Download Global History Final Review Pascale Dugue Early Peoples and

Global History Final Review
Pascale Dugue
Early Peoples and River Valley Civilizations (4000 BCE – 200 BCE)
Nomad-They were Paleolithic people who moved from place to place. Their social structure was
made up of small groups for easy travel
Cultural Diffusion- spreading of one culture’s ideas to another cultural diffusion occurs as a
result of war, immigration, trade; exploration, technology, and geography Cultural Diffusion can
encourage global cooperation or create Ethnocentrism- belief that one’s culture is superior to all
other cultures
Paleolithic –Old Stone Age (about 2 million BCE up to 10,000 BCE)
Neolithic Revolution- the change from a nomadic lifestyle to settled farming (sedentary lifestyle)
was known as the New Stone Age or Neolithic Age It’s also called the Agricultural Revolution.
People learned to farm. Environmental changes brought new climate patterns that contributed to
the end of the Old Stone Age warmer weather allowed plants to grow where previously sheets of
ice had covered the landscape. Civilization, religion and language also began to develop. Around
10,000 BCE people learned how to farm and domesticate animals they no longer had to wander.
Civilizations then began to occur in the region known as Mesopotamia population increase,
domestication and selective breeding of animals.
Man prior to the Neolithic Revolution- Hunt and gather to obtain food when food supplies were
scarce they moved. Paleolithic people were Nomads- or people who moved from place to place,
their social structure was made up of small groups for easy travel Stone Age people adapted to
their environment (like we adapt to weather and homes) made simple tools and weapons from
stone, bone, or wood Developed language to help them cooperated during a hunt Invented
clothing made from animal skins
Hunting and Gathering societies- In existing hunting and gathering cultures, women usually do
most of the gathering, while the men specialize in hunting. This was used before the Neolithic
revolution and many times settlements were temporary only following the current food source
and groups were usually not that big.
Sedentary- a lifestyle that is settled people during this time no longer had to wander around they
lived a settled lifestyle.
Civilization-1st civilization began 5,000 years ago 3,000 BCE Most early civilizations shared
common features (usually along water) a complex, highly organized social order
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8 Features of Civilizations
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Cities - formed near river valleys Animals came for water Floods- Fertile Land more
people - bigger cities
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Organized Government - More food and more Workers Irrigation systems made
laws/taxes/military
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Religion- people later became monotheistic though most were polytheistic -worshipped
more than one god also nature etc....
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Social Classes- ranked according to jobs Priests-Noblemen-artisans-peasant farmersslaves
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Writing- keep track of seasons rituals taxes collected early writing was in pictograms or
simple drawings symbols were eventually designed
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Jobs-civilizations cities developed new tasks artisans -specialized toolmaker jewelers
etc...
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Artisans/Leisure/Architecture- temples /palaces were created expressed beliefs and
strength/ power in civilizations
Public Works- Irrigation systems expensive protected city from attack roads/ bridges
Polytheistic- Is the belief in and/or worship of multiple deities, called gods and/or goddesses
Ziggurat-temples made of brick and tile Temple “Mountain of the Gods”
Mesopotamia- First Sumerian cities emerged around 3200 BCE and it lasted until about 2300
BCE Many Sumerian cities developed along the rivers used their resources and had a vast
network of trade Strict social system emerges Due to its fertile soil; the region was often the
target of invasions a city in-between the Tigris River and the Euphrates River
Fertile Crescent-5,000 B.C. people moved to the Fertile Crescent Valley, a strip of land that
stretched from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. The rivers were used for
transportation, farming, trade, and food.
Cuneiform- Sumerians - the characters in the alphabet were wedge shaped characters. The
writing was inscribed onto clay tablets (oldest form of writing)
Empire- An empire is a group of states or territories controlled by one ruler. It helped create
bonds among people by ending war between neighboring communities
Middle Kingdom- Egypt-power struggles and crop failures; takeover by invaders 2,050 BCE1,800 BCE
Chinese called their country “Zhoung Guo” (Means
“Middle Kingdom”)
Dynasty-“Dynasty” is another name for a ruling Chinese family that control the country Chinese
dynasties claimed “The Mandate of Heaven” to govern. When the rulers claimed it, if they were
just and fair, they receive authority to rule from heaven Double edged sword – “The Mandate of
Heaven” justifies ruling, but is also used by people to rebel against authority Dynasties lasted
anywhere from 20-900 years
Indus River Valley- Early civilizations developed in Southern Asia along the Indus River in
modern day Pakistan and India Himalayan mountains were to the North Monsoons – Seasonal
winds that affected the climate of Southern Asia Had a well organized government with strong
leaders relied on agriculture –wheat barley melons very active traders first to make cotton in to
cloth statues found all over the civilization showed that they believed in a mother goddess we are
not sure why the civilization ended – probably a mix of outside invasions and internal problems
Harappa / Mohenjo Daro- Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro Mysterious civilizations – writing not
understood Cities – Urban walled cities Advanced streets – organized as grids Sewer system –
toilets made of brick with a wood seat Produced pottery, jewelry (gold, silver) by skilled workers
known as artisans People lived in brick homes People traded with Mesopotamia – Precious
stones for textiles and food Ultimately collapsed
Bantu Migration- was a millennia-long series of migrations of speakers of the original protoBantu language group. This group originated from modern day Cameroon and Nigeria. A
diffusion of language and knowledge spread among neighboring populations, and a creation of
new societal groups involving inter-marriage spread to new areas and communities
Classical Civilizations (500 BCE – 500 CE)
Mandate of Heaven- Chinese dynasties claimed “The Mandate of Heaven” to govern. When the
rulers claimed it, if they were just and fair, they receive authority to rule from heaven Double
edged sword – “The Mandate of Heaven” justifies ruling, but is also used by people to rebel
against authority
Qin Dynasty-221 – 207 B.C.E. - Defeats the Zhou Dynasty and unites China under one strong
government Strict Rule
Shi Huangdi – first Chinese emperor of the Qin Dynasty Unifies China – gets rid of many
warlords Established a national currency Creates a system of weights and measurements Links
sections of existing walls together Walls built to keep out Mongolian people from the north
Known as the great wall of China Burial tomb was guarded by terracotta life-like soldiers
Han Dynasty- 2020 B.C.E. Golden Age took over after the Qin Dynasty Governed China for 400
years Population increased from 20 to 60 million Controlled territories outside of China – ruled
into Korea and North India
Wu Di- Most famous Chinese leader of his period Wu Di started the Chinese Civil Service He
made people take competitive test in order to work for the government – Bureaucracy (merit
based)
Kong Fuzi (master teacher) – Key beliefs of Confucianism- Filial Piety – Key idea of
Confucianism – children should respect and honor their elders (idea: don’t bring embarrassment
to your family)Confucianism doesn’t care about an afterlife, but peace on earth Five Constant
Relationships:
Ruler  subject
younger brother
Father  Son
Husband  wife
Friend  friend (equal relationships)
older brother 
Confucianism- It Stresses social harmony and good government Peace would return to China if
they lived according to ethical principles (like the 10 commandments Reciprocity – “Do not do
unto others what you would not want others to do unto you”
Legalism- A philosophy created by a group of scholars called legalists Most famous legalist
scholar was Hanfeizi He argued that humans were born evil and required a strong government to
make them listen He emphasized the importance of harsh punishment, strict rules, and the idea
that only a strong leader could create an orderly society This philosophy was created during the
warring period of the Zhou Dynasty; violence and war Legalism and Confucianism are trying to
create a peaceful and orderly society Used primarily in the Qin Dynasty
Daoism-(Also known as Taoism) Created by Laozi – his followers are Taoists or Daoists
Believed that people should give up their material desires and turn to nature Tao is the universal
force that controls the universe Taoism emphasizes the idea of “go with the flow” (accept life for
what it is) Influences Chinese art (paintings are of nature, trees, waterfalls, etc.) Feng Shui architecture is in harmony with nature Unlike Confucianism that argues that it is your duty to
work hard and improve your live, Taoism believes that inaction rather than action is the best way
to live life Yin and Yang – Connected to Taoist
Bureaucracy- is the combined organizational structure, procedures, protocols, and set of
regulations in place to manage activity, usually in large organizations.
Mauryan empire- Chandragupta Maurya and Asoka -He got his power by setting up an army
killed the former king and claimed the throne for himself Mauryan empire stretched for more
than 2000 miles and lasted from 321BCE until 185BCE it united India Politically for the 1st time
Time of Peace- Golden Age Peace and Prosperity
Asoka- Grandson of Chandragupta Asoka took power in 268BCE and brought empire to its
height used war to expand power after a bloody war he led which killed over 100,000 people he
felt great sorrow Buddhism- studied it and became interested in it - nonviolence and peace to all
things Buddhism died in India so Asoka had missionaries (spread) Buddhism all over Asia
Religious Tolerance- accepted others belief built roads for travel and communication public
works
Gupta Empire- Ruled from about 320 CE to 550 CE the Gupta empire was ruled By
Chandragupta (the 2nd No relation to India’s 1st Empire Chandragupta Maurya) Chandra Gupta->
Gupta Empire Chandragupta Maurya -> Mauryan Empire Gupta Art – greatly influenced South
East Asian Art Architecture Decline of the Guptas- Invasion of 5 the White Huns in the 4
Century signaled the end of the Gupta golden age even though at first the Guptas defeated them
after the decline of the Gupta empire north India broke into a number of separate Hindu
Kingdoms and was not really unified again until the coming of the Muslims in the 7 Century
Greece- South Eastern Europe Made up of mountains isolated valley small islands
Aegean/Medit. Sea were important links to the rest of the world Greece-Affect economic
activity-Geography Greeks became skilled sea traders Exchanged many ideas/technology result
of trade Lack of unity among Greek-City States
Polis- is a city, a city-state and also citizenship and body of citizens. When used to describe
Classical Athens and its contemporaries, polis is often translated as "city-state."
Direct Democracy- a government where all “MEN” took part in the daily affairs of the
government
Athens- Athens moved toward democracy allowing more citizens to take part in gov’t Economic
reforms helped merchants/farmers Openness to trade, art, education, literature encouraged
citizens (mostly males) to explore new ideas Only men owned land Pericles believed that ALL
“MEN”*land owning * should be able to participate in gov’t Pericles helped rebuild the temples
that the Persians destroyed and the ACROPOLIS
Sparta-–“Nation of Soldiers” Spartans developed a system of strict control over their citizens
From childhood a Spartan prepared to be part of a military state Girls were included in this
Rigorous upbringing Spartans –Decline of City-State Spartan isolated themselves looking down
on trade and wealth Forbade citizens to travel little use for arts and new ideas Inability to change
led to a loss of power
Hellenistic- After Alexander’s death, a vibrant new culture emerged. Greek (Hellenic) culture
blended with Egyptian, Persian, and Indian influences. This blending became known as
Hellenistic culture. Hellenistic cities such as Alexandria, was the direct result of cultural
blending. Alexandria became the foremost center of commerce and Hellenistic civilization. Their
art and much of their information dominated roman culture.
Alexander the Great- His father was assassinated and Alex became the king at age 20 ruling
Greece and Macedonia He wanted to attack and get revenge on the Persian Empire
(Mesopotamia and Egypt) 37,000 troops – he is able to conquer most of the world Conquered
Persia as first victory as king Became pharaoh of Egypt Built Alexandria in Egypt and over the
places he conquered Egypt Iran Persia and parts of India Alexandria in Egypt still around these
places were used to express Greek culture He died from a mosquito carrying malaria
-Socrates- Started it All Developed Socratic Method/ Dialogue/Learning about beliefs ideas by
asking questions Government put him to death poisoned had to drink Hemlock found guilty on
trial
-Plato- Student of Socrates Believed government should control the lives of people
WROTE "THE REPUBLIC" Divided society into 3 classes Workers-Philosophers-Soldiers
-Aristotle- Student of Plato Believed in a Strong Government and a good ruler should rule
TEACHER of Alexander the Great Believed People learned through Reason
Roman Republic- Republic-a government in which officials were chosen by the people believed
it would prevent any individual from having too much power Roman Republic would last from
509 BCE- 133 BCE
Senate- Most powerful body in roman government was the ROMAN SENATE made up of 300
patricians who served for life Senators made and interpreted the law. Each year the senators
elected 2 CONSULS who supervised the government and commanded the army could only serve
one term every 10 years. During was the senate could appoint a DICTATOR who would have
complete power during the time of crisis as Rome grew so did its government
Patricians – upper class of roman society land owners very wealthy very influential involved
with government. Controlled much of Rome landed aristocrats
Plebeians – farmers’ merchants artisans’ traders etc… lower and middle class of roman society
large majority “everyone else” very little influence in government had a section of government
created for them
The Roman Empire-Julius Caesars death officially ends the Roman Republic and starts the
Roman Empire-After Caesar’s murder Civil War broke out once again Caesar’s grandson
Octavian and Caesar’s Top general and Friend Marc Anthony sought to find Caesar’s Murders
and Kill them Once they found the Murderers and killed them they began to quarrel among each
other Octavian defeated Marc Anthony and his powerful ally Cleopatra in 31 BCE
Augustus – Reforms on Rome. He became Caesar Augustus of the Roman Empire. Augustus
ruled with complete power from 31 BCE to 14 CE Set up well trained civil service who enforced
laws (jobs to all men) Ordered a census (to make sure taxes were being collected fairly) Postal
service Issued New Coins/Money Had unemployed build roads and temples Augustus – What
does his Rule Mark Pax Romana -200 years of Roman Peace that stretched throughout the
empire Trade increase for the better and more selection of goods High period of Roman Art,
Literature, Engineering and Law
12 Tables- Code of Law during Roman Republic This is the earliest attempt by the Romans to
create a CODE OF LAW; it is also the earliest (surviving) piece of literature coming from the
Romans. In the midst of a perennial struggle for legal and social protection and civil rights
between the privileged class (patricians) and the common people the 12 tables were made they
include information/laws on Procedure: for courts and trials, trials, continued. Debt Rights of
fathers over the family Legal guardianship and inheritance laws Acquisition and possession Land
rights etc….
Growth of Global Trade-During Pax Romana ideas, wealth, and trade spread due to this many
civilizations experienced a golden age and cultural diffusion took place.
Phoenicians- they were located at the eastern end of the Mediterranean, Lebanon today known
for their Alphabet, Sailors and traders, “Carriers of Civilization” Location. They were near the
sea. The land was dry and hilly - bad for farming. They had timber for ships, crafts, and trade.
Phoenicians excelled in Shipbuilding and navigation; first to make clear glass. By 600 BC, the
Phoenicians had sailed around Africa. They traded by leaving goods on the shore. Phoenicians
used Mesopotamian cuneiform at first they later developed and spread an alphabet, making
widespread literacy possible.
Silk Road-A 4,000 mile long “path” from China to the Middle East (Iraq) used in trade. Middle
East re-sold products to the Roman Empire- Silk and spices were traded for precious stones,
wool, and glass -This is an example of cultural diffusion – countries ideas have influence on
another’s society (i.e. food, religion)
Emergence and Spread of Belief Systems
Animism-is a philosophical, religious or spiritual idea that souls or spirits exist not only in
humans but also in animals, plants, rocks, and natural phenomena such as thunder, geographic
features such as mountains or rivers, or other entities of the natural environment. Animism may
further attribute souls to abstract concepts such as words, true names or metaphors in mythology.
Animism is particularly widely found in the religions of indigenous peoples
Hinduism- Hinduism is developed from the Aryan ideas -Most important religious books –
Vedas -80 % of India’s population is Hindu -Holy objects: Cow, Ganges River – sacred river
where people go to wash away their sins way of freeing the soul from the illusions,
disappointments and mistakes of every day existence.
Brahman- The god of creation is a single god -the controlling force of the universe
Reincarnation- is determined by karma coming back in a new life to reach a closer level and
unite with Brahman the universal soul moksha.
Karma- through pure acts knowledge and devotion you can reincarnated to a higher level the
opposite achieves the contrary result do good things good things happen to you
Dharma- the code of leading one's life respect for elders is considered important and many
consider marriage as a son's religious duty Duties and responsibilities of people who belong in
the Varnas
Caste System- Castes are social groups into which people are born People cannot change their
caste during a lifetime. (Born a peasant, stay a peasant)
Upanishads—philosophical dialogues between a student and teacher that explore ways to
achieve freedom from desires and suffering
Buddhism- Buddha – Siddhartha Gautama - saw suffering in the world. Wanted to cure it Came
up with the 4 Noble Truths All life is suffering -Suffering comes from desire
to end
suffering, end desire-to end desire, follow the way of the Buddha
Siddhartha Gautama-founder of Buddhism called him Buddha, which means “Enlightened One”
Nirvana- The result of following the Eightfold Path, in which it will bring one to a state of
freedom from reincarnation in this, a person will deny their everyday desires (materialism) this
leads to peace, inner harmony, and contentment
Monotheistic- The belief in only one god
Judaism-Hebrews-Nomadic group in Fertile Crescent Became enslaved in Egypt, and God
helped them escape set up kingdom of Israel—believed God had promised them land Beliefs
evolved into Judaism
Torah—sacred scriptures of the Hebrews Idea that God made covenant (promise) to be the God
of the Hebrews Belief that 10 Commandments were given through Moses Sets out laws for
moral basis of Judaism Sacred scriptures include writing of prophets—spiritual leaders
Christianity- Monotheistic god – He is all knowing, merciful, and powerful - believed in the old
testament- Share an ethical and moral dimension of religion Beliefs- One god
- Ten
Commandments-Moses’ teachings spread
Messiah- Son of God Jesus was its founder Born into a Jewish family Considered himself the
Son of God Put to death by Pontius Pilote on charges of blasphemy and treason Crucified
Bible- Christianities holy book
Islam- Islam = submission
Muhammad- Muhammad – a merchant - said that God appeared to him in a dream He tried to
spread his message but was kicked out of Mecca by the merchants He fled to Medina AKA the
hijira He starts a community bounded by faith. Anyone can join.
Hijira- Muhammad's flight from Mecca to Medina (Yathrib) Muhammad was faced with the
threat of murder when he made the trip in 622 (first year of Arab calendar)
Quran- Muslims holy book Written in it is are the prophecies of Muhammad
Sharia- immense body of law interpreting the Quran and applying its teachings to daily life the
system of law regulates moral conduct, family life, business practices, government, and other
aspects of a Muslim community helped unite the many people that converted to Islam
Post-Classical civilizations (500 C.E. - 12000 C.E.)
Sui-581-618 capital Chang’an short rule but brought peace and unity to china after the Han
dynasty fell
Tang-618-907 C.E. capital Chang’an Sui general came to power; took the name Tang Taizong
Forced Vietnam, Korea and Tibet to become tributary states Printing --> moveable print
Porcelain Gunpowder Mechanical clocks more cosmopolitan culture. The Tang dynasty
reestablished the safety of the Silk Road. Tea comes into China from Southeast Asia.
Song-960-1279 C.E capital Hangzhou 960 Zhao Kuangyin reunited China under the Song
dynasty more education Magnetic compass makes China a great sea power! Only female
empress to ever rule alone (Empress Wu)
Tributary System-tributary states remain independent but their rulers have to acknowledge
China’s great power and send tribute—praise and money
Gentry-wealthy landowners, study Confucian ideas, become civil servants
Calligraphy-a type of writing used in china
Foot binding-For upper-class girls, it became a new custom to have smaller feet it also limited
movement
Byzantine Empire- Mediterranean Sea / Black Sea -> trade 3 continents -> spread Located by
Bosporus Strait Surrounded by water from 3 sides-> keeps out invaders Diocletian Divides
Roman Empire Believed was too large and complex for one ruler Divided empire into Greek
speaking east and Latin speaking west Ended/Fall of Rome was 476 CE East was wealthier,
more trade, and great cities
Constantinople- Emperor of Byzantine Empire Rebuilt Byzantium and renamed Constantinople
Justinian- Under Justinian, the Byzantine Empire recaptured much of the territory of the Roman
Empire, including Italy Autocrat = Sole ruler with complete authority (even over church)
Justinian’s Code-Created a code of laws called The Justinian Code Modeled after Roman laws
Influenced nations way beyond the Byzantine Empire got rid of many roman laws and replaced
them with new more current ones for the people to go by
Orthodox Church- Emperor was Jesus’ co-ruler on Earth (and appointed patriarch); they rejected
Pope’s authority Greek language priests could marry Theodora restored icons (this sets off
violent battles within the empire) divorce allowed chief Holy dayEaster
Schism (1054)-Permanent split between Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic Church 1054 CD 2
churches became rivals
Kiev-Russian city Located at the heart of the trading network became the center of attention
Russia- Tribes of Slavic farmers and traders Small bands of adventurers known as Vikings
Settled among the Slavs
Byzantine Influence on Russia- trade, religion Orthodox Christianity Religious art/architecture
Cyrillic alphabet (Byzantine missionaries created a written language for the Slavs)
Constantinople later sent Christian missionaries to convert the Slavs Religion spread widely
Acquired a written language and a class of educated Russian priests emerged Language, art,
architecture, government, and religion
Spread of Islam- Arabs were strong fighters Byzantine and Persian empires were weak from
fighting against each other Muslims were united by belief in Islam Treated conquered people
fairly
Sunni/Shi’a(Shiites) split- argument over the successor of Muhammad
Shi’a - The only true successors were descendents of the Prophet Believed the descendents were
divinely inspired
Sunni’s- Caliph should be chosen by
leaders of Muslim community Believed the inspiration came from the example of Muhammad as
recorded by his early followers Viewed him as a leader not as a religious authority
Umayyad Dynasty- 661 - 750 Based in Damascus rather than Mecca Had to rely on local
officials to govern empire Had to adapt from desert life to ruling large cities and huge territories
DECLINE-Diversity rich, poor; Sunni, Shiite; Arab, non-Arab: They all disagreed on
important issues
Abbasid Dynasty- 750 - 900 Ended Arab dominance; ruled from Baghdad Helped make Islam
more universal Enjoyed great wealth, power, golden age
Golden Age of Islam- Architecture – Design- Literature - Islamic literature was the Koran itselfAstronomy -Medicine - Philosophy Islam advanced in all of these during its golden age.
Medieval Europe- (500-1000 BCE)-The dark ages of Europe when the Roman Empire ended
Western Europe was closed off and developed Feudal Manors.
The Frankish Empire- ranks emerged as most powerful of tribes—brilliant king Clovis (he
converts to Christianity, gaining support of Roman Catholic Church) Franks beat Muslims at
Battle of Tours (Charles “the Hammer” Martel)—gives Christians confidence and prevents Islam
from spreading into Europe
Battle of Tours and Charles “The Hammer” Martel-battle of tours in 732 defeated the Muslims
from invading Europe Charles Martel was responsible for winning this battle
Charlemagne- born 742 ruled in 771 died in 814 He strengthened Christianity. He reconquered
the Old Western Roman Empire. He sent out missionaries around this New Old Empire to spread
out Christianity. He named the empire the Holy Roman Empire b/c it was governed together by
the popes and the kings
Feudalism- Loosely organized system of rule Powerful local lords divided their large
landholdings among the lesser lords (vassals) In exchange for land, the vassals pledged service
and loyalty to the greater lord
Manoralism- an economic system between lords and peasants nearly self-sufficient (produced
everything)
Serf- Farmers who were tied to the land during European feudalism. They were not slaves
because they could not be bought or sold, but they could not readily leave the manor either. Serfs
were given land to farm in exchange for service to their lord. This service usually involved
working the lord's fields, maintaining roads and the manor, and providing military service in
times of war. Serfs paid taxes to their lord in the form of crops.
Role of the Catholic Church- It provided spiritual guidance helped to govern Europe They could
help choose leaders they had their own laws and courts
Gothic Architecture- Cathedrals Closed Pointed arches flying buttresses (give support) Stained
glass (Visual, tells stories) Statues Sculptures Lots of light
The Crusades- They accelerated the development of Western Europe from a backward, violent,
and technologically inferior area, to a more complicated area win which towns were created,
trade expanded, and learning thrived. A total of 4 crusades against Muslims for holy land a series
of holy wars that started in 1096 by Christian Europe against Muslim lands in the Middle East.
For the first time after the fall of Rome, Western Europeans were able to break of isolation and
defend their lands. (Because they sewed crosses on their tunics - cruces in Latin - they became
known as crusaders.)
Pope Urban II- was willing to help conquer Jerusalem from the Muslims. In 1095, he called a
Council at Clermont, and urged feudal lord to join the war against non-believers. The people
received the pope’s plea openly. These people were called Crusaders Pope Urban was a religious
leader to the crusaders
Council of Clermont- was a council Pope Urban II held to decide whether they decided to help
the Byzantine Empire get the holy land back
Holy Land- Christians Jewish and Muslims holy land which had a connection to their religion
and holy book
Reasons for the Crusades- promised forgiveness of sins entry to heaven religious motivation gold
from Arab lands escape serfdom excitement cultural diffusion
Saladin- Muslim leader; in 1187, Saladin gained control of Jerusalem. On the third crusade,
Europeans tried but failed to retake the holy city. After debate, Saladin reopened the city to
Christian pilgrims. United the Muslim world; crusaders in Jerusalem surrendered to him and he
forbade his soldiers to kill, harm, or steal from defeated crusaders.
Richard the Lion-Hearted-determined to retake Jerusalem from Saladin; won several victories
but was unable to recapture the city
Impact of the Crusades- Christians and Muslims grew more distrustful of one another Popes
become more powerful Monarchs become more powerful; given authority to tax to support
fighting Feudalism was weakened, an economy based on money, not land, develops. Europeans
become interested in traveling People learn about other cultures TRADE INCREASES!!! (New
goods, new travel methods)
Commercial Revolution- was a period of European economic expansion, colonialism, and
mercantilism Europeans rediscovered spices, silks, and other commodities rare in Europe. This
development created a new desire for trade, and trade expanded in the second half of the middle
Ages the European powers built vast, new international trade networks
Guild- Composed of artisans (e.g. Carpenter guild, shoemaker guild) Established strict rules
concerning: The prices to be charged for their products the product quality Competition between
artisans
Capitalism- an economic system in which the means of production are privately owned; supply,
demand, price, distribution, and investments are mostly set by market forces rather than
economic planning; and profit is distributed to owners who invest in businesses
Hanseatic League- cities in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia to encourage trade also
helped businesses and banks were created protected merchants because central gov’t were still
weak, merchants banded together to protect their trade interests- groups in Northern Germany
created this league
The Black Death- Occurred during the middle of the 14th century Cause – Black rats were
infested with fleas that carried the deadly bacteria Merchants in Italy brought over the disease
from the Middle East, and then it spread to the rest of Europe. Reactions in Europe – Jews were
blamed for diseases, plagues, and poisoning of wells Economic consequences – Trade hurt and
agriculture decreased
Global interactions (1200 C.E. - 1650 C.E.)
Early Japan- Located on an archipelago-a chain of islands off the Asian Mainland - Religion was
Shinto Japanese borrowed ideas from Korea and China (Korea acted as a bridge) Contact was a
result of warfare and trade Japanese rulers sent nobles to study china and import the best
traditions
Impact of Geography- Land difficult to farm (TERRACE FARMING) Most of Population lives
in narrow river valleys or along the coast Rugged terrain is a barrier to political unity Use of the
sea as a source of food and transportation Experience in living in unsettled natural environment
taught Japanese respect for the forces of nature (Shinto) (spirit of Kami) ->similar to Animism,
Daoism, and Jainism
Shintoism/Kami- Tradition-religion was Shinto-“the way of the gods” Characterized by the
worship of “Kami” or spirits found in ALL things Kami were thought to control nature-believers
tried to win their favor through offerings and prayer
Influence of China- Writing- adopted Chinese characters Buddhism- (India->China->Japan)
Confucianism- philosophy of proper etiquette, behavior, social order, honor for parent, and
respect for learning appealed to the Japanese (Filial Piety) Tea drinking and ceremony, garden
deigns, Monasteries Government structure
Heian Period-794-1156 “Golden Age”??? Characteristics -Growth of large landed estatesManors -Arts & literature of China flourished -Elaborate court life (highly refined) -Etiquette –
Cosmotalitan culture Personal Diaries The pillow book –by SG Shonagon - 10 century *Great
Novel – The tale of Genji – by Lady Murasaki Shikibu (1000 pages) *Women Moving away
from Chinese Models in Religion, Arts, Government *Did not borrow CHINESE CIVIL
SERVICE SYSTEM
Feudal Japan- by the 1100s emperors lost power and armies battled a need for protection led to
development of feudal system
Shogun-Political Leader- Shoen-Land -Warrior Class Shoguns had the real power, set up
dynasties called Shogunates Shoguns distributed power to vassal lords called daimyo in
exchange for a promise to support with their armies
Daimyo- Nobles- Warrior Class Daimyo granted land to lesser warriors called samurai who
promised loyalty to the daimyo and lived by code of conduct
Samurai's-Warriors -Warrior Class- Protection samurai who promised loyalty to the daimyo and
lived by code of conduct called Bushido
Bushido- code of conduct “way of the warrior” They promised to be brave and honorable
samurai who betrayed the code were expected to commit ritual death
Tokugawa Shogunate- Osaka Castle Tokugawa Shoguns-Changes- Japan closed off to all trade
period of isolation Most powerful –took over almost of all modern Japan Peace and Stability
Government centralized with all power in the hands of Shogun Domestic trade flourishes
Merchant class becomes rich New art forms – Haiku poems-Kabuki Theater
The Mongols--Nomadic herders who roamed the grasslands with their horses and sheep Created
the largest land empire –China and India areas- in history in the 1200s Took over China and
created their own dynasty (the Yuan) Mongols- Successful Warriors Skilled horsemen
borrowed new military technology such as cannons from the Chinese Tough skilled warriors
with strict discipline absolute loyalty and the ability to travel days only eating a few handfuls of
grain and drinking goat’s milk Mongol women were skilled riders and fighters, some
commanded their own forces
Genghis Khan- Mongols Led by Genghis Khan-Born around 1170s and died around 1220sMilitary genius- Genghis Khan set an example of tolerance, justice, listened to ideas of
Confucius, Buddhist monks and Christians and Jews
Yuan Dynasty- Kublai(h) Khan grandson of Genghis completed conquering China, Korea, Tibet
and part of Vietnam Adopted Chinese name for Dynasty –Mandate of heaven- YUAN
DYNASTY He Did NOT want the Mongols to become absorbed in Chinese civilization and so
gave them the best jobs He defeated the Song dynasty and created the Yuan dynasty in 1279 C.E.
He united China He made a new capital, Beijing – Khanbaliq used to be the capital He expanded
trade and helped China to prosper
Kublai Khan- Defeated the Song Dynasty and took over China Yuan Dynasty grandson of
Genghis Khan and made the silk road safe again helped do what Genghis Khan could never do
take over China
Golden Horde- tax laws don’t pay homage –take prosperity -no prosperity – take children -no
children – take wife -no wife- take your head Batu (Genghis’s grandson) led armies into Russia
and Other lands- Known as the Golden Horde because of the color of their tents
Pax Mongolia- Genghis Khan’s Conquests=Promoted trade and cultural exchanges Mongol
warriors had no use for city life but they respected Scholars, artists, and artisans Genghis Khan
set an example of tolerance, justice, listened to ideas of Confucius, Buddhist monks and
Christians and Jews Political stability set stage for economic growth – Protected the Silk Road
Foods, tools, inventions and ideas spread along trade routes Period of stability Exchange of
goods/ideas b/w east and west Mongols provided safety on Silk Road allowing passage – of
gunpowder porcelain / windmills flow west
Marco Polo / Ibn Battuta- Foreign visitors such as MARCO POLO- an Italian trader/merchant
and IBN BATTUTA a scholar form Morocco introduced Europeans to the beauty and riches of
China, India, and Indonesia They produced WRITTEN RECORDS and interesting accounts of
their journeys that inspired other Europeans to travel and trade and want to take part in the riches
of China
Indian Ocean Trade Network- It linked cultures, spread new religions, enhanced trading skills,
and increased economic growth in several different regions of the world. Before the Indian
Ocean Trade, most regions knew nothing of their neighboring civilizations. This trade network
united the world. Because of it, just about all civilizations are conversant with each other.
Ming Dynasty- Ming’s overthrew the Mongolspushed them behind the Great Wall Economic
prosperity and industrial growth followed Population grew, leading to a growth of cities, and
increase in trade
Zheng He- He set out with a fleet of ships He made seven voyages exchanging silks and
porcelains for luxury items including exotic animals He convinced people of Chinese supremacy
set up the tribute system- To prove China’s supremacy, Zheng He gave gifts of Chinese silk,
porcelain and other goods to local rulers In return, rulers gave to him rich and unusual gifts for
China’s emperor and recognized China’s supremacy Zheng He also influenced politics.
The Renaissance- A rebirth of cultural and intellectual pursuits after the stagnation during the
European middle ages, this period in European history, from about the 14th through 16th
centuries, features major cultural and artistic change.
Humanism- A philosophical movement during the Renaissance that stressed life on Earth and the
quality of being human, rejected living only for the afterlife of Christianity, A philosophical
belief and importance as humans
Michelangelo- (1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect, famous
works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical
character David.
Leonardo Da Vinci- (1452-1519) An Italian painter, sculptor, engineer, and inventor. Famous
works include paintings Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, also left a variety of sketches showing
flying machines and underwater boats centuries before the invention of planes and submarines.
Protestant Reformation- the period when Europeans protested and broke away from the Catholic
Church and formed new Christian churches.
95 Theses- written by a German monk name Martin Luther it was a list of arguments against
indulgences on the door of a church, copies were printed and distributed across Europe
Luther- (1483-1546) German monk who wanted to reform the Church, theologian and religious
reformer who started the Reformation with his 95 Theses which protested church corruption,
namely the sale of indulgences.
Calvin- (1509-1564) Theologian and church reformer who developed a form of Protestantism
during the Reformation, his church is known for the idea of predestination, which states certain
people are predestined for heaven.
Henry VIII- (1491-1547) King of England who transformed his country into a Protestant nation
during the Reformation. He had asked the pope for an annulment—pope refused Henry leaned
towards new Protestant teachings made the Anglican Church
Counter- Reformation- Attempted to slow down the Protestant takeover Ended corruption with
the papacy itself Appointed reformers to specific issues and had the Council of Trent to discuss
and fix the Roman Catholic Church
Ignatius Loyola- (1491-1556) Founded the Society of Jesus, the Order of the Jesuits. He worked
to combat the Protestant Reformation by providing strong Catholic leadership to monarchs
across Europe.
Magna Carta- A document granting rights to both the Church in England and the Nobility signed
by King John in 1215. This is considered to be the beginnings of British democracy. King john
signed the “Great Charter” under pressure from the nobles Guaranteed the rights of nobles and
limited John’s authority Gave Parliament the right to approve taxes
Rise of Nation-States - a central government, the state, rules over a group of people who share a
culture, the nation. Most of these nation-states had powerful national governments, because their
people were united by nationalistic feelings. These powerful national governments were then
able to do whatever they wanted, and since they had the authority to do so, they began expanding
outward. But as Europe was already inhabited, this expansion took place in other parts of the
world, namely Africa and the multitudes of islands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans.
Absolute Monarchy- A political system in which a country is ruled by a monarch, who has
absolute control Strong armies limited representative body’s, high taxes, few individual rights
Limited Monarchy-a government in which a legislative body limits the monarch’s powers
Monarchy- A political system in which a country is ruled by a monarch
African Kingdoms--Strong rulers gained control of trade routes Villagers trade surplus food
Trade prospered and cities developed - Mali Kingdom-Mansa Musa-gave out gold *700- in
Africa –ARRIVAL OF ISLAM IN NORTH AFRICA AND TRADE*-ISLAM TRADED GOLD
AND SALT
Ghana- 700 C.E. – 1200 C.E. Located in western Africa Led by a powerful king; absolute ruler
extremely wealthy trading state. Their exports were gold, ivory and iron-ore Salt for gold trade –
Ghana sold their gold to Arab Muslim merchants in north Africa for salt Slaves would mine for
salt Camels, known as fleets of the desert, were used to transport salt The salt for gold trade is an
example of cultural diffusion. Islam is spread along with their algebra
Mali-1200 C.E. – 1450 C.E. Replace kingdom of Ghana Sundiata Keita – Founded the kingdom
Mansa Musa – The most powerful and famous king of Mali Timbuktu becomes the center of
Islamic learning and Mali builds Masques and libraries Songhai took over
Songhai-After the Mali kingdom One of the west African Trading Kingdoms they were rich in
gold and established a vast trading network across the Sahara desert.
Mansa Musa- The most powerful and famous king of Mali – He was a Muslim and he made the
Hajj On the Hajj, he gave away gold to the people he passed, therefore decreasing the value of it
The First Global Age (1450-1770)
Mayas- 300-900 C.E. city-states had their own ruling chief and nobles who served as military
leaders
Incas- 1400-1500 C.E. emperor headed a strong central government; nobles ran the provinces
with local chiefs of conquered areas; others collected taxes, enforced laws, everyone spoke same
language
Aztecs- 1200-1400 C.E. ruled by emperor who was chosen by a council; noble class of judges
and governors helped
The Ottoman Empire-Hereditary nation state centered in Turkey. It was founded in the late 13th
century after the collapse of the Byzantine Empire and extended across most of Asia Minor and
the Middle East. The Ottoman Empire collapsed shortly after World War II.
Suleiman the Magnificent-Magnificent—sultan He modernized the army and added new
territories to the empire Strengthened govt. and based law on the Sharia—the Islamic system of
law He held absolute power; yet consulted with advisor for everyday matters Many palaces and
mosques were built during his rule Arts reflected Persian ideas
Safavid Empire-were Shiite Muslims who enforced their beliefs; Ottomans were Sunni Muslims
who despised Shiites They were constantly at war
The Mughal Empire- was an Islamic imperial power that ruled a large portion of Indian
subcontinent which began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of Hindustan (South Asia) by the late
17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century. The Mughal Emperors were
descendants of the Timurids, and at the height of their power around 1700, they controlled most
of the Indian Subcontinent
Babur- Muslim conqueror from Central Asia who, following a series of setbacks finally
succeeded in laying the basis for the Mughal dynasty of India He was a direct descendant of
Timur through his father, and a descendant also of Genghis Khan through his mother
Akbar the Great-(1542-1605) Emperor of the Mughal Empire in India He is considered to be
their greatest ruler. He is responsible for the expansion of his empire, the stability his
administration gave to it, and the increasing of trade and cultural diffusion.
Motives for European expansion- 3 G’s gold god glory they wanted goods from Asia! (China,
India, Middle East) Muslim and Italian merchants controlled trade between Asia and Europe;
goods were brought to Mediterranean ports where traders from Italian city-states carried precious
goods to European markets; each time goods passed from one trader to another, the price
increase Europeans wanted to cut out the middle man and gain direct access to the riches of
Asia!
Prince Henry the Navigator-Prince of the Kingdom of Portugal responsible for the beginning of
the European worldwide explorations.
Vasco DeGama- a Portuguese explorer, one of the most successful in the European Age of
Discovery and the commander of the first ships to sail directly from Europe to India
Christopher Columbus-(1451-1506) Italian explorer working for Spain who, in 1492, crossed the
Atlantic Ocean and discovered the Americas for Spain
Imperialism-The domination by one country of the political and/or economic life of another
country
Mercantilism-a country should export more than it imports; colonies exist to benefit the mother
country
Ferdinand Magellan-(1480-1521) Spanish explorer who was the first to circumnavigate the globe
Columbian Exchange-global exchange of people, plants, animals, ideas and technology (started
with Columbus)
Absolutism-autocratic rulers have complete authority over the government and the lives of the
people in their nations
Charles V- ruled form 1519-1556 ruled Spain but also the heir to the Hapsburgs devout Catholic
in 1556 gave up title and entered a monastery
Philip II-Spain-invasions of Great Britain to enforce Catholicism (armada)
Divine Right- belief that the king is an agent of God, and his authority to rule comes directly
from God.
Louis XIV-France-extravagant spending, made palace at Versailles, waging wars absolute
monarch 72 years of rule L’état est moi- I am the state
Peter the Great- took control of Russian government in 16890 czar studied western technology
westernization autocratic absolute ruler serfdom in Russia capital St. Petersburg traded with west
and explored Bering Strait
The Stuart Monarchs-1603-1640s Sought to increase power Clashed with Parliament over money
and foreign policy Angered members of the House of Commons Observes strict absolutist
policies
The English Civil War- 1642-1649 pitted supporters of Charles I against the forces of
Parliament, under Oliver Cromwell. Cavaliers vs. Roundheads
Oliver Cromwell- Ruled the Common Wealth in England led the Roundheads Supported
Parliament, country folk, Puritans, manufacturers to win many battles and capture the king!!
Cromwell’s army defeated the forces of King Charles I and he was executed!