the cells their red color. Though red
cells are usually round a small portion are oval in the normal person. Some
diseases can change the shape of red blood cells over time.
White Blood Cells
White blood cells only account for 1% of your blood, but their impact is
significant. The white blood cells found in human blood are essential for good
health because they constantly ________ against illness and disease. They are
almost continuously at war battling _____________________ and other foreign
intruders. Like other red blood cells, white blood cells are ____________ inside
the bone marrow and because they only have a lifespan of one to three days,
your bone marrow is _____________ producing more healthy cells to replace the
dead ones. There are ______ types of white blood cells;
Monocytes – these help to break down bacteria.
Lymphocytes – these create antibodies to defend against the bacteria, viruses
and other harmful things that enter the body.
Neutrophils – these white blood cells kill and digest bacteria and fungi. They are
the most common and the body’s first line of defense when infection strikes.
Basophils – these small cells “sound an alarm” when infectious agents (such as
pollen) enter the body. The secret chemicals, such as histamine, that help control
the body’s immune response to something, such as allergies, are then released.
Eosinophils – these attack and kill parasites, destroy cancer cells and help with
allergic responses.
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Platelets
Platelets are also called ____________________. They are made in the bone
marrow and are very essential in the circulatory system. People with ______
numbers of platelets may bleed or bruise easily, even after minor injuries. When
you have a low platelet count, it increases the risk of bleeding, especially from the
mouth or nose. Platelets are the smallest of our blood cells and can only be seen
under a microscope. A blood vessel sends out a signal when it becomes ________.
When platelets receive that signal, they will travel to the area and start to do their
job by fixing it. To make contact with the ___________blood vessel, they grow
long tentacles that are similar to an octopus or spider. There are two types of
thrombocytosis (a medical term when you have too many platelets in your
system).
Primary or essential thrombocytosis – ______________ cells in the bone marrow
that cause an increases in platelets, reason is currently unknown.
Secondary thrombocytosis – The same condition as primary thrombocytosis, but
may be caused by different diseases such as anemia, cancer, inflammation, or
infection.
Plasma
Parts of blood can be put into two categories. First, there are the solid particles. In
this category there are red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. The rest of
the blood is made of _____________. Plasma is a ________________, watery
liquid that works with all other parts of the blood. It is about 55% volume of our
blood. Plasma itself is made up of 91.5% _________. Plasma is important, as it
carries our _____________________________________________________
____________________________________________ throughout the liquid in
which they travel. Plasma is a ___________ treatment of many serious health
problems. This is why there are many blood drives that encourage people to
donate their blood plasma.
Other Systems the Circulatory System Works With
The circulatory system works with other main types of systems in the body in
different ways. It works with the ___________________ by the brain sending
messages to the heart telling it to beat. The heart then beats blood throughout
the body so nutrients and oxygen can be brought to different cells. It works with
the _________________________by putting the nutrients that are broken down
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into the blood stream for cells to use as energy. Along with nutrients, minerals
and vitamins also get put into the blood stream to strengthen the immune system
and bones. Since the heart is a muscle, it also works with the _____________
______________. The expanding and contracting of the heart is how blood
pumps through our body. Working with the __________________________,
oxygen made from the lungs is sent through blood vessels into the blood stream
for the body to use. The ______________________ helps the circulatory system
by producing red and white blood cells. These blood cells are essential for our
body by carrying oxygen and fighting off diseases. The _____________________is
made of white blood cells and antibodies. These parts travel inside the blood so
that they can be transported to the site of infection to remove or hopefully
destroy it. This is how you fight off sicknesses.
Fun Facts
Your heart beats about 70 times a minute
It only takes 20 seconds for a red blood to circle the whole body.
In your lifetime your heart pumps enough blood to fill 100 Olympic size swimming
pools.
Red blood cells make approximately 250 000 trips around the body before
returning to the bone marrow, where they were made.
Human blood is colorless; it is hemoglobin that makes it red.
The heart beats about 3 billion times in the average human life.
About 8 million blood cells in the human body die every second and the same
number are born each second.
Red blood cells may live for about 4 months circulating throughout the body,
feeding the 60 trillion other body cells.
Within a tiny drop of blood, there are 5 million red blood cells.
An adult human body contains 5 to 6 liters of blood and an infant has about 1 liter
of blood.
The human heart continues to beat even after it is taken out of the human body
or cut into pieces.
A woman’s heart beats faster than a man’s.