Download Примерный перечень вопросов к экзамену \ зачету на I семестр

Примерный перечень вопросов к экзамену \ зачету на I семестр:
1. Теоретический вопрос.
2. Перевод предложений и их анализ.
3. Правило наизусть.
Правила:
1. Существительное. Категория числа. Образование формы множественного числа.
2. Существительное. Категория падежа. Притяжательный падеж.
3. Прилагательное и наречие. Категория степеней сравнения. Образование степеней сравнения прилагательных
и наречий.
4. Числительные порядковые и количественные. Особенности употребления числительных в английском языке.
5. Местоимения личные, притяжательные и их формы.
6. Местоимения неопределенные и возвратные, особенности их употребления.
7. Основные типы простых предложений и порядок слов в них, члены предложения.
8. Предложение с вводным «there».
9. Модальные глаголы can, may, must, need.
10. Настоящее неопределенное время.
11. Использование неопределенного артикля с именами существительными.
12. Использование определенного артикля с именами существительными.
CONTROL SAMPLE TASKS
TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES:
1. Бенни живет дальше своего друга Джона.
2. Бенни их единственный ребенок.
3. Библиотека справа от двери.
4. В буфете хлеб.
5. В вашей группе много студентов? – Нет. Только двенадцать. В других группах больше студентов.
6. В вашем городе есть парки? – Да, есть, но немного, три или четыре.
7. В вашем доме много цветов? Нет не много, но они мне очень нравятся.
8. В зале несколько студентов.
9. В их семье двое детей – мальчик и девочка.
10. В кладовке много старых вещей, которые мы редко используем.
11. В комнате кто-нибудь есть? – Да, там кто-то есть.
12. В комнате несколько кресел, стол, диван ковер на полу возле камина.
13. В нашем саду нет цветов, но есть много фруктовых деревьев.
14. В пятницу он работает с трех до девяти.
15. В среду они должны быть в офисе с двух до семи.
16. В субботу он дома после шести.
17. В чашке немного чаю с молоком и сахаром.
18. Во вторник я в больнице до четырех.
19. Волки, лисы, олени и зайцы – дикие животные.
20. Все студенты должны приходить на занятия вовремя и не должны отсутствовать на лекциях.
21. Вы мне можете позвонить? – Нет у меня нет вашего номера телефона.
22. Где деньги? - Деньги в сумке.
23. Где живет твоя подруга? – Она живет в самой дальней комнате вдоль по коридору.
24. Где мои тетради? – Я не знаю, но те, что на столе - мои, а не твои.
25. Джеймс – восьмилетний мальчик, а его сестра младше его на 2 года.
26. Дом моих родителей в деревне рядом с лесом.
27. Его квартира такая же большая как его, но не такая светлая как моя. – Чем больше, тем лучше.
28. Его мама на два года старше отца.
29. Его отец на пять лет старше матери.
30. Его племянница физик, а племянник – химик.
31. Его школа на Оксфордской улице 40
32. Ему часто нездоровится.
33. Если у меня будет достаточно денег, я поеду на юг на Черное море.
34. Есть кто-нибудь в соседней комнате? - Я никого не вижу, там темно.
35. Еще не вечер, не так ли?
36. Изучать иностранный язык нелегко. – Неужели?
37. Их мебель дороже, чем наша.
38. Их старший сын на восемь лет младше вашего племянника.
39. Кабинет директора слева от входа.
40. Как долго до звонка? – Только пять минут. – Пора сдавать тетради.
41. Как по-русски «произношение»?
42. Как раз пора пить чай, а в доме нет сахару.
43. Как раз пора проверять домашнее задание.
44. Какая прекрасная музыка!
45. Канада находится к северу от США.
46. Который сейчас час? – Половина седьмого. – Я боюсь, ваши часы спешат на пять минут.
47. Кто опаснее тигр или слон?
48. Купи, пожалуйста, те цветы. Они мне нравятся больше, чем эти.
49. Мама моей мамы пожилая женщина 65 лет.
50. Мебель в нашем доме новая и красивая.
51. Между Ирландией и Великобританией находится Ирландское море, в котором расположен остров Мэн.
52. Миссисипи и Нил – самый длинные реки в мире.
53. Можно войти? – Да, заходите.
54. Можно выйти? Нет. Нельзя ходить во время урока.
55. Можно мне ответить на ваш вопрос? – Да, пожалуйста, но вы должны говорить по-английски.
56. Можно я прослушаю этот текст еще раз? Я не могу произнести некоторые слова.
57. Мой кот не ловит мышей.
58. Мой отец рабочий, а мачеха – писательница.
59. Моя мама работает с восьми до пяти; за это время она может сделать очень много.
60. Моя сестра умеет хорошо играть на пианино. – Неужели?
61. Моя старшая сестра – начинающая писательница.
62. Мы должны записать это предложение? – Нет не нужно.
63. Мы можем купить двух крыс, собаку и кролика.
64. Мы можем пойти куда-нибудь погулять сегодня? – Нет, мы должны готовиться к контрольной.
65. На втором этаже спальни, детская и ванная комната.
66. На каждом уроке мы проверяем домашнюю работу и слушаем новый текст.
67. На ком женат твой брат? – Он женат на моей подруге. Ее зовут Бетти, ей двадцать с небольшим. Она
младше Джона на три года.
68. На первом этаже кухня, кладовая и гостиная.
69. На полке книги о домашних животных: лошадях, волах, свиньях, овцах.
70. На полке несколько книг.
71. На столе есть сахар, но очень мало.
72. На тарелке масло.
73. Нас трое: мама, папа и я.
74. Наша кошка член нашей семьи.
75. Наша мать – драматург, а отчим – поэт.
76. Не задавай мне вопросов. Я не могу на них ответить.
77. Не стойте перед доской, пусть остальные посмотрят на ваше упражнение.
78. Нельзя разговаривать здесь так громко.
79. Обои в детской светлее, чем на кухне.
80. Он говорит, что должен платить деньги много лет, прежде чем назовет дом своим.
81. Он может дать мне два совета.
82. Он еще не дома, не так ли?
83. Он живет на улице Мира дом 34
84. Он может говорить по-английски, но не умеет писать.
85. Он музыкант, а его сестра – стоматолог.
86. Он сейчас в комнате номер тридцать; преподаватель должен дать ему дальнейшие указания.
87. Он слушает музыку.
88. Он старше своей жены на четыре года и младше своей сестры на пять лет.
89. Он такой же высокий как его брат, но он ниже, чем его отец.
90. Он часто шаловливый и очень любит животных и птиц.
91. Она богаче, чем ее родители, но она не такая богатая как ее брат.
92. Она говорит, что ничего не слышит.
93. Она работает продавцом, а ее муж – менеджер.
94. Она чувствует себя лучше сегодня.
95. Они живут в Канаде с родителями.
96. Отец моего отца пожилой человек, ему 67.
97. Открой окно, пожалуйста. В комнате очень жарко.
98. Откройте ваши книги на странице 67.
99. Перед домом цветочная клумба.
100. Позади дома сад.
ANALYZE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
1. It’s five already.
2. There’s a book on the table.
3. She likes him very much.
4. Marks works hard.
5. It’s far away from here.
6. It’s rather cold in winter.
7. There are two girls in the room.
8. It’s getting cold.
9. It gets cold in winter.
10. It’s John.
11. It’s never too late to learn.
12. It’s difficult to understand.
13. What fine weather we are having!
14. Home, sweet home.
15. Freedom.
16. There is no sugar in the pot.
17. There is some salt in the shakers.
18. He goes home by bus every evening.
19. Mary often goes abroad.
20. He smiled a happy smile.
21. I can explain it to you.
22. He is at home after four.
23. They gave a quick start.
24. He gives up smoking every second year.
25. He has been waiting for you for five hours already.
26. It went on raining.
27. She stopped crying soon.
28. I’m a student.
29. This is a big old leather chair.
30. His brother is a doctor.
31. I can do it at once.
32. That was a cheerful performance.
33. She looks good.
34. She speaks English well.
35. The Thames is the largest river in England.
36. Can I see him?
37. Who is on duty today?
38. Which is this switch?
39. Oh, I’m sorry, sir.
40. Little Bill, sit still!
41. Will you sit still, little Bill?
42. Mum is my dad’s better half.
43. Will you pass me the today’s paper?
44. Bill’s mother is a beautiful woman.
45. There isn’t anything on the floor.
46. I wash myself every morning.
47. I began reading at three.
48. The Mississippi is longer than the Tom.
49. This chocolate is too bitter.
50. So difficult it is!
SAMPLE SENTENCE ANALYSIS
1. I like this book.
According to the purpose of the utterance it’s a declarative affirmative sentence. According to the structure it’s a simple
two-member complete extended sentence.
The principal parts are the following:
“I” is a simple subject, expressed by a personal pronoun in the first person singular.
“like” is a simple verbal predicate, expressed by the verb to like in the Present Indefinite Tense.
The secondary parts are the following:
“book” is a direct object, expressed by a countable class noun in the singular, in the common case, modified by a
descriptive attribute, expressed by the demonstrative pronoun “this” in the singular.
2. Mark is a bright student.
According to the purpose of the utterance it’s a declarative affirmative sentence.According to the structure it’s a simple
two-member complete extended sentence.
The principal parts are the following:
“Mark” is a simple subject, expressed by a personal proper name in the singular in the common case.
“is a student” is a compound nominal predicate, expressed by the link-verb to be in the third person singular in the
Present Indefinite Tense and a predicative, expressed by a countable class noun in the singular in the common case,
modified by an indefinite article.
The secondary part is the following:
“bright” is a descriptive attribute to the predicative, expressed by a qualitative adjective in the positive degree.
3. It’s not dark.
According to the purpose of the utterance it’s a declarative negative sentence.According to the structure it’s a simple
two-member complete unextended sentence.
The principal parts are the following:
“it” is a simple subject, expressed by an impersonal “it”. It’s used to express the state of the environment.
“is not dark” is a compound nominal predicate, expressed by the link-verb to be in the third person singular in the
Present Indefinite Tense with the negative particle “not” and a predicative, expressed by a qualitative adjective in the
positive degree.
4. Is she a naughty girl?
According to the purpose of the utterance it’s an interrogative sentence, a general question.According to the structure
it’s a simple two-member complete extended sentence.
The principal parts are the following:
“she” is a simple subject, expressed by a personal pronoun in the third person singular.
“is a girl” is a compound nominal predicate, expressed by the link-verb to be in the third person singular in the Present
Indefinite Tense and a predicative, expressed by a countable class noun in the singular in the common case, modified by
an indefinite article.
The secondary part is the following:
“naughty” is a descriptive attribute to the predicative, expressed by a qualitative adjective in the positive degree.
5. There is nothing on the shelf.
According to the purpose of the utterance it’s a declarative negative sentence. According to the structure it’s a simple
two-member complete extended sentence.
The principal parts are the following:
‘there” is introductory, it introduces the real subject and shows the existence of a thing in a definite place.
“nothing” is a real simple subject, expressed by a negative pronoun.
“is” is a simple verbal predicate, expressed by the verb to be in the third person singular in the Present Indefinite Tense.
The secondary part is the following:
“on the shelf” is an adverbial modifier of place, expressed by a common class noun in the singular in the common case,
modified by a definite article and a preposition of place.
ENGLISH SENTENCES
TYPES OF SENTENCES
A sentence is a word or a group of words expressing a complete idea.
# They are reading a book. # Do you speak English? # It’s a fine day.
There are two principles of classification of sentences:
1. According to the purpose of the utterance;
2. According to the structure.
According to the purpose of the utterance we distinguish four types of sentences:
1. The declarative sentence; 2. The interrogative sentence; 3. The imperative sentence; 4. The exclamatory sentence.
1. A declarative sentence states a fact in the affirmative or negative form.
# This is a museum. # She is not a student.
Negative sentences are formed by means of the negative particle “not” which is placed after the verb (auxiliary, modal,
link verb).
# I do not like rainy weather.
Negative pronouns (no one, none, neither, nothing, no, etc.), negative adverbs (never, nowhere) and some other words
(hardly, refuse, without, etc.) are also used to express negation.
# I have no money with me. # He never says a rude word. # There is hardly a cloud in the sky in fact.
MIND! There is only one negation in the English sentence.
# He never goes to school by bus. – Он никогда не ездит в школу на автобусе.
2. Interrogative sentences ask questions.
# Where do you live? # Do you speak German?
3. Imperative sentences express commands, requests, invitations, etc.
# Open the door, will you? # Leave the room at once!
4. Exclamatory sentences express some kind of emotion or feeling (joy, anger, grief, wonder, etc.). It often begins with
the words “What” and “How”.
# How wonderful! # What fine weather we are having today!!
According to their structure simple sentences can be two-member and one-member sentences, extended and
unextended.
1. A two-member sentence has two members – a subject and a predicate.
# He had seen her before.
A two-member sentence can be complete or incomplete.
A complete sentence has a subject and a predicate.
# She often comes to see us.
An incomplete sentence has either a subject or a predicate. Such sentences are called elliptical.
# What are you doing? – Drinking. # What’s his name? – James. # Go home!
2. A one-member sentence has only one member which is neither the subject nor the predicate. One-member sentences
are generally used in descriptions and in emotional speech.
If the main part is expressed by a noun, the one-member sentence is called nominal.
# Freedom!
The main part of a one-member sentence may be expressed by an infinitive.
# To come. To see. To conquer.
3. Simple sentences can be unextended and extended.
An unextended sentence consists only of the main parts.
# Winter! # She is a student.
An extended sentence can include one or more secondary parts.
# He spoke to her with a warm smile.
TYPES OF QUESTIONS
There are four types of questions in English:
1. The general question; 2. The alternative question; 3. The special question; 4. The disjunctive question.
1. A general question requires the answer “yes” or “no” and is spoken with the rising nuclear tone.
General questions are formed by placing part of the predicate (i.e. the auxiliary or modal verb) before the subject.
# Do you like art? # Shall I read?
Sometimes such questions have a negative form and express astonishment or doubt. In Russian the words “разве не
…”, “неужели” are used in such questions.
# Haven’t you seen him yet? – Разве вы еще не видели этот фильм?
2. An alternative question denotes choice and is spoken with the rising nuclear tone in the first part and with the
falling nuclear tone in the second part.
It consists of two general questions connected by means of “or”; one of the questions can be elliptical.
# Are you a first or a second year student? # Do you like walking or jogging? # Are you hungry or have you already
had your dinner?
3. A special question begins with an interrogative word or phrase (how, where, why, how many, what colour) and is
spoken with the falling nuclear tone.
The order of words is the same as in general questions, but the interrogative word or phrase precedes the auxiliary word.
# Where do you live?
When a special question is put to the subject or to an attribute of the subject, the order of words is direct. The notional
verb comes in the third person singular or plural.
# Who lives in this house? # Whose pen is on the table? # Whose children are playing here?
4. A disjunctive question requires the answer “yes” or “no” and the first part is spoken with the falling nuclear tone
and the second part with the rising nuclear tone.
It consists of two parts: an affirmative statement followed by a negative question or a negative statement followed by an
affirmative question.
# He is a student, isn’t he? # You aren’t tired, are you?
MIND!
1. The question tag for “I am” is “aren’t I?”
# I’m right, aren’t I?
2. After imperatives, we can use the question tags will / would you? and can / can’t/ could you? when we want people to
do things.
# Switch off the light, will you? # Help me with these bags, could you?
3. After a negative imperative, we use will you?
# Don’t forget to post my letter, will you?
4. To make suggestions we use shall we? after let’s
# Let’s listen to some music, shall we?
5. We use “they” in question tags after somebody / someone, everybody / everyone and nobody / no one
# Somebody told you that, didn’t they? # No one phoned you last night, did they?
6. We use “it” in question tags after nothing
# Nothing is wrong, is it?
7. We can use “there” as a subject in question tags
# There won’t be any problem, will there?
SENTENCES WITH “IT”
Sometimes the pronoun “it” is a formal subject, i.e. it does not represent any person or thing.
Here we distinguish:
1. The impersonal “it”; 2. The introductory “it”; 3. The emphatic “it”.
1. The impersonal “it” is used:
To denote natural phenomena (e.g. the state of the weather) or that which characterizes the environment.
It is cold in winter.
Compound
Nominal
It is stuffy in here.
Predicate
It is delightfully quiet here.
MIND!
It is dark.
1. It is getting dark. (Go home!)
It is warm.
2. It gets dark (early in winter.)
1. It is getting warm. (I’d rather take off the sweater.)
2. It gets warm (in summer.)
# It rains. It’s drizzling. It hails. It’s snowing.
To denote time and distance:
Time
Distance:
It is 5 o’clock. It is morning already.
How far is it from your office to the bank?
It is late.
It is a long way to the station?
2. The introductory “it” introduces the real subject:
# It is never late to learn (Учиться никогда не поздно). # It is interesting for him to study English (Ему интересно
изучать английский). # It is time to go there (Пора идти туда).# It’s nearly time for us to go there (Нам почти пора
идти туда).
3. The emphatic “it” is used for emphasis:
# It was John who did it. (Cf.: John did it.)
SENTENCES WITH INTRODUCTORY “THERE”
Sentences with introductory “there” are used when it is necessary to point out the existence of a thing in a definite
place.
# There is some water on the desk. # There is a clock on the desk. # There are books in the bookcase.
If the countable noun is in the singular, it is used with the indefinite article; if it is in the plural or it is the uncountable
noun, it is used with no article.
# There is an apple, cucumbers and milk in the fridge.
If a sentence with the introductory “there” has several subjects the verb is used in the same number as the first subject.
# There is a girl and 2 boys in the family. # There are 2 boys and a girl in the room.
In the interrogative form the inverted order of words is used.
# Is there a clock? # Are there any students?
PARTS OF THE SENTENCE
In a sentence we distinguish:
The principal parts and the secondary parts and the independent elements.
They are:
The Principal Parts
The Secondary Parts
The Independent Elements
The Subject
The Attribute
The Interjection
The Predicate
The Object
The Direct Address
The Adverbial Modifier
The Parenthesis.
The independent elements are words and word groups which are not grammatically dependent on any part of the
sentence.
WORD ORDER
Word order in English is of great importance. English words have hardly any inflexions and their relations to each other
are shown by their place in the sentence and not by their form.
The word order in English is fixed and it is called the direct word order if it is the following:
SUBJECT – PREDICATE – OBJECT – ADVERBIAL MODIFIER.
# He likes English greatly.
The indirect word order is:
PREDICATE – SUBJECT –OBJECT – ADVERBIAL MODIFIER.
# Have you books at home?
THE SUBJECT
The subject is the principal part of a two-member sentence. It can be expressed by a noun in the common case, a
pronoun (personal, demonstrative, defining, indefinite, negative, possessive, interrogative), a substantivized adjective or
participle, a numeral, an infinitive, a gerund, etc.
# The boy went away. # Nobody answered. # Smoking is unhealthy.
THE PREDICATE
The predicate is the second principal part of the sentence which expresses an action, state, or a quality of a person or a
thing denoted by the subject.
We distinguish simple and compound types of predicate.
PREDICATE
simple
verbal
He came there.
compound
phraseological
She gave a cry.
nominal
I am 17.
verbal
modal
I can do it.
aspect
She stopped talking.
The simple verbal predicate is expressed by a verb in a simple or a compound tense form.
# Erick arrived early. # I have been waiting for you for two hours.
There is a special type of predicate – the phraseological predicate. Here we use different phraseological constructions
(to get rid of, to take care of, to pay attention to, to lose sight of, to have a smoke, to give a cry, to make fun of, to take
part in, to change one’s mind, to get in touch, etc).
# The man gave a violent start. # He was making fun of us.
The compound predicate consists of two parts: a finite verb and a predicative expressed by some other part of speech
(a noun, a pronoun, an adjective, etc).
The compound nominal predicate consists of the link verb and the predicative (expressed by a noun, adjective,
numeral). The main link verbs are:
1.
2.
link verbs of being
link verbs of becoming
be, look, feel, taste, smell, sound
get, grow, become, turn, prove, make
3. link verbs of remaining
remain, keep, continue, go on
4. link verbs of seeming
seem, appear
# He grew more cheerful. # He was a nice-looking fellow. # The dance continued fast. # She will make a good wife.
The compound verbal modal predicate may consist of a modal verb and an infinitive, modal expression, a verb with a
modal meaning and a infinitive or gerund (can, may, must, to hope, to intend, to try, to want, to wish, to be able, to be
obliged, to be willing, to be going, to be bound, to be anxious, to be capable, etc).
# You can prove everything. # I have to work for my living. # He wanted to throw himself into the whirlpool of Paris.
The compound verbal aspect predicate expresses the beginning, repetition, duration or ending of the action (to begin,
to start, to go on, to finish, to keep on, to continue, to give up, etc). After the verb comes either infinitive or gerund.
# She began to study English. # He kept speaking. # It has stopped raining.
There can be several mixed types of predicate:
1. The compound modal nominal predicate
# Don’t think I mean to be unkind.
2. The compound aspect nominal predicate
# I began to feel rather hungry.
3. The compound modal aspect predicate
# I had to begin living all over again.
THE OBJECT
The object is a secondary part of the sentence which completes the meaning of a verb. It can be expressed by a noun in
the common case, a pronoun (a personal in the objective case, possessive, defining, reflexive, demonstrative,
indefinite), a substantivized adjective or participle, etc.
There are three kinds of objects:
1. The direct object; 2. The indirect object; 3. The prepositional object.
1. The direct object is used after transitive verbs with which it is closely connected. It is used without any preposition.
If there is only one object in the sentence, it is usually direct.
# I moved my head negatively. # I asked him his name.
2. The indirect object can be of two types.
The first type expresses the addressee of the action. It is used after transitive verbs and the indirect object comes before
the direct object. No preposition is used in this case.
# She gave him an interesting book. # She sent them a telegram.
The second type of indirect object is used with the prepositions to and for.
# Give it to me. # She can do it for you.
MIND! The following verbs are used with the preposition “to” all the time: to explain, to dictate, to suggest, to relate,
to announce, to ascribe, to attribute, to communicate, to introduce, to submit, to repeat, to interpret, to point out.
# I shall dictate to you a letter. # I shall dictate a letter to you.
3. The prepositional object.
# Tell me about it.
MIND!
The direct object and the indirect prepositional object may be simple and complex.
# I like this work. # I like to watch people working.
4. There is a special type of object – the cognate object. It is usually used in such combinations: to smile a sad smile, to
live a happy life, to laugh a bitter laugh, to die a violent death, to fight an awful fight, etc.
# He smiled a happy smile. # She lived a simple life.
THE ATTRIBUTE
The attribute is a secondary part of the sentence which qualifies a noun, a pronoun, or any other part of speech that has a
nominal character. An attribute can stand in pre-position and in post-position. At attribute can be expressed by an
adjective, a pronoun (possessive, defining, demonstrative, interrogative, relative), a numeral, a noun, a prepositional
phrase, an adverb , participle I and II, etc.
# Her father’s name was unknown. # She was a beautiful woman. # The letter from her sister calmed her.
Attributes can be descriptive and particularizing.
# It was a good restaurant. # The restaurant you saw is good.
If there are several attributes in the sentence, they must be placed in the following order:
Opinion adjectives
Descriptive adjectives
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
general
specific
size
shape
age
colour
nationality
lovely
comfortable
big
round
old
black
Italian
THE ADVERBIAL MODIFIER
8
material
leather
Adverbial modifier is a secondary part of the sentence which modifies a verb, an adjective or an adverb. The adverbial
modifier can be expressed by an adverb, a noun, a prepositional phrase, a pronoun, an adjective, an infinitive, a
participle, etc.
According to their meaning we distinguish adverbial modifiers of:
1. time
I’ll see you tomorrow.
2. manner
He spoke with icy formality.
3. place
He had friends everywhere.
4. comparison
Like his sister he was freckled.
5. measure
It weighs a kilo.
6. result or consequences
She was too happy with him to leave him.
7. degree
It is rather good.
8. frequency
He often bothered them at home.
9. attendant circumstances
The ball rolled, clattering over the stones.
10. cause
He had fear of water, his father having sunk last year.
11. purpose
They opened the door for her to come in.
12. concession
Though frightened he stepped forward.
13. condition
She never would have been able to do that but for the kindness of the
neighbours.
PARTS OF SPEECH
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE PARTS OF SPEECH
According to their meaning, morphological characteristics and syntactical functions, words fall into classes called parts
of speech. We distinguish between notional and structural parts of speech.
The notional parts of speech perform certain functions in the sentence.
The notional parts are:
1. The Noun; 2. The Adverb; 3. The Verb; 4. The Adjective; 5. The Pronoun; 6. The Modal Words;
7. The Numeral; 8. The Words of the Category of State; 9. The Interjection.
The structural parts of speech either express relations between words or sentences or emphasize the meaning of words
or sentences. The never perform any indefinite function in the sentence.
The structural parts of speech are:
1. The Preposition; 2. The Conjunction; 3. The Particle; 4. The Article.
PRONOUN
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Personal pronouns replace nouns. They have two forms of two cases – the nominative and the objective. Pronouns in the
nominative case are used as a subject of a sentence. # She is seven. He is a nice person.
Personal pronouns in the objective case are used as a object of a sentence. # I see him. I don’t believe her.
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
Possessive pronouns express possession. They have two forms – the conjoint and the absolute.
The conjoint form is followed by a noun. # This is my sister. That is her walky-talky.
The absolute form is never used with a noun. # This book is mine. Those wallets are theirs.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
Nominative case
Objective case
Conjoint form
Absolute form
I
me
my
mine
you
you
your
yours
he
him
his
his
she
her
her
hers
it
it
its
its
we
they
us
them
our
their
ours
theirs
DEFINING, INDEFINITE AND NEGATIVE PRONOUNS
Defining pronouns are the following:
Indefinite pronouns are:
each
every
everything
Each student must do his homework.
Every country has its customs.
I want to have everything at home.
some
something
somebody
everybody
everyone
all
I know everybody here.
Everyone knows this.
All I want is a good rest from all this
work.
Both these cassettes are mine.
Any other questions?
Another cup of tea?
I don’t like either car.
someone
any
anything
both
other
another
either
Negative pronouns are:
no
There is no milk left.
nothing
I know nothing about it.
nobody
He asks nobody to help him.
I have some books at home.
I need something else, I think.
I guess somebody else can help
you.
Are you looking for someone?
Are there any apples?
I can’t tell you anything right
now.
I can’t see anybody in here.
Is there anyone I can talk to?
He’s not one to complain.
anybody
anyone
one
no one
none
neither
She is interested in no one but herself.
We can’t have soup, there’s non left.
Neither car is mine.
Pronouns with some- and any- are used in the same way as “some” and “any”.
Positive statements:# Someone is sleeping in my bed. He saw something in the garden.
Negative statements:# He doesn't know anybody here.
Questions:# Are you looking for someone? (= I'm sure you are) # Have you lost something? (= I'm sure you have) # Is
there anything to eat? (real question)
MIND! That there is a difference in emphasis between nothing, nobody, etc. and not ... anything, not ... anybody: # I
don't know anything about it. (= neutral, no emphasis) # I know nothing about it (= more emphatic, maybe defensive)
QUANTITY DEFINERS
Different quantity determiners are used with countable and uncountable nouns.
+ Countable Noun
+ Uncountable Noun
many
much
a lot of, lots of, plenty of
a lot of, lots of, plenty of
several
some
a few
a little
few
little
+ Countable Noun
I have many friends there.
She has a lot of pencils.
My mom has several dresses.
He’s not an orphan. He has a few relatives.
With your experience you have few chances to get there.
Meaning
big quantity
big quantity
some quantity
positive meaning. some but not
much/many.
negative meaning. nearly no/nothing.
+ Uncountable Noun
She’s got much patience
There’s lots of snow in December.
She has some flour for the cake.
I have a little coffee. Would you like some?
I have little water. It’s not enough for two of us.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
Demonstrative pronouns point out the person or thing that is meant and separate from others.
Singular
Plural
Others
this
these
same
that
those
such
# I’ll take this bag and you’ll take that one.# These are my shoes. Those are yours.# Such a nice day. Do the same!
REFLEXIVE AND EMPHATIC PRONOUNS
Reflexive pronouns are used for showing that the action in the sentence has its effect on the person or thing that does
the action. Reflexive pronouns are used in the function of an object in a sentence. # Help yourself to apples!
Emphatic pronouns are used for emphasis.Emphatic pronouns emphasize the meaning of the pronoun or a noun.# Do
it yourself.
After such verbs as to feel, to wash, to shave, to relax, to hide, to dress, etc a pronoun may be omitted and is used only
as emphatic. # How do you feel? # The child dressed himself.
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
EMPHATIC PRONOUNS
I wounded myself.
I do it myself.
myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
NOUN
The noun is a word expressing substance in the widest sense of the word.
1. Countable numbers have two numbers: singular and plural. # a girl – girls
2. Nouns denoting living beings have two case forms: the common case and the possessive case. # Mark – Mark’s
book
3. In a sentence the noun is mostly used as the subject, the object. It can also be used as an attribute, a predicative or an
adverbial modifier. # The girl is an architect. He took a glass of water. She looked in admiration at her father’s yacht.
4. Nouns can be simple (having no suffixes or prefixes), derivative (having suffixes, prefixes or both), and compound
(built from two or more stems). # chair, inexperience, snowball.
5. We distinguish two classes of nouns: proper nouns and common nouns.
Proper nouns are individual names given to separate persons or things: personal names, geographical names, the
names of months, days of the week, names of ships, hotels, etc. # Mary, the Thames, March, Friday, the Titanic.
Common nouns are names that can be applied to any individual class of persons or things. Common nouns are class
nouns, collective nouns, nouns of material and abstract nouns. # book, police, snow, kindness
THE PLURAL OF NOUNS
I THE GENERAL RULE
English countable nouns have two numbers – the Singular and the Plural. The Plural of English nouns is formed by
adding the ending –s/-es to the Singular.
II THE WAYS OF PRONUNCIATION
The ending -s / -es may be pronounced as
[s] after voiceless consonants (other than sibilants) # lamps, cats
[z] after voiced consonants (other than sibilants) and vowels # bags, boys
[Iz] after sibilants # roses, bridges
III PARTICULAR CASES OF SPELLING
The ending –es is added to nouns ending in:
1. sibilants:
bush – bushes
horse — horses
watch — watches
box — boxes
class — classes
bridge — bridges
2. “y” preceded by a consonant. In this case “y” is changed into “i”:
city — cities
family –families
lady – ladies
fairy – fairies
“y” preceded by a vowel is not changed:
monkey – monkeys
boy – boys
toy – toys
day – days
3. “o” preceded by a consonant:
hero – heroes
potato – potatoes
tomato – tomatoes
If “o” is preceded by a vowel the ending –s is added:
cuckoo – cuckoos
zoo – zoos
studio – studios
video – videos
portfolio – portfolios
There are some exceptions:
photo – photos
piano – pianos
solo – solos
metro – metros
zero – zeros
auto – autos
kilo – kilos
tobacco – tobaccos
Note: There are a few nouns which have both forms: cargo – cargoes (cargos)
4. “f” / “fe” in the following nouns. “f” changes into “v”:
knife – knives
wife – wives
life – lives
leaf – leaves
wolf- wolves
self- selves
calf— calves
shelf- shelves
loaf— loaves
thief- thieves
half- halves
elf-elves
Other nouns ending in -“f”/ -“fe” add – s:
roof – roofs
gulf – gulfs
proof – proofs
cliff – cliffs
belief – beliefs
reef – reefs
relief – reliefs
safe – safes
chief – chiefs
Handkerchief – handkerchiefs
There are a few nouns which have both forms:
hoof – hoofs (hooves)
scarf – scarfs (scarves)
wharf – wharfs (wharves)
VI THE PLURAL OF COMPOUND NOUNS
1. As a rule, compound nouns change the Singular of the head-word:
stepmother – stepmothers
son-in-law – sons-in-law
passer-by – passers-by
editor-in-chief – editors-in-chief
hotel-keeper — hotel-keepers
field-mouse — field-mice
2. If there is no head-word, the final element takes the Plural:
# lady-bird - lady-birds
If there is no noun in the compound, -s /-es is added to the last element:
forget-me-not —forget-me-nots
go-between – go-betweens
merry-go-round – merry-go-rounds
pick-up —pick-ups
break-down — break-downs
sit-in — sit-ins
drop-out — drop-outs
3. If the first word of the compound is “man” / “woman”, both the words in the compound are used in the Plural:
man-servant – men-servants
woman-doctor – women-doctors
V IRREGULAR WAYS OF FORMING PLURAL
1. Some nouns change their root-vowels:
man — men
child-children
foot –feet
mouse – mice
woman — women
ox — oxen
tooth – teeth
louse — lice
goose – geese
2. Some nouns of foreign origin (mostly borrowed from Latin & Greek) keep their native plural forms (they are given in
a dictionary):
phenomenon –phenomena (Greek)
crisis – crises (Greek)
formula –formulae (Latin)
basis – bases (Greek)
However some of them have 2 plural forms:
formula – formulae (formulas)
index – indexes (indices)
3. In some nouns the plural form does not differ from the singular:
a) always unchanged:
deer – deer
swine – swine
cod – cod
sheep – sheep
grouse – grouse
salmon –salmon
4. Usually unchanged:
trout – trout;
carp – carp;
pike –pike;
moose — moose
5. Have both regular and unchanged Plural:
antelope – antelope (s)
flounder – flounder (s)
reindeer – reindeer(s)
herring – herring(s)
fish –fish(es)
6. In some nouns the Singular form does not differ from the Plural:
a means – means;
a species – species;
a headquarters –headquarters;
a series – series;
a works – works
7. Some nouns ending in —s (-ics) are usually singular (and uncountable).
a)-“s”
news;
measles; mumps + some other diseases
crickets; billiards; draughts + some other games
b) -“ics”
mathematics (or maths); physics; electronics; optics; politics; economics; phonetics + some other sciences
athletics; gymnastics + some other activities
8. Geographical names
towns: Athens; Brussels; Naples
some countries: Wales; the Bahamas; the Philippines; the Netherlands; the United States
VI NOUNS WITH NO SINGULAR (ALWAYS IN THE PLURAL)
1. One thing has two undivided parts:
two eyes
two legs
two parts
some other nouns
glasses
trousers
pajamas
goods
spectacles
shorts
scissors
clothes
goggles
jeans
shears
contents
binoculars
pants
tongs
wages
tights
scales
sweets
breeches
people (people –peoples – “ люди – народы”)
leggings
To make these nouns countable we use “a pair of”
# Those are nice jeans. ~ That’s a nice pair of jeans.
VII NOUNS WITH NO PLURAL (ALWAYS SINGULAR)
1. Uncountable nouns:
money (much money, little money, a little money)
knowledge
advice (a piece of advice)
information
furniture (an item of furniture, apiece of furniture)
progress
work (a piece of work, a job, jobs)
weather
experience ( “an experience – experiences “ when countable in the meaning of “стаж работы”)
hair (a hair, 2 hairs when countable)
2. Material nouns:
Gold, silver, bread (a loaf of bread, a slice of bread), sugar (but different kinds (sorts) are called “sugars”, “wines”), tea
/ coffee (but thinking about helpings we say: “2 teas”; “4 coffees”), paper ( “a paper, papers” when countable)
3. Abstract nouns:
Strength, will, love, friendship, music, noise (but a noise – noises); light (a light – lights when countable)
VIII MORE THINGS TO REMEMBER
1. Some words are pronounced differently when in the plural:
a) [haus] – [hauzIz] house – houses
b) Nouns ending in –“th”. [T] is changed into [D] in pronunciation after long vowels and diphthongs:
# [ba:T] bath – baths [ba:ðz]; [EVT] oath – oaths [EVðz]
Nothing happens to [T] after consonants (including “r”) and short vowels:
# [mAnT] month – months [mAnTs]; [mIT] myth – myths [mITs] [bE:T] birth – births [bE:Ts];
[helT] health – healths [helTs]
2. When the whole family is meant, we use the plural of the last name of the family with the definite article
# The Smiths live next to us. The Smirnovs are nice people.
3. Some nouns singular in form are often (but not always) plural in their meaning. They are so-called “collective
nouns”. These nouns are all groups of people ( but cattle ). We often think of them as a number of people not as one
thing. So we often use a plural verb.
firm
youth
army
family
committee
cattle
team
staff
government
audience
company
crowd
# The government want to increase taxes. The staff look after the children. Scotland (a sports team = they) are playing
France next week. Shell (a. company = they) have increased the price of petrol.
4. “police” always requires a plural verb.
# The police have arrested a friend of mine.
Do you think the police are well-paid?
Note: a person in the police is “a policeman”, “a policewoman”, “a police officer”, not “a police”
5. We often think of a sum of money, a period of time, a distance as one thing. So we use a singular verb.
# Twenty thousand pounds was stolen in the robbery. Three years is a long time to be without a job. Six miles is a long
way to walk every day. Thirty degrees is too hot for me.
THE POSSESSIVE CASE
English nouns have two case-forms: the common case and the possessive case. A noun in the possessive case is used as
an attribute to some other noun.# my sister’s son
The possessive case is formed by adding the apostrophe (‘) and s to the nouns, but this form is mostly used with nouns
denoting living beings (people, animals).# teacher’s words, dog’s food
The meaning of the possessive case can be replaced with all the nouns by means of the preposition “of” and a noun in
the common case.# my sister’s son – the son of my sister BUT the leg of the table
The possessive case is also used with nouns denoting TIME, SPACE, QUANTITY, DISTANCE.
# a day’s journey, a week’s holiday, a mile’s distance, today’s newspaper, yesterday’s news
The possessive case is used with words “world”, “city”, “country”, “ship” and nouns denoting them.# the world’s news,
Europe’s biggest river, Moscow’s art galleries
It is also used in some set-phrases.# for order’s sake, for goodness’s sake, at his fingers’ end, to go to the baker’s, to
stay at my uncle’s
The possessive case has some peculiarities in spelling and pronunciation:
(‘) and s is added to the nouns in the singular and nouns that form their plural by changing the root-vowels # my
father’s sister, the children’s toys, a man’s voice, women’s books
(‘) alone is added to the ending –s/-es in nouns in the plural # the students’ books, ladies’ dresses
Compound nouns are treated as one word and (‘) and s is added to the last word # my mother-in-law’s room,
commander-in-chief’s orders
(‘) and s is pronounced as:
[z] after vowels and voiced consonants (other than sibilants) # a man’s book, a boy’s toy
[s] after voiceless consonants (other than sibilants) # a student’s article
[Iz] after sibilants # Alice’s work, judge’s words
ADJECTIVE
There are two types of adjectives in the English language: qualitative and relative.
Qualitative adjectives express a certain quality.# kind, good, red, lovely
Relative adjectives denote qualities of a substance through their relation to materials, place, time or actions.# wooden,
Asian, monthly, preparatory
DEGREES OF COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
English adjectives have three degrees of comparison: the positive, the comparative and the superlative.
Short one syllable adjectives add -er (in the comparative) and -est (in the superlative):
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
big
bigger
biggest
nice
nicer
nicest
cheap
cheaper
cheapest
short
shorter
shortest
Two syllabic adjectives ending in –y, -ow, -er and those with the stress on the last syllable add –er (in the comparative)
and –est (in the superlative) as well:
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
busy
busier
busiest
clever
cleverer
cleverest
narrow
narrower
narrowest
severe
severer
severest
Long adjectives two syllabic and polysyllabic add more (in the comparative) and most (in the superlative):
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
active
more active
most active
expensive
more expensive
most expensive
interesting
more interesting
most interesting
There are some irregular forms of comparison of adjectives:
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
good
better
best
bad
worse
worst
many
more
most
much
more
most
little
far
less
farther
further
least
farthest
furthest
old
older
elder
oldest
eldest
near
nearer
nearest
next
late
later
latest
last
Mind!
little in the meaning small has no degrees of comparison. In the comparative and the superlative degrees smaller and
smallest are used:
I have a little room.
BUT: I have little time.
He has a smaller room.
She has less time.
They have the smallest room.
He has the least time.
farther – farthest – furthest refer to distance.
# It is not farther than a mile from here. I found my beloved in the farthest / furthest corner of the garden.
BUT: further usually means “additional”.# Further details are not necessary.
older – oldest denote age or duration
# My brother is older than you. Put on your oldest clothes.
BUT: elder – eldest are used when speaking of the members of one family.# Granny is the eldest member of the family.
# My elder sister is single.
nearest means “closest”# Where is the nearest post-office?
BUT: next means “following” # The next point of our agenda is the financial situation of the company.
latest means “newest”# Have you heard the latest news?
BUT: last usually means “final”# That was the last train for today.
THE WAYS OF COMPARISON
Comparative degree + than
# This week is busier than the previous one.# That lady is more elegant than the others.
Much / a bit + comparative degree + than
# Jill is a bit older than John. # My father is a bit more famous than my uncle.# Canada is much farther than London.#
Life in the USA is much more expensive than in Congo.
Less + positive degree + than
# The book is less interesting than the one you have.# This winter is less cold than the previous one.
As + positive degree + As
# This week is as busy as that before.# This dress is as expensive as that in your wardrobe.
Not so + positive degree + As
# This kitten is not so cute as that one.# That television set is not so expensive as the one I have at home.
The + comparative degree + The + comparative degree
# The sooner the better.# The more we study the more we know.
SPELLING RULES
Adjectives ending in -e add -r (in the comparative) and -st (in the superlative).# brave – braver – bravest
If a consonant at the end of the word is preceded by a short vowel, the consonant is doubled.# hot – hotter – hottest
BUT: clean – cleaner – cleanest
“y” preceded by a consonant changes into “i”.# happy – happier – happiest BUT: gay – gayer – gayest
ADVERB
DEGREES OF COMPARISON OF ADVERBS
Degrees of comparison of adverbs are formed in the following way:
One syllabic adverbs add –er in the comparative and –est in the superlative degree.
# Fast – faster- fastest # hard – harder – hardest
Most adverbs ending in –ly add more in the comparative and most in the superlative.
# wisely – more wisely – most wisely # accidentally – more accidentally – most accidentally
Irregular forms of comparison:
well
better
best
little
less
least
much
more
most
badly
worse
worst
Three adverbs form their comparative and superlative degrees in two ways:
often
oftener
oftenest
more often
most often
quickly
quicker
quickest
more quickly
most quickly
slowly
slower
slowest
more slowly
most slowly
The comparative degree of adverbs may be strengthened by adding much and far:
# He plays tennis much better.# Marge cooks far more deliciously than anyone else.
MODAL VERBS
Modal verbs have the following characteristics:
1. They haven’t any form of the infinitive, participle and gerund.
2. They have only one form for all the persons, both singular and plural.
3. The infinitive of a notional verb after a modal verb is used without the particle to.
4. Modal verbs cannot be used in the Imperative Mood.
5. All the modal verbs are used without any auxiliary verb in the negative or interrogative form.
6. Modal verbs have full and contracted forms in the negative sentences:# cannot – can’t, must not – mustn’t, need not –
needn’t.
CAN
The verb can expresses ability and possibility. # My friend can play draughts very well.
I cannot give you a lift tonight.
Mrs. Jackson can speak five languages, can’t she? – No, she can’t. Can you lift that suit-case for me? – Yes, I can.
MAY
The verb may expresses permission. It is used when asking for and giving permission.
# You may be free, the lesson is over. May I come in? – Yes, you may. May I go out? – Do, please.
To deny permission, prohibit an action the following words are used:
# May I have another try? – I’m afraid not (to express polite prohibition).
# May I come in? – No, you may not. I don’t let students enter the classroom after the bell (to express personal
prohibition).
# May I wash my hands here? – No, you can’t. There is no water (to express the absence of possibility).
May I go out? – No, you mustn’t. Nobody is allowed to leave the room during the lesson (to express strict prohibition)
MUST
The verb must expresses obligation, necessity. Needn’t expresses the absence of necessity.
# You must be in time for your classes.Must we write it down? – Yes, you must.Must we hand in our homework? – No,
you needn’t.
NUMERAL
The numeral is a part of speech which indicates number or the order of persons and things in a series.
Numerals are divided into cardinals and ordinals.
Cardinal numerals indicate exact number, they are used in counting. As to their structure the cardinal numerals from 1
to 12 and 100, 1000, 1, 000, 000 are simple words; those from 13 to 19 are derivatives with the suffix –teen; the
cardinal numerals indicating tens are formed by means of the suffix –ty. The numerals from 21 to 29, from 31 to 39, etc.
are composite.
# ...but from the corner of the street until she came to No. 26 she thought of those four flights of stairs.
Ordinal numerals show the order of persons and things in a series.
With the exception of the first three the ordinal numerals are formed from cardinal numerals by means of the suffix –th.
In ordinal groups only the last member of the group takes the ordinal form: (the) sixty-fifth. Ordinal numerals may be
used with the indefinite article when they do not show a definite order of persons and things in a series.
THE ARTICLE.
The article is a part of speech used with nouns. There are two articles in Modern English: the indefinite article ‘a’ [ei]
and the definite article ‘the’ [Di:].
The indefinite article has the forms ‘a’ and ‘an’.
‘A’ is used before consonants. # a book, a pen, a student ‘An’ is used before vowels.# an opera, an apple, an hour
The definite article has one graphic form but may be pronounced in two ways:
[Di:].before a vowel # the apple [DE] before a consonant.# the pen
The indefinite article is used with nouns in the singular mentioned for the first time and before a noun with a descriptive
attribute. # I see a girl. I see a beautiful girl. There is a dog. It is a big dog.
The indefinite article has the meaning of “one”. # I have a (one) camera.
The indefinite article has the meaning “any”.# A dog is a domestic animal.
The indefinite article is also used when talking about jobs.# I am a doctor. My father is a lawyer.
The indefinite article is used in exclamatory sentences with countable nouns in the singular. # What a dull day! Such a
girl!
The indefinite article is used in some set-expressions. # They visit us once a year. It’ll be over in a couple of hours.
The definite article shows that a particular object is meant. # I have a camera. The camera (the one I have) is rather
old.I see a girl. It’s a beautiful girl. The beautiful girl is near the window.
The definite article is used when talking about unique things.# The earth goes round the sun.
The definite article is used when the situation makes the noun definite.# Close the door, please!
We also use “the” with the following words:# the police, the fire-brigade;- I’ll call the police.
the radio (but television), the theatre – if we mean art; - We go to the theatre rather often. (but: we don’t have a theatre
in our town)the dentist, the doctor. – He goes to see the doctor every year.
If there is no article with class nouns in plural, abstract nouns and nouns of material, it means the nouns are used in
general sense.# They are nice people! I love cheese. I listen to music.
With nouns in plural some is often used in the meaning ‘a number of’ with class nouns and ‘a little’ with abstract
nouns.# I’ve seen some films. I have some cheese. You have to use some instead of ‘not all/ not many/ not much’ #
Some children learn quickly (you cannot say ‘Not many children learn quickly’) Some policemen in Britain carry guns
(you cannot say ‘Not all policeman carry guns’)
THE VERB “TO BE” IN THE PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE
The verb “to be” may be used as a notional, link or auxiliary verb. As a link verb it corresponds to Russian “быть”,
“являться”.
The verb “to be” has three different forms; they can be full and contracted. The negative form is made by means of the
particle “not”.
Positive (full)
Positive (contracted) Negative (full)
Negative
Negative
(contracted)
(contracted)
I am
I’m
I am not
I’m not
He is
He’s
He is not
He’s not
He isn’t
She is
She’s
She is not
She’s not
She isn’t
It is
It’s
It is not
It’s not
It isn’t
We are
We’re
We are not
We’re not
We aren’t
You are
You’re
You are not
You’re not
You aren’t
They are
They’re
They are not
They’re not
They aren’t
3. In interrogative sentences the verb “to be” is placed before the subject.
# Am I late? Is he ill? Is she English? Is it the truth?
Are we friends again? Are you O.k.? Are these your shoes?
4. In special questions the verb “to be” is placed after the special word before the subject.
# How old is Joe? What colour is your car? Who are you? Where is she from?
Words to learn
to be sorry for
to be in habit of
to be good at
to be wrong
to be 5 minutes late for
to be ready for
to interested in
to be proud of
to be sure of
to be afraid of
to be frightened of
to be tired of
to be short of
to be to blame
to be hungry
to be thirsty
to be out of place
to be unwell/ ill / sick
to be irritated with
to be busy doing smth
/ with sth
to be content with
to be satisfied with
to be surprised at
to be astonished at
to be amazed at
to be in raptures at
to be disappointed at
to be shocked by
to be pleased at
to be mistaken
to be against
to be nervous
to be well / healthy
to be destined to
to be doomed to
to be used to
to be crazy / mad about
to be at a loss
THE VERB TO HAVE IN THE PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE
The verb “to have” may be used as a notional verb and as an auxiliary. As a notional verb it means possession. # I have
a book.
For the third person singular (he, she, it) the form “has” is used. # He has a flat, his wife has a cat, it has a striped red
and white tail.
Interrogative sentences with the verb “to have” require inverted order of words. The predicate is placed before the
subject. # Have you a book? Has he any problems?
The Interrogative form may also be formed by means of the auxiliary verb “to do”.# Do you have any problems with
your English? Does he have a sister?
Negative sentences with the verb “to have” are formed with the negation “not”, especially when the attribute to the
noun is expressed by a numeral or the indefinite pronoun “any”. # I haven’t a raincoat. He hasn’t any map.
Negative sentences with the verb “to have” Are often formed with the help of the negative pronoun “no”. In this case
the article is omitted. # I have no friend. She has no jeans.
The negation may also be formed by means of the auxiliary verb “to do”. # I don’t have a raincoat. He doesn’t have any
map.
In colloquial speech the verb “to have” is often replaced by the construction “have got”. # I have got a new pen. She’s
got three siblings.
We can also use have in a number of expressions.
have breakfast / lunch / dinner / a meal / a drink / a cup of tea / some coffee / a beer / a cigarette
have a bath / a shower/ a wash / a shave / a sleep / a rest / a dream
have a swim / a walk / a game of tennis / a game of football
have a holiday / a day off work / a party / a good time / a bad time
have a conversation / a talk / a chat / a quarrel / a row / a fight
have a baby = give birth to a baby
have a look = look
have a try / a go = try
THE PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE. THE PRESENT SIMPLE
The Present Indefinite Tense is formed from the infinitive without the particle to.
In the third person singular the ending –s is added. After a sibilant (s, ss, ch, sh, tch, x,z) and the vowel –o, -es is added.
-s / -es is pronounced as:
[iz] after the sibilants: passes, teaches;
[z] after the voiced consonants and vowels: reads, goes;
[s] after the voiceless consonants: works, puts.
In the third person singular:
-y preceded by a consonant is changed into i: to study – he studies;
-y preceded by a vowel is not changed: to play – she plays;
The interrogative and the negative forms are made by means of the auxiliary verb to do and the infinitive of the notional
verb without the particle to.
Affirmative
Interrogative
Negative
Contracted negative
Negative
interrogative
I bet
Do I bet?
I do not bet
I don’t bet
Don’t I bet?
You admire
Do you admire?
You do not admire
You don’t admire
Don’t you admire?
He risks
Does he risk?
He does not risk
He doesn’t risk
Doesn’t he risk?
She recommends
Does she
She does not
She doesn’t
Doesn’t she
recommend?
recommend
recommend
recommend?
It functions
Does it function?
It does not function
It doesn’t function
Doesn’t it function?
We advise
Do we advise?
We do not advise
We don’t advise
Don’t we advise?
They work
Do they work?
They do not work
They don’t work
Don’t they work?
The Present Indefinite is used:
1. To talk about things or states that are always true. # I live in Paris. The sun rises in the East. What do babies eat?
2. To talk about habits, routines or features characteristic of a person. Such adverbs are often used: always, as a rule,
usually, often, seldom, rarely, every day and so on. # I go to the cinema once a week. He gets up at 6.30 a.m. every day.
She plays the piano well.
3. To talk about timetables and schedules. This often refers to the future. # My plane takes off at 2.00 tomorrow. The
train leaves from platform 4.
4. To talk about actions going on at the present moment with verbs not used in the Continuous form. # I see Jane in the
street. Ask her if she wants to come in. I hear somebody knock. Go and open the front door.
5. To express a future action in adverbial clauses of time and condition after conjunctions when, till, until, before, after,
as soon as, as long as, if, unless, on condition that. # As long as you stay here you must follow my rules.