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Types of culture Includes physical objects or artifacts – things that human beings create by altering the natural environment. They are easy to observe and are often impressive. Examples of these are buildings, tools, weapons and implements, book, jet airplanes, and other elements of culture that can be perceived as important parts or products of any behavior system of man, past, present and future. NON- MATERIAL CULTURE Consists of words people use, habits they follow, ideas, customs, behavior, of any society profess and to which they strive to conform. Laws, techniques, lifestyle, and knowledge are included, too. The non-material aspect of culture is the meaning and substance inherent in culture. Jagoda Mrzygłocka- Chojnacka pHd MATERIAL CULTURE 1 components of culture NORMS and VALUES • Guides or models of behavior which tell us what is proper and what appropriate or inappropriate is, right or wrong. They set limits within which individuals may seek alternatives or ways to achieve their goals. • Norms regulate people’s behavior in a given society. -usually in the form of rules, standards, or prescriptions followed by people who follow certain standards or roles. Jagoda Mrzygłocka- Chojnacka pHd NORMS: 2 components of culture • FOLKWAYS • MORES • LAWS Jagoda Mrzygłocka- Chojnacka pHd FORMS OF NORMS: 3 components of culture • MORES are seen as extremely important and are considered vital for the group’s welfare and survival. While folkways specify correct and proper behavior, mores define what morally right and morally wrong is • LAWS are norms that are enforced formally by a special political organization. They are formalized social norms enacted by people who have been vested through the machinery of the state Jagoda Mrzygłocka- Chojnacka pHd • FOLKWAYS are customary patterns of everyday life that specify what socially correct and proper in everyday life is. They are the repetitive or typical habits and patterns of expected behavior followed within a group of community 4 components of culture- values VALUES, IDEAS, BELIEFS • Beliefs refer to a person's conviction about a certain idea • Values are abstract concepts of what important and worthwhile is, they are general ideas that individuals share about what is good or bad. • For example: scientific arguments must be respected , and we should not believe in witchcraft democracy should be considered, and shouldn’t be racism Jagoda Mrzygłocka- Chojnacka pHd • Ideas are non-materials aspects of culture and embody man's conception of his physical, social and cultural world. 5 Types of culture High culture is not better than popular culture. It has different functions. Its purpose is to inform and to give fun to society rather than giving it a upper value or ideas outside of popular culture, we can observe different patterns of cultural groups. They are formed in opposition to popular culture. Subcultures are cultural patterns that distinguish some segments of society Counterculture refers to cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted norms within a society. Countercultures reject a lot of standards of a dominant culture Jagoda Mrzygłocka- Chojnacka pHd High culture refers to cultural patterns that distinguish a society’s elite. Popular culture sets cultural patterns that are common among society 6 Multiple Cultures –One Society Most notable are differences based on • Race • National/Ethnic Origin • Religion Jagoda Mrzygłocka- Chojnacka pHd When society is made up of multiple cultures that society has to deal with and somehow reconcile cultural differences and conflicts. In addition to the types of cultural variations we’ve talked about, there are other sources of cultural variations. 7 Ways of dealing with multiple cultures The most common, and the oldest way of dealing with multiple cultures is probably forcing assimilation and/or wiping out minority cultures. More recently, we have seen the development of pluralistic cultures in which the different cultures tolerate each other. Multi-Culturalism is a more recent development that recognizes the cultural diversity and promotes the equality of all cultural traditions. The United States is the most multicultural of all industrial countries. By contrast, Japan is the most monocultural of all industrial nations Multiculturalism stands in opposition to Eurocentrism, the dominance of European cultural patterns. Jagoda Mrzygłocka- Chojnacka pHd We will deal with this issue more, focusing on Race and Ethnicity. 8 Cultural Change Becasue every cultural system strives for unity, it is not easy to integrate new elements with the traditional ones, as it can destroy the cultural system we can distinguish three phenomena that promote cultural change: • Inventions, the process of creating new cultural elements. • Discovery, recognizing and understanding an idea not fully understood before. • Diffusion, the spread of cultural traits from one cultural system to another Jagoda Mrzygłocka- Chojnacka pHd If cultures goes through these different phases , then they have to change 9 Globalization Three key factors are promoting this trend: • Global economy: the flow of goods. • Global communications: the flow of information. • Global migration: the flow of people. but we can also see some limitations of the global theory: • global culture is much more advanced in some parts of the world than in the others • many people cannot afford to participate in the material aspects of a global culture • different people attribute different meanings to various aspects of the global culture Jagoda Mrzygłocka- Chojnacka pHd A lot of sociologists believe that today the global culture has become increasingly important. Some evidence suggests that a global culture may be emerging. 10 Globalization • It provides a set of concepts that both material and non material culture needs to adapt to. • It can stretch to the globe, but not all cultures will accept or adopt to these technologies and the changes they cause at the same rate. • East and West have different bases and adopt these changes at different rates That is why today we can not answer the question if globalization contributes to the creation of a one global culture Jagoda Mrzygłocka- Chojnacka pHd New and emerging communications, computer, and other technologies, affect cultural change without doubt 11