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Unit 1: Ancient Civilizations Four River Valley Civilizations Ancient Egypt Lower Egypt Upper Egypt The Nile River “All of Egypt is the Gift of the Nile” - Herodotus Cool Etesian Winds stay near the ground as they blow southward to fill the void Hot desert air rises The Etesian Winds blow from May to October and reach gales of 40 MPH which allows boats to sail against the Nile’s currents ANCIENT EGYPT GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY EGYPTIAN GOVERNMENT Egyptian government, society, and religion was dominated by a king who was called Pharaoh. The pharaoh was considered to be a god. He headed an elaborate civil and religious bureaucracy. Therefore, the government of Egypt was both a monarchy and a theocracy MONARCHIES Monarchy A government headed by a single ruler. Usually a king or queen. Absolute or Unlimited Monarchy The leader has total control and his/her power can’t be checked Limited Monarchy The leader has some restraints and his/her power is checked by others in the government Dynasty A sequence of rulers from the same family in which the leader is chosen by heredity –The oldest son inherits the throne –If there is no son, the oldest daughter becomes queen –If there is no child, a new dynasty is formed Theocracy - A government in which a god or representative of a god is considered to be the civil ruler Bureaucracy - A large body of officials and administrators who run the daily government SOCIETY OF ANCIENT EGYPT PHARAOH Nobles, Priests, Large Landowners, Bureaucrats Artisans, Merchants, Scribes, Professionals, Small Landowners Peasants, Farmers SLAVES 1. Captives 2. Debtors 3. Criminals Hieroglyphics Rosetta Stone Jean-François Champollion ANCIENT EGYPT Neolithic Culture Archaic Period Old Kingdom First Intermediate Period (Age of Nobles) Middle Kingdom Second Intermediate Period (Hyksos Control) New Kingdom Age of Decline Roman Conquest 6000 BC 3100 BC 2700 BC 2181 BC 2000 BC 1780 BC 1550 BC 1085 BC 30 BC Ancient Egypt Archaic Period (3100 BC - 2700 BC) Upper and Lower Egypt are united Hieroglyphic writing develops Trade with other civilizations expanded Memphis established as Egyptian capital Heavy emphasis on polytheistic religion Important Rulers Menes – United upper and lower Egypt. He became Egypt’s first king and established its first dynasty. Ancient Egypt Old Kingdom (2700 BC - 2181 BC) Strong class of nobility developed Rise of sun god RA as supreme god Mummification developed to preserve bodies for the afterlife First and largest pyramids built Important Rulers Zoser (Djoser) - Ordered first step pyramid built. First king to be considered a god. Khufu - First king called Pharaoh. He built the largest of the pyramids at Giza. Egyptian Religion Polytheistic (Multiple gods) Mummification Mummification Embalming the body First, his body is taken to the tent known as 'ibu' or the 'place of purification'. There the embalmers wash his body with good-smelling palm wine and rinse it with water from the Nile. One of the embalmer's men makes a cut in the left side of the body and removes many of the internal organs. It is important to remove these because they are the first part of the body to decompose. Mummification The liver, lungs, stomach and intestines are washed and packed in natron which will dry them out. The heart is not taken out of the body because it is the centre of intelligence and feeling and the man will need it in the afterlife. A long hook is used to smash the brain and pull it out through the nose. Mummification The body is now covered and stuffed with natron which will dry it out. All of the fluids, and rags from the embalming process will be saved and buried along with the body. Mummification After forty days the body is washed again with water from the Nile. Then it is covered with oils to help the skin stay elastic. The dehydrated internal organs are wrapped in linen and returned to the body. The body is stuffed with dry materials such as sawdust, leaves and linen so that it looks lifelike. Mummification Finally the body is covered again with good-smelling oils. It is now ready to be wrapped in linen. In the past, when the internal organs were removed from a body they were placed in hollow canopic jars. Over many years the embalming practices changed and embalmers began returning internal organs to bodies after the organs had been dried in natron. However, solid wood or stone canopic jars were still buried with the mummy to symbolically protect the internal organs. Mummification Wrapping the mummy First the head and neck are wrapped with strips of fine linen. Then the fingers and the toes are individually wrapped The arms and legs are wrapped separately. Between the layers of wrapping, the embalmers place amulets to protect the body in its journey through the underworld. Mummification A priest reads spells out loud while the mummy is being wrapped. These spells will help ward off evil spirits and help the deceased make the journey to the afterlife. The arms and legs are tied together. A papyrus scroll with spells from the Book of the Dead is placed between the wrapped hands. Mummification More linen strips are wrapped around the body. At every layer, the bandages are painted with liquid resin that helps to glue the bandages together. A cloth is wrapped around the body and a picture of the god Osiris is painted on its surface. Mummification Finally, a large cloth is wrapped around the entire mummy. It is attached with strips of linen that run from the top to the bottom of the mummy, and around its middle. A board of painted wood is placed on top of the mummy before the mummy is lowered into its coffin. The first coffin is then put inside a second coffin. Mummy of Ramesses II Ancient Egypt First Intermediate Period (Age of Nobles) (2181 BC - 2000 BC) Civil wars among nobles Power was divided among nobles who ruled as governors of various regions of Egypt. Ancient Egypt Middle Kingdom (2000 BC - 1780 BC) Pharaohs reunified Egypt Egyptian borders were expanded Egyptian capital moved to Thebes Pyramids were replaced by cliff tombs Important Rulers Amenemhet I - Re-established control by Pharaoh. Expanded Egyptian wealth through conquest and trade Ancient Egypt Second Intermediate Period (Hyksos Control) (1780 BC - 1550 BC) Invaders called Hyksos from the south of invaded and took control of Egypt Hyksos leaders controlled the Egyptian throne for two centuries Introduced bronze weapons and new military techniques to Egypt Ancient Egypt New Kingdom (1550 BC - 1085 BC) Pharaohs established a powerful military using new military weapons & techniques Egypt expanded its empire to Mesopotamia and reached its greatest size Dominated land and sea for 500 years Egyptian culture reached its pinnacle Ancient Egypt New Kingdom (1550 BC - 1085 BC) Important Rulers Ahmose I - Drove Hyksos from Egypt Hatshepsut - First female ruler in history Thutmose III - Greatest Egyptian military leader. Expanded Egypt to its greatest size Ramesses II – Strong military pharaoh. He built magnificent cities and structures. Pharaoh who dealt with Moses during the Hebrew Exodus Ancient Egypt Age of Decline (1085 BC - 30 BC) A series of weak rulers gradually lost power and territory 575 BC - Egypt conquered by Persians 332 BC - Egypt conquered by Alexander the Great and the Greeks 30 BC – The last Pharaoh Cleopatra dies and Egypt is added to the Roman Empire