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Biology Study Session- Evolution II Name: _answer key_____________ For each question below, explain whether the evidence is comparative anatomy (homologous structures), comparative anatomy (analogous structures), DNA analysis, fossil record, embryology, biogeography, or vestigial structures. Some may not be used. Then, using complete sentences, explain why it is evidence of evolution, or that life changes over time. Example: 1. Humans, chimpanzees, whales, and bats all have the same bones in their arms, fins, or wings. a. What type of evidence is this? ______comparative anatomy (homologous structures)__ b. 2. Scientists find fossilized bones of a huge animal that doesn’t exist today. a. What type of evidence is this? _______fossil record____________________________ b. 3. Why is this evidence of evolution? Shows that the organ had a use in an ancestor 600 different species of cichlid fishes have diversified in Eastern Lakes in Africa. Fish lineages evolved to take advantage of different foods (including insects, algae, mollusks, small fish, large fish, even fish scales). a. What type of evidence is this? _______biogeography____________________________ b. 1. Why is this evidence of evolution? Shows that organisms have a common ancestor since they look similar early on in development Humans, rabbits, and zebras all have an appendix, an extra piece in their digestive system, although in humans it’s much smaller. a. What type of evidence is this? _________vestigial structure__________________________ b. 7. Why is this evidence of evolution? Even though these organisms are not closely related, they have similar structures with the same function, showing organisms adapt to their environment Pigs, turtles, and lizards look similar in early embryonic development. a. What type of evidence is this? _______embryology____________________________ b. 6. Why is this evidence of evolution? Shows that organisms are related by similarities in DNA Honey possums lick nectar from flowers using a long tongue made of soft muscle. Butterflies lick nectar from flowers using a long tongue made of hard protein. a. What type of evidence is this? ________analogous___________________________ b. 5. Why is this evidence of evolution? Shows organisms have changed over time The human gene for your muscle protein is different from monkey muscle protein in 4 places and different from a chicken’s gene in 25 places. a. What type of evidence is this? _______DNA analysis/molecular biology____________________________ b. 4. Why is this evidence of evolution? This is evidence of evolution because if all these animals have the same bones, they probably all evolved from one creature that had those bones a very long time ago. Some of its descendants evolved (or changed) into humans, and other evolved into whales or bats or chimpanzees. Why is this evidence of evolution? Shows that organisms adapt to where they live Hardy Weinberg describes populations that are not evolving. They are in equilibrium if these conditions are met: a. _______no migration (no immigration/emigration)________________________________________________ b. ______no mutations_________________________________________________ c. ___________large population____________________________________________ 2. d. ___________random mating (no sexual selection)____________________________________________ e. ___________no natural selection____________________________________________ Read the synopsis or analyze the photo to determine which of the five factors that push a population out of equilibrium is being represented. a. _______mutation______________________A new coat color is introduced into a population of rabbits. b. _________non-random mating_________________Female guppies tend to mate with red colored males more often. c. ________________genetic drift____________Before a tornado a frog population was 25% brown and 75% green. A tornado rips through the land killing many frogs. The frog population is now 40% brown and 60% green. d. _____________________gene flow________200 Russians move into Finland. e. _______________natural selection____________Some weeds are sensitive to insecticide and die thus not passing down their genes. Weeds with the allele for insecticide resistance are selected for. Types of Natural Selection Type of Natural Selection Disruptive Directional Stabilizing 3. Description Graph of Distribution Individuals with a more extreme form of trait have higher fitness Shifts normal distribution to the right or left Having average form of trait has highest fitness Normal distribution becomes narrower, see less individuals at the extremes Individuals with any extreme trait has a higher fitness and most likely results in two new species Now have 2 curves in distribution Determine what type of Selection is occurring in these prompts. Grey is most common at the start a. ___________stabilizing___________ Color of a moth can either be white, black, or grey. After many generations the grey moth is the most favorable in its environment so it becomes the most frequent trait. b. ________disruptive_________________ Color of moth can either be white, black or grey. The white moth blends in with the birch trees while the black moths blend in with the shadows. Over time the white and black moths BOTH become the most frequent trait. c. __________directional_________________ Color of moths can either be white, black, or grey. Pollution turns the trees dark making the black moths better camouflaged than the grey or white moths. Over time the black moths become the most frequent trait. Types of Speciation Allopatric Speciation Sympatric Speciation Definition: Definition: Speciation due to geographic isolation Speciation due to reproductive isolation Prezygotic Definition: Reproductive isolation occurs before fertilization Postzygotic Definition: Reproductive isolation occurs after fertilization, offspring are born, but they are infertile