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Global History Final Review Pascale Dugue Early Peoples and River Valley Civilizations (4000 BCE – 200 BCE) Nomad-They were Paleolithic people who moved from place to place. Their social structure was made up of small groups for easy travel Cultural Diffusion- spreading of one culture’s ideas to another cultural diffusion occurs as a result of war, immigration, trade; exploration, technology, and geography Cultural Diffusion can encourage global cooperation or create Ethnocentrism- belief that one’s culture is superior to all other cultures Paleolithic –Old Stone Age (about 2 million BCE up to 10,000 BCE) Neolithic Revolution- the change from a nomadic lifestyle to settled farming (sedentary lifestyle) was known as the New Stone Age or Neolithic Age It’s also called the Agricultural Revolution. People learned to farm. Environmental changes brought new climate patterns that contributed to the end of the Old Stone Age warmer weather allowed plants to grow where previously sheets of ice had covered the landscape. Civilization, religion and language also began to develop. Around 10,000 BCE people learned how to farm and domesticate animals they no longer had to wander. Civilizations then began to occur in the region known as Mesopotamia population increase, domestication and selective breeding of animals. Man prior to the Neolithic Revolution- Hunt and gather to obtain food when food supplies were scarce they moved. Paleolithic people were Nomads- or people who moved from place to place, their social structure was made up of small groups for easy travel Stone Age people adapted to their environment (like we adapt to weather and homes) made simple tools and weapons from stone, bone, or wood Developed language to help them cooperated during a hunt Invented clothing made from animal skins Hunting and Gathering societies- In existing hunting and gathering cultures, women usually do most of the gathering, while the men specialize in hunting. This was used before the Neolithic revolution and many times settlements were temporary only following the current food source and groups were usually not that big. Sedentary- a lifestyle that is settled people during this time no longer had to wander around they lived a settled lifestyle. Civilization-1st civilization began 5,000 years ago 3,000 BCE Most early civilizations shared common features (usually along water) a complex, highly organized social order • 8 Features of Civilizations • Cities - formed near river valleys Animals came for water Floods- Fertile Land more people - bigger cities • Organized Government - More food and more Workers Irrigation systems made laws/taxes/military • Religion- people later became monotheistic though most were polytheistic -worshipped more than one god also nature etc.... • Social Classes- ranked according to jobs Priests-Noblemen-artisans-peasant farmersslaves • Writing- keep track of seasons rituals taxes collected early writing was in pictograms or simple drawings symbols were eventually designed • Jobs-civilizations cities developed new tasks artisans -specialized toolmaker jewelers etc... • • Artisans/Leisure/Architecture- temples /palaces were created expressed beliefs and strength/ power in civilizations Public Works- Irrigation systems expensive protected city from attack roads/ bridges Polytheistic- Is the belief in and/or worship of multiple deities, called gods and/or goddesses Ziggurat-temples made of brick and tile Temple “Mountain of the Gods” Mesopotamia- First Sumerian cities emerged around 3200 BCE and it lasted until about 2300 BCE Many Sumerian cities developed along the rivers used their resources and had a vast network of trade Strict social system emerges Due to its fertile soil; the region was often the target of invasions a city in-between the Tigris River and the Euphrates River Fertile Crescent-5,000 B.C. people moved to the Fertile Crescent Valley, a strip of land that stretched from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. The rivers were used for transportation, farming, trade, and food. Cuneiform- Sumerians - the characters in the alphabet were wedge shaped characters. The writing was inscribed onto clay tablets (oldest form of writing) Empire- An empire is a group of states or territories controlled by one ruler. It helped create bonds among people by ending war between neighboring communities Middle Kingdom- Egypt-power struggles and crop failures; takeover by invaders 2,050 BCE1,800 BCE Chinese called their country “Zhoung Guo” (Means “Middle Kingdom”) Dynasty-“Dynasty” is another name for a ruling Chinese family that control the country Chinese dynasties claimed “The Mandate of Heaven” to govern. When the rulers claimed it, if they were just and fair, they receive authority to rule from heaven Double edged sword – “The Mandate of Heaven” justifies ruling, but is also used by people to rebel against authority Dynasties lasted anywhere from 20-900 years Indus River Valley- Early civilizations developed in Southern Asia along the Indus River in modern day Pakistan and India Himalayan mountains were to the North Monsoons – Seasonal winds that affected the climate of Southern Asia Had a well organized government with strong leaders relied on agriculture –wheat barley melons very active traders first to make cotton in to cloth statues found all over the civilization showed that they believed in a mother goddess we are not sure why the civilization ended – probably a mix of outside invasions and internal problems Harappa / Mohenjo Daro- Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro Mysterious civilizations – writing not understood Cities – Urban walled cities Advanced streets – organized as grids Sewer system – toilets made of brick with a wood seat Produced pottery, jewelry (gold, silver) by skilled workers known as artisans People lived in brick homes People traded with Mesopotamia – Precious stones for textiles and food Ultimately collapsed Bantu Migration- was a millennia-long series of migrations of speakers of the original protoBantu language group. This group originated from modern day Cameroon and Nigeria. A diffusion of language and knowledge spread among neighboring populations, and a creation of new societal groups involving inter-marriage spread to new areas and communities Classical Civilizations (500 BCE – 500 CE) Mandate of Heaven- Chinese dynasties claimed “The Mandate of Heaven” to govern. When the rulers claimed it, if they were just and fair, they receive authority to rule from heaven Double edged sword – “The Mandate of Heaven” justifies ruling, but is also used by people to rebel against authority Qin Dynasty-221 – 207 B.C.E. - Defeats the Zhou Dynasty and unites China under one strong government Strict Rule Shi Huangdi – first Chinese emperor of the Qin Dynasty Unifies China – gets rid of many warlords Established a national currency Creates a system of weights and measurements Links sections of existing walls together Walls built to keep out Mongolian people from the north Known as the great wall of China Burial tomb was guarded by terracotta life-like soldiers Han Dynasty- 2020 B.C.E. Golden Age took over after the Qin Dynasty Governed China for 400 years Population increased from 20 to 60 million Controlled territories outside of China – ruled into Korea and North India Wu Di- Most famous Chinese leader of his period Wu Di started the Chinese Civil Service He made people take competitive test in order to work for the government – Bureaucracy (merit based) Kong Fuzi (master teacher) – Key beliefs of Confucianism- Filial Piety – Key idea of Confucianism – children should respect and honor their elders (idea: don’t bring embarrassment to your family)Confucianism doesn’t care about an afterlife, but peace on earth Five Constant Relationships: Ruler subject younger brother Father Son Husband wife Friend friend (equal relationships) older brother Confucianism- It Stresses social harmony and good government Peace would return to China if they lived according to ethical principles (like the 10 commandments Reciprocity – “Do not do unto others what you would not want others to do unto you” Legalism- A philosophy created by a group of scholars called legalists Most famous legalist scholar was Hanfeizi He argued that humans were born evil and required a strong government to make them listen He emphasized the importance of harsh punishment, strict rules, and the idea that only a strong leader could create an orderly society This philosophy was created during the warring period of the Zhou Dynasty; violence and war Legalism and Confucianism are trying to create a peaceful and orderly society Used primarily in the Qin Dynasty Daoism-(Also known as Taoism) Created by Laozi – his followers are Taoists or Daoists Believed that people should give up their material desires and turn to nature Tao is the universal force that controls the universe Taoism emphasizes the idea of “go with the flow” (accept life for what it is) Influences Chinese art (paintings are of nature, trees, waterfalls, etc.) Feng Shui architecture is in harmony with nature Unlike Confucianism that argues that it is your duty to work hard and improve your live, Taoism believes that inaction rather than action is the best way to live life Yin and Yang – Connected to Taoist Bureaucracy- is the combined organizational structure, procedures, protocols, and set of regulations in place to manage activity, usually in large organizations. Mauryan empire- Chandragupta Maurya and Asoka -He got his power by setting up an army killed the former king and claimed the throne for himself Mauryan empire stretched for more than 2000 miles and lasted from 321BCE until 185BCE it united India Politically for the 1st time Time of Peace- Golden Age Peace and Prosperity Asoka- Grandson of Chandragupta Asoka took power in 268BCE and brought empire to its height used war to expand power after a bloody war he led which killed over 100,000 people he felt great sorrow Buddhism- studied it and became interested in it - nonviolence and peace to all things Buddhism died in India so Asoka had missionaries (spread) Buddhism all over Asia Religious Tolerance- accepted others belief built roads for travel and communication public works Gupta Empire- Ruled from about 320 CE to 550 CE the Gupta empire was ruled By Chandragupta (the 2nd No relation to India’s 1st Empire Chandragupta Maurya) Chandra Gupta-> Gupta Empire Chandragupta Maurya -> Mauryan Empire Gupta Art – greatly influenced South East Asian Art Architecture Decline of the Guptas- Invasion of 5 the White Huns in the 4 Century signaled the end of the Gupta golden age even though at first the Guptas defeated them after the decline of the Gupta empire north India broke into a number of separate Hindu Kingdoms and was not really unified again until the coming of the Muslims in the 7 Century Greece- South Eastern Europe Made up of mountains isolated valley small islands Aegean/Medit. Sea were important links to the rest of the world Greece-Affect economic activity-Geography Greeks became skilled sea traders Exchanged many ideas/technology result of trade Lack of unity among Greek-City States Polis- is a city, a city-state and also citizenship and body of citizens. When used to describe Classical Athens and its contemporaries, polis is often translated as "city-state." Direct Democracy- a government where all “MEN” took part in the daily affairs of the government Athens- Athens moved toward democracy allowing more citizens to take part in gov’t Economic reforms helped merchants/farmers Openness to trade, art, education, literature encouraged citizens (mostly males) to explore new ideas Only men owned land Pericles believed that ALL “MEN”*land owning * should be able to participate in gov’t Pericles helped rebuild the temples that the Persians destroyed and the ACROPOLIS Sparta-–“Nation of Soldiers” Spartans developed a system of strict control over their citizens From childhood a Spartan prepared to be part of a military state Girls were included in this Rigorous upbringing Spartans –Decline of City-State Spartan isolated themselves looking down on trade and wealth Forbade citizens to travel little use for arts and new ideas Inability to change led to a loss of power Hellenistic- After Alexander’s death, a vibrant new culture emerged. Greek (Hellenic) culture blended with Egyptian, Persian, and Indian influences. This blending became known as Hellenistic culture. Hellenistic cities such as Alexandria, was the direct result of cultural blending. Alexandria became the foremost center of commerce and Hellenistic civilization. Their art and much of their information dominated roman culture. Alexander the Great- His father was assassinated and Alex became the king at age 20 ruling Greece and Macedonia He wanted to attack and get revenge on the Persian Empire (Mesopotamia and Egypt) 37,000 troops – he is able to conquer most of the world Conquered Persia as first victory as king Became pharaoh of Egypt Built Alexandria in Egypt and over the places he conquered Egypt Iran Persia and parts of India Alexandria in Egypt still around these places were used to express Greek culture He died from a mosquito carrying malaria -Socrates- Started it All Developed Socratic Method/ Dialogue/Learning about beliefs ideas by asking questions Government put him to death poisoned had to drink Hemlock found guilty on trial -Plato- Student of Socrates Believed government should control the lives of people WROTE "THE REPUBLIC" Divided society into 3 classes Workers-Philosophers-Soldiers -Aristotle- Student of Plato Believed in a Strong Government and a good ruler should rule TEACHER of Alexander the Great Believed People learned through Reason Roman Republic- Republic-a government in which officials were chosen by the people believed it would prevent any individual from having too much power Roman Republic would last from 509 BCE- 133 BCE Senate- Most powerful body in roman government was the ROMAN SENATE made up of 300 patricians who served for life Senators made and interpreted the law. Each year the senators elected 2 CONSULS who supervised the government and commanded the army could only serve one term every 10 years. During was the senate could appoint a DICTATOR who would have complete power during the time of crisis as Rome grew so did its government Patricians – upper class of roman society land owners very wealthy very influential involved with government. Controlled much of Rome landed aristocrats Plebeians – farmers’ merchants artisans’ traders etc… lower and middle class of roman society large majority “everyone else” very little influence in government had a section of government created for them The Roman Empire-Julius Caesars death officially ends the Roman Republic and starts the Roman Empire-After Caesar’s murder Civil War broke out once again Caesar’s grandson Octavian and Caesar’s Top general and Friend Marc Anthony sought to find Caesar’s Murders and Kill them Once they found the Murderers and killed them they began to quarrel among each other Octavian defeated Marc Anthony and his powerful ally Cleopatra in 31 BCE Augustus – Reforms on Rome. He became Caesar Augustus of the Roman Empire. Augustus ruled with complete power from 31 BCE to 14 CE Set up well trained civil service who enforced laws (jobs to all men) Ordered a census (to make sure taxes were being collected fairly) Postal service Issued New Coins/Money Had unemployed build roads and temples Augustus – What does his Rule Mark Pax Romana -200 years of Roman Peace that stretched throughout the empire Trade increase for the better and more selection of goods High period of Roman Art, Literature, Engineering and Law 12 Tables- Code of Law during Roman Republic This is the earliest attempt by the Romans to create a CODE OF LAW; it is also the earliest (surviving) piece of literature coming from the Romans. In the midst of a perennial struggle for legal and social protection and civil rights between the privileged class (patricians) and the common people the 12 tables were made they include information/laws on Procedure: for courts and trials, trials, continued. Debt Rights of fathers over the family Legal guardianship and inheritance laws Acquisition and possession Land rights etc…. Growth of Global Trade-During Pax Romana ideas, wealth, and trade spread due to this many civilizations experienced a golden age and cultural diffusion took place. Phoenicians- they were located at the eastern end of the Mediterranean, Lebanon today known for their Alphabet, Sailors and traders, “Carriers of Civilization” Location. They were near the sea. The land was dry and hilly - bad for farming. They had timber for ships, crafts, and trade. Phoenicians excelled in Shipbuilding and navigation; first to make clear glass. By 600 BC, the Phoenicians had sailed around Africa. They traded by leaving goods on the shore. Phoenicians used Mesopotamian cuneiform at first they later developed and spread an alphabet, making widespread literacy possible. Silk Road-A 4,000 mile long “path” from China to the Middle East (Iraq) used in trade. Middle East re-sold products to the Roman Empire- Silk and spices were traded for precious stones, wool, and glass -This is an example of cultural diffusion – countries ideas have influence on another’s society (i.e. food, religion) Emergence and Spread of Belief Systems Animism-is a philosophical, religious or spiritual idea that souls or spirits exist not only in humans but also in animals, plants, rocks, and natural phenomena such as thunder, geographic features such as mountains or rivers, or other entities of the natural environment. Animism may further attribute souls to abstract concepts such as words, true names or metaphors in mythology. Animism is particularly widely found in the religions of indigenous peoples Hinduism- Hinduism is developed from the Aryan ideas -Most important religious books – Vedas -80 % of India’s population is Hindu -Holy objects: Cow, Ganges River – sacred river where people go to wash away their sins way of freeing the soul from the illusions, disappointments and mistakes of every day existence. Brahman- The god of creation is a single god -the controlling force of the universe Reincarnation- is determined by karma coming back in a new life to reach a closer level and unite with Brahman the universal soul moksha. Karma- through pure acts knowledge and devotion you can reincarnated to a higher level the opposite achieves the contrary result do good things good things happen to you Dharma- the code of leading one's life respect for elders is considered important and many consider marriage as a son's religious duty Duties and responsibilities of people who belong in the Varnas Caste System- Castes are social groups into which people are born People cannot change their caste during a lifetime. (Born a peasant, stay a peasant) Upanishads—philosophical dialogues between a student and teacher that explore ways to achieve freedom from desires and suffering Buddhism- Buddha – Siddhartha Gautama - saw suffering in the world. Wanted to cure it Came up with the 4 Noble Truths All life is suffering -Suffering comes from desire to end suffering, end desire-to end desire, follow the way of the Buddha Siddhartha Gautama-founder of Buddhism called him Buddha, which means “Enlightened One” Nirvana- The result of following the Eightfold Path, in which it will bring one to a state of freedom from reincarnation in this, a person will deny their everyday desires (materialism) this leads to peace, inner harmony, and contentment Monotheistic- The belief in only one god Judaism-Hebrews-Nomadic group in Fertile Crescent Became enslaved in Egypt, and God helped them escape set up kingdom of Israel—believed God had promised them land Beliefs evolved into Judaism Torah—sacred scriptures of the Hebrews Idea that God made covenant (promise) to be the God of the Hebrews Belief that 10 Commandments were given through Moses Sets out laws for moral basis of Judaism Sacred scriptures include writing of prophets—spiritual leaders Christianity- Monotheistic god – He is all knowing, merciful, and powerful - believed in the old testament- Share an ethical and moral dimension of religion Beliefs- One god - Ten Commandments-Moses’ teachings spread Messiah- Son of God Jesus was its founder Born into a Jewish family Considered himself the Son of God Put to death by Pontius Pilote on charges of blasphemy and treason Crucified Bible- Christianities holy book Islam- Islam = submission Muhammad- Muhammad – a merchant - said that God appeared to him in a dream He tried to spread his message but was kicked out of Mecca by the merchants He fled to Medina AKA the hijira He starts a community bounded by faith. Anyone can join. Hijira- Muhammad's flight from Mecca to Medina (Yathrib) Muhammad was faced with the threat of murder when he made the trip in 622 (first year of Arab calendar) Quran- Muslims holy book Written in it is are the prophecies of Muhammad Sharia- immense body of law interpreting the Quran and applying its teachings to daily life the system of law regulates moral conduct, family life, business practices, government, and other aspects of a Muslim community helped unite the many people that converted to Islam Post-Classical civilizations (500 C.E. - 12000 C.E.) Sui-581-618 capital Chang’an short rule but brought peace and unity to china after the Han dynasty fell Tang-618-907 C.E. capital Chang’an Sui general came to power; took the name Tang Taizong Forced Vietnam, Korea and Tibet to become tributary states Printing --> moveable print Porcelain Gunpowder Mechanical clocks more cosmopolitan culture. The Tang dynasty reestablished the safety of the Silk Road. Tea comes into China from Southeast Asia. Song-960-1279 C.E capital Hangzhou 960 Zhao Kuangyin reunited China under the Song dynasty more education Magnetic compass makes China a great sea power! Only female empress to ever rule alone (Empress Wu) Tributary System-tributary states remain independent but their rulers have to acknowledge China’s great power and send tribute—praise and money Gentry-wealthy landowners, study Confucian ideas, become civil servants Calligraphy-a type of writing used in china Foot binding-For upper-class girls, it became a new custom to have smaller feet it also limited movement Byzantine Empire- Mediterranean Sea / Black Sea -> trade 3 continents -> spread Located by Bosporus Strait Surrounded by water from 3 sides-> keeps out invaders Diocletian Divides Roman Empire Believed was too large and complex for one ruler Divided empire into Greek speaking east and Latin speaking west Ended/Fall of Rome was 476 CE East was wealthier, more trade, and great cities Constantinople- Emperor of Byzantine Empire Rebuilt Byzantium and renamed Constantinople Justinian- Under Justinian, the Byzantine Empire recaptured much of the territory of the Roman Empire, including Italy Autocrat = Sole ruler with complete authority (even over church) Justinian’s Code-Created a code of laws called The Justinian Code Modeled after Roman laws Influenced nations way beyond the Byzantine Empire got rid of many roman laws and replaced them with new more current ones for the people to go by Orthodox Church- Emperor was Jesus’ co-ruler on Earth (and appointed patriarch); they rejected Pope’s authority Greek language priests could marry Theodora restored icons (this sets off violent battles within the empire) divorce allowed chief Holy dayEaster Schism (1054)-Permanent split between Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic Church 1054 CD 2 churches became rivals Kiev-Russian city Located at the heart of the trading network became the center of attention Russia- Tribes of Slavic farmers and traders Small bands of adventurers known as Vikings Settled among the Slavs Byzantine Influence on Russia- trade, religion Orthodox Christianity Religious art/architecture Cyrillic alphabet (Byzantine missionaries created a written language for the Slavs) Constantinople later sent Christian missionaries to convert the Slavs Religion spread widely Acquired a written language and a class of educated Russian priests emerged Language, art, architecture, government, and religion Spread of Islam- Arabs were strong fighters Byzantine and Persian empires were weak from fighting against each other Muslims were united by belief in Islam Treated conquered people fairly Sunni/Shi’a(Shiites) split- argument over the successor of Muhammad Shi’a - The only true successors were descendents of the Prophet Believed the descendents were divinely inspired Sunni’s- Caliph should be chosen by leaders of Muslim community Believed the inspiration came from the example of Muhammad as recorded by his early followers Viewed him as a leader not as a religious authority Umayyad Dynasty- 661 - 750 Based in Damascus rather than Mecca Had to rely on local officials to govern empire Had to adapt from desert life to ruling large cities and huge territories DECLINE-Diversity rich, poor; Sunni, Shiite; Arab, non-Arab: They all disagreed on important issues Abbasid Dynasty- 750 - 900 Ended Arab dominance; ruled from Baghdad Helped make Islam more universal Enjoyed great wealth, power, golden age Golden Age of Islam- Architecture – Design- Literature - Islamic literature was the Koran itselfAstronomy -Medicine - Philosophy Islam advanced in all of these during its golden age. Medieval Europe- (500-1000 BCE)-The dark ages of Europe when the Roman Empire ended Western Europe was closed off and developed Feudal Manors. The Frankish Empire- ranks emerged as most powerful of tribes—brilliant king Clovis (he converts to Christianity, gaining support of Roman Catholic Church) Franks beat Muslims at Battle of Tours (Charles “the Hammer” Martel)—gives Christians confidence and prevents Islam from spreading into Europe Battle of Tours and Charles “The Hammer” Martel-battle of tours in 732 defeated the Muslims from invading Europe Charles Martel was responsible for winning this battle Charlemagne- born 742 ruled in 771 died in 814 He strengthened Christianity. He reconquered the Old Western Roman Empire. He sent out missionaries around this New Old Empire to spread out Christianity. He named the empire the Holy Roman Empire b/c it was governed together by the popes and the kings Feudalism- Loosely organized system of rule Powerful local lords divided their large landholdings among the lesser lords (vassals) In exchange for land, the vassals pledged service and loyalty to the greater lord Manoralism- an economic system between lords and peasants nearly self-sufficient (produced everything) Serf- Farmers who were tied to the land during European feudalism. They were not slaves because they could not be bought or sold, but they could not readily leave the manor either. Serfs were given land to farm in exchange for service to their lord. This service usually involved working the lord's fields, maintaining roads and the manor, and providing military service in times of war. Serfs paid taxes to their lord in the form of crops. Role of the Catholic Church- It provided spiritual guidance helped to govern Europe They could help choose leaders they had their own laws and courts Gothic Architecture- Cathedrals Closed Pointed arches flying buttresses (give support) Stained glass (Visual, tells stories) Statues Sculptures Lots of light The Crusades- They accelerated the development of Western Europe from a backward, violent, and technologically inferior area, to a more complicated area win which towns were created, trade expanded, and learning thrived. A total of 4 crusades against Muslims for holy land a series of holy wars that started in 1096 by Christian Europe against Muslim lands in the Middle East. For the first time after the fall of Rome, Western Europeans were able to break of isolation and defend their lands. (Because they sewed crosses on their tunics - cruces in Latin - they became known as crusaders.) Pope Urban II- was willing to help conquer Jerusalem from the Muslims. In 1095, he called a Council at Clermont, and urged feudal lord to join the war against non-believers. The people received the pope’s plea openly. These people were called Crusaders Pope Urban was a religious leader to the crusaders Council of Clermont- was a council Pope Urban II held to decide whether they decided to help the Byzantine Empire get the holy land back Holy Land- Christians Jewish and Muslims holy land which had a connection to their religion and holy book Reasons for the Crusades- promised forgiveness of sins entry to heaven religious motivation gold from Arab lands escape serfdom excitement cultural diffusion Saladin- Muslim leader; in 1187, Saladin gained control of Jerusalem. On the third crusade, Europeans tried but failed to retake the holy city. After debate, Saladin reopened the city to Christian pilgrims. United the Muslim world; crusaders in Jerusalem surrendered to him and he forbade his soldiers to kill, harm, or steal from defeated crusaders. Richard the Lion-Hearted-determined to retake Jerusalem from Saladin; won several victories but was unable to recapture the city Impact of the Crusades- Christians and Muslims grew more distrustful of one another Popes become more powerful Monarchs become more powerful; given authority to tax to support fighting Feudalism was weakened, an economy based on money, not land, develops. Europeans become interested in traveling People learn about other cultures TRADE INCREASES!!! (New goods, new travel methods) Commercial Revolution- was a period of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism Europeans rediscovered spices, silks, and other commodities rare in Europe. This development created a new desire for trade, and trade expanded in the second half of the middle Ages the European powers built vast, new international trade networks Guild- Composed of artisans (e.g. Carpenter guild, shoemaker guild) Established strict rules concerning: The prices to be charged for their products the product quality Competition between artisans Capitalism- an economic system in which the means of production are privately owned; supply, demand, price, distribution, and investments are mostly set by market forces rather than economic planning; and profit is distributed to owners who invest in businesses Hanseatic League- cities in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia to encourage trade also helped businesses and banks were created protected merchants because central gov’t were still weak, merchants banded together to protect their trade interests- groups in Northern Germany created this league The Black Death- Occurred during the middle of the 14th century Cause – Black rats were infested with fleas that carried the deadly bacteria Merchants in Italy brought over the disease from the Middle East, and then it spread to the rest of Europe. Reactions in Europe – Jews were blamed for diseases, plagues, and poisoning of wells Economic consequences – Trade hurt and agriculture decreased Global interactions (1200 C.E. - 1650 C.E.) Early Japan- Located on an archipelago-a chain of islands off the Asian Mainland - Religion was Shinto Japanese borrowed ideas from Korea and China (Korea acted as a bridge) Contact was a result of warfare and trade Japanese rulers sent nobles to study china and import the best traditions Impact of Geography- Land difficult to farm (TERRACE FARMING) Most of Population lives in narrow river valleys or along the coast Rugged terrain is a barrier to political unity Use of the sea as a source of food and transportation Experience in living in unsettled natural environment taught Japanese respect for the forces of nature (Shinto) (spirit of Kami) ->similar to Animism, Daoism, and Jainism Shintoism/Kami- Tradition-religion was Shinto-“the way of the gods” Characterized by the worship of “Kami” or spirits found in ALL things Kami were thought to control nature-believers tried to win their favor through offerings and prayer Influence of China- Writing- adopted Chinese characters Buddhism- (India->China->Japan) Confucianism- philosophy of proper etiquette, behavior, social order, honor for parent, and respect for learning appealed to the Japanese (Filial Piety) Tea drinking and ceremony, garden deigns, Monasteries Government structure Heian Period-794-1156 “Golden Age”??? Characteristics -Growth of large landed estatesManors -Arts & literature of China flourished -Elaborate court life (highly refined) -Etiquette – Cosmotalitan culture Personal Diaries The pillow book –by SG Shonagon - 10 century *Great Novel – The tale of Genji – by Lady Murasaki Shikibu (1000 pages) *Women Moving away from Chinese Models in Religion, Arts, Government *Did not borrow CHINESE CIVIL SERVICE SYSTEM Feudal Japan- by the 1100s emperors lost power and armies battled a need for protection led to development of feudal system Shogun-Political Leader- Shoen-Land -Warrior Class Shoguns had the real power, set up dynasties called Shogunates Shoguns distributed power to vassal lords called daimyo in exchange for a promise to support with their armies Daimyo- Nobles- Warrior Class Daimyo granted land to lesser warriors called samurai who promised loyalty to the daimyo and lived by code of conduct Samurai's-Warriors -Warrior Class- Protection samurai who promised loyalty to the daimyo and lived by code of conduct called Bushido Bushido- code of conduct “way of the warrior” They promised to be brave and honorable samurai who betrayed the code were expected to commit ritual death Tokugawa Shogunate- Osaka Castle Tokugawa Shoguns-Changes- Japan closed off to all trade period of isolation Most powerful –took over almost of all modern Japan Peace and Stability Government centralized with all power in the hands of Shogun Domestic trade flourishes Merchant class becomes rich New art forms – Haiku poems-Kabuki Theater The Mongols--Nomadic herders who roamed the grasslands with their horses and sheep Created the largest land empire –China and India areas- in history in the 1200s Took over China and created their own dynasty (the Yuan) Mongols- Successful Warriors Skilled horsemen borrowed new military technology such as cannons from the Chinese Tough skilled warriors with strict discipline absolute loyalty and the ability to travel days only eating a few handfuls of grain and drinking goat’s milk Mongol women were skilled riders and fighters, some commanded their own forces Genghis Khan- Mongols Led by Genghis Khan-Born around 1170s and died around 1220sMilitary genius- Genghis Khan set an example of tolerance, justice, listened to ideas of Confucius, Buddhist monks and Christians and Jews Yuan Dynasty- Kublai(h) Khan grandson of Genghis completed conquering China, Korea, Tibet and part of Vietnam Adopted Chinese name for Dynasty –Mandate of heaven- YUAN DYNASTY He Did NOT want the Mongols to become absorbed in Chinese civilization and so gave them the best jobs He defeated the Song dynasty and created the Yuan dynasty in 1279 C.E. He united China He made a new capital, Beijing – Khanbaliq used to be the capital He expanded trade and helped China to prosper Kublai Khan- Defeated the Song Dynasty and took over China Yuan Dynasty grandson of Genghis Khan and made the silk road safe again helped do what Genghis Khan could never do take over China Golden Horde- tax laws don’t pay homage –take prosperity -no prosperity – take children -no children – take wife -no wife- take your head Batu (Genghis’s grandson) led armies into Russia and Other lands- Known as the Golden Horde because of the color of their tents Pax Mongolia- Genghis Khan’s Conquests=Promoted trade and cultural exchanges Mongol warriors had no use for city life but they respected Scholars, artists, and artisans Genghis Khan set an example of tolerance, justice, listened to ideas of Confucius, Buddhist monks and Christians and Jews Political stability set stage for economic growth – Protected the Silk Road Foods, tools, inventions and ideas spread along trade routes Period of stability Exchange of goods/ideas b/w east and west Mongols provided safety on Silk Road allowing passage – of gunpowder porcelain / windmills flow west Marco Polo / Ibn Battuta- Foreign visitors such as MARCO POLO- an Italian trader/merchant and IBN BATTUTA a scholar form Morocco introduced Europeans to the beauty and riches of China, India, and Indonesia They produced WRITTEN RECORDS and interesting accounts of their journeys that inspired other Europeans to travel and trade and want to take part in the riches of China Indian Ocean Trade Network- It linked cultures, spread new religions, enhanced trading skills, and increased economic growth in several different regions of the world. Before the Indian Ocean Trade, most regions knew nothing of their neighboring civilizations. This trade network united the world. Because of it, just about all civilizations are conversant with each other. Ming Dynasty- Ming’s overthrew the Mongolspushed them behind the Great Wall Economic prosperity and industrial growth followed Population grew, leading to a growth of cities, and increase in trade Zheng He- He set out with a fleet of ships He made seven voyages exchanging silks and porcelains for luxury items including exotic animals He convinced people of Chinese supremacy set up the tribute system- To prove China’s supremacy, Zheng He gave gifts of Chinese silk, porcelain and other goods to local rulers In return, rulers gave to him rich and unusual gifts for China’s emperor and recognized China’s supremacy Zheng He also influenced politics. The Renaissance- A rebirth of cultural and intellectual pursuits after the stagnation during the European middle ages, this period in European history, from about the 14th through 16th centuries, features major cultural and artistic change. Humanism- A philosophical movement during the Renaissance that stressed life on Earth and the quality of being human, rejected living only for the afterlife of Christianity, A philosophical belief and importance as humans Michelangelo- (1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect, famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David. Leonardo Da Vinci- (1452-1519) An Italian painter, sculptor, engineer, and inventor. Famous works include paintings Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, also left a variety of sketches showing flying machines and underwater boats centuries before the invention of planes and submarines. Protestant Reformation- the period when Europeans protested and broke away from the Catholic Church and formed new Christian churches. 95 Theses- written by a German monk name Martin Luther it was a list of arguments against indulgences on the door of a church, copies were printed and distributed across Europe Luther- (1483-1546) German monk who wanted to reform the Church, theologian and religious reformer who started the Reformation with his 95 Theses which protested church corruption, namely the sale of indulgences. Calvin- (1509-1564) Theologian and church reformer who developed a form of Protestantism during the Reformation, his church is known for the idea of predestination, which states certain people are predestined for heaven. Henry VIII- (1491-1547) King of England who transformed his country into a Protestant nation during the Reformation. He had asked the pope for an annulment—pope refused Henry leaned towards new Protestant teachings made the Anglican Church Counter- Reformation- Attempted to slow down the Protestant takeover Ended corruption with the papacy itself Appointed reformers to specific issues and had the Council of Trent to discuss and fix the Roman Catholic Church Ignatius Loyola- (1491-1556) Founded the Society of Jesus, the Order of the Jesuits. He worked to combat the Protestant Reformation by providing strong Catholic leadership to monarchs across Europe. Magna Carta- A document granting rights to both the Church in England and the Nobility signed by King John in 1215. This is considered to be the beginnings of British democracy. King john signed the “Great Charter” under pressure from the nobles Guaranteed the rights of nobles and limited John’s authority Gave Parliament the right to approve taxes Rise of Nation-States - a central government, the state, rules over a group of people who share a culture, the nation. Most of these nation-states had powerful national governments, because their people were united by nationalistic feelings. These powerful national governments were then able to do whatever they wanted, and since they had the authority to do so, they began expanding outward. But as Europe was already inhabited, this expansion took place in other parts of the world, namely Africa and the multitudes of islands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Absolute Monarchy- A political system in which a country is ruled by a monarch, who has absolute control Strong armies limited representative body’s, high taxes, few individual rights Limited Monarchy-a government in which a legislative body limits the monarch’s powers Monarchy- A political system in which a country is ruled by a monarch African Kingdoms--Strong rulers gained control of trade routes Villagers trade surplus food Trade prospered and cities developed - Mali Kingdom-Mansa Musa-gave out gold *700- in Africa –ARRIVAL OF ISLAM IN NORTH AFRICA AND TRADE*-ISLAM TRADED GOLD AND SALT Ghana- 700 C.E. – 1200 C.E. Located in western Africa Led by a powerful king; absolute ruler extremely wealthy trading state. Their exports were gold, ivory and iron-ore Salt for gold trade – Ghana sold their gold to Arab Muslim merchants in north Africa for salt Slaves would mine for salt Camels, known as fleets of the desert, were used to transport salt The salt for gold trade is an example of cultural diffusion. Islam is spread along with their algebra Mali-1200 C.E. – 1450 C.E. Replace kingdom of Ghana Sundiata Keita – Founded the kingdom Mansa Musa – The most powerful and famous king of Mali Timbuktu becomes the center of Islamic learning and Mali builds Masques and libraries Songhai took over Songhai-After the Mali kingdom One of the west African Trading Kingdoms they were rich in gold and established a vast trading network across the Sahara desert. Mansa Musa- The most powerful and famous king of Mali – He was a Muslim and he made the Hajj On the Hajj, he gave away gold to the people he passed, therefore decreasing the value of it The First Global Age (1450-1770) Mayas- 300-900 C.E. city-states had their own ruling chief and nobles who served as military leaders Incas- 1400-1500 C.E. emperor headed a strong central government; nobles ran the provinces with local chiefs of conquered areas; others collected taxes, enforced laws, everyone spoke same language Aztecs- 1200-1400 C.E. ruled by emperor who was chosen by a council; noble class of judges and governors helped The Ottoman Empire-Hereditary nation state centered in Turkey. It was founded in the late 13th century after the collapse of the Byzantine Empire and extended across most of Asia Minor and the Middle East. The Ottoman Empire collapsed shortly after World War II. Suleiman the Magnificent-Magnificent—sultan He modernized the army and added new territories to the empire Strengthened govt. and based law on the Sharia—the Islamic system of law He held absolute power; yet consulted with advisor for everyday matters Many palaces and mosques were built during his rule Arts reflected Persian ideas Safavid Empire-were Shiite Muslims who enforced their beliefs; Ottomans were Sunni Muslims who despised Shiites They were constantly at war The Mughal Empire- was an Islamic imperial power that ruled a large portion of Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of Hindustan (South Asia) by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century. The Mughal Emperors were descendants of the Timurids, and at the height of their power around 1700, they controlled most of the Indian Subcontinent Babur- Muslim conqueror from Central Asia who, following a series of setbacks finally succeeded in laying the basis for the Mughal dynasty of India He was a direct descendant of Timur through his father, and a descendant also of Genghis Khan through his mother Akbar the Great-(1542-1605) Emperor of the Mughal Empire in India He is considered to be their greatest ruler. He is responsible for the expansion of his empire, the stability his administration gave to it, and the increasing of trade and cultural diffusion. Motives for European expansion- 3 G’s gold god glory they wanted goods from Asia! (China, India, Middle East) Muslim and Italian merchants controlled trade between Asia and Europe; goods were brought to Mediterranean ports where traders from Italian city-states carried precious goods to European markets; each time goods passed from one trader to another, the price increase Europeans wanted to cut out the middle man and gain direct access to the riches of Asia! Prince Henry the Navigator-Prince of the Kingdom of Portugal responsible for the beginning of the European worldwide explorations. Vasco DeGama- a Portuguese explorer, one of the most successful in the European Age of Discovery and the commander of the first ships to sail directly from Europe to India Christopher Columbus-(1451-1506) Italian explorer working for Spain who, in 1492, crossed the Atlantic Ocean and discovered the Americas for Spain Imperialism-The domination by one country of the political and/or economic life of another country Mercantilism-a country should export more than it imports; colonies exist to benefit the mother country Ferdinand Magellan-(1480-1521) Spanish explorer who was the first to circumnavigate the globe Columbian Exchange-global exchange of people, plants, animals, ideas and technology (started with Columbus) Absolutism-autocratic rulers have complete authority over the government and the lives of the people in their nations Charles V- ruled form 1519-1556 ruled Spain but also the heir to the Hapsburgs devout Catholic in 1556 gave up title and entered a monastery Philip II-Spain-invasions of Great Britain to enforce Catholicism (armada) Divine Right- belief that the king is an agent of God, and his authority to rule comes directly from God. Louis XIV-France-extravagant spending, made palace at Versailles, waging wars absolute monarch 72 years of rule L’état est moi- I am the state Peter the Great- took control of Russian government in 16890 czar studied western technology westernization autocratic absolute ruler serfdom in Russia capital St. Petersburg traded with west and explored Bering Strait The Stuart Monarchs-1603-1640s Sought to increase power Clashed with Parliament over money and foreign policy Angered members of the House of Commons Observes strict absolutist policies The English Civil War- 1642-1649 pitted supporters of Charles I against the forces of Parliament, under Oliver Cromwell. Cavaliers vs. Roundheads Oliver Cromwell- Ruled the Common Wealth in England led the Roundheads Supported Parliament, country folk, Puritans, manufacturers to win many battles and capture the king!! Cromwell’s army defeated the forces of King Charles I and he was executed!