Download Classification and the Kingdoms of Life

Classification and
the Kingdoms of
Life
Classification
• There are 1.6 million types of plants and
animals and 3-10 million organisms not
identified
• Need to organize information
• Taxonomy – branch of biology that
names and groups organisms according to
their characteristics and evolutionary
history
Important People
• Aristotle- classified based on qualities
like shape, ability to do harm, whether
they are air, land, or water dwellers
• John Ray- defined species as organisms
capable of interbreeding and producing
fertile offspring.
• Linnaeus- classified based on form and
structure; came up with Binomial
Nomenclature
Binomial Nomenclature
• Method of naming organisms by their
genus and species.
• Both genus and species are underlined
or italicized.
• Ex) Homo sapiens
• Genus = Homo
• Species = sapiens
7 levels of Classification
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Family
• Genus
• Species
King Phillip Came
Over for good
Modern Taxonomy
• Based on evidence such as the fossil
record, morphology, embryology,
development and DNA evidence.
• Phylogenetic Tree-(see ex. on slide)
• Cladogram -(see ex. on slide)
• Dichotomous Key- instrument used to
identify an organism based on certain
characteristics (if…then.…)
Phylogenetic Tree- shows evolutionary
relationship between organisms
Cladogram- use shared derived characters
that evolved within the group being studied
The Six Kingdoms of Life
• Organisms in each kingdom are
similar in their cellular structure,
methods of obtaining nutrients, and
metabolism.
• Archabacteria, Eubacteria, Protista,
Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
The Beginning
• It is thought that the 1st organisms on
earth were bacteria (cyanobacteria)
that produced all of the oxygen in the
primitive atmosphere.
• How were the first eukaryotes
formed?
–Endosymbiosis Theory
Endosymbiotic Theory
• Idea that larger prokaryotic (bacteria)
cells engulfed other smaller
prokaryotic cells.
• The smaller prokaryotic cells became
the organelles (like mitochondrion
and chloroplasts) that helped the cells
function and evolve into animal and
plant cells
Bacteria
• Prokaryotic, unicellular, auto or
heterotrophic
• Autotrophs can get energy from sun
(photosynthetic) or from inorganic
substances (chemosyntheitic)
• 2 types - Archeabacteria and Eubacteria
Kingdom Archaebacteria
• Prokaryotic, unicellular, auto or
heterotrophic
• usually live in harsh environments
–oxygen free (anaerobic), very hot or
acidic, or very salty environments
• chemically different from other bact.
–cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan
2) Kingdom Eubacteria
• Prokaryotic, unicellular, auto and
heterotrophic
• “true” bacteria- can be found just
about everywhere
• Can be classified by shape,
chemical composition, motility
and metabolism
Identify Bacteria
–Shape
• Bacillus = rod
• coccus = sphere
• spirilla = spiral
- Arrangement
- diplo = two
- strepto = chain
- staphylo = cluster
• Eubacteria can cause
animal and plant disease
but can also be beneficial.
• They are essential parts of
the food and
pharmaceutical industry
and can even be used to
clean up oil spills.
3) Protista
• unicellular, some simple multicelluar,
all eukaryotic (nucleus present)
• Some live freely, others are parasites
• “catch all” kingdom
–Protozoan  animal like (ameobas
and paramecium)
–Algea  plant like
–Slime Molds  fungus like
Protozoan
• Animal-like protists
• heterotrophs
• Classification based on movement
–Sarcodina (pseudopodia)
–Mastigophora (flagella)
–Ciliophora (cilia)
–Sporozoan (spores)
Algae
• Plant-like Protist
• major ancestor to plants (autotrophic)
• capable of photosynthesis (contains
chlorophyll)- major source of O2 on earth
• Reproduce sexually (Alternation of
Generations)
• unicelluar, multicellular,or colonial
• phytoplankton - food for marine animals
Phylum Euglenophyta - Euglena
Slime Molds
• Fungus-like Protist
• multinucleated
• no cytokenesis
• decomposers
Slime mold
4) Fungus
• Eukaryotic; multicelluar; heterotrophic
• extracellular digestion- absorb nutrients
• have sexual and asexual reproduction
• have cell walls made of chitin
4 types of Fungi
• Common Molds (Zygomycota)- ex.
Breadmold
• Club Fungi (Basidomycota)- ex.
Mushrooms
• Sac Fungi (Ascomycota)- ex. Yeast
• Imperfect Fungi (Deuteromycota)ex. Penicillin, athletes foot, ringworm
Uses
• Useful
–decomposersbreak down
organic matter
–antibiotics
–industry - baking,
brew, cheese
–food - mushrooms,
truffles
• Harmful
–spoiled food
–plant/animal
disease
–ex. Dutch Elm
Disease
• parasite- tree
diessaprophyte
Basidiomycota - basidiocarp
Ringworm
5) Plant Kingdom
• Eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic
• Take up water and nutrients in roots;
make food in leaves (photosynthesis)
• sexual reproduction (alternation of
generations)
Adaptations to Land
• deciduous- trees that drop leaves- reduce
dry out
• seed/pollen- pollination
• flowers and fruits- attract pollinators and
fosters dispersal of seeds
Adaptations to Land
• Vascular system (veins or tubes)- plants
can grow tall away from water
–Leaves-photosynthesis (stomata control
gas exchange)
–stems- support leaves
–roots (hairs) obtain water and anchor
• xylem- moves water
• phloem-moves food
6) Animalia Kingdom
• Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotroph
• Specialized cells from into tissues and
organs
• Most are able to move (some are
sessile)
• Invertebrates (no spinal cord) or
Vertebrate (spinal cord)
Invertebrates
• No backbone
• Symmetry- irregular, radial, or
bilateral
• Most have exoskeleton (hard outer
casing)
• Ex.--Sponges, Cniderians, Worms,
mollusks, Arthropods (insects,
crustaceans, spiders), echinoderms
Porifera (Sponges)- feeders,
hermaphrodites, and bud, fragment, and
regenerate
Cnidarians (jelly fish, hydra)- sting
prey with poisonous barbs in tentacles,,
Sex/Asex, Medusa (free swimming)
and Polyp (stuck to something)
Platyhelminthes (flat worms)decomoposers, some parasitic,,
hermaphrodites and regeneration
Nematoda (round worms)- parasitic,
1st with one-way complete dig sys., not
hermaphrodites (ex. Ascaris/ pinworm/
vinegar eels)
Annelida (segmented worms)-ex.
Earthworm-complete dig syst,
hydroskeleton, (breath through skin),
developed nervous sys, hermaphrodites
Mollusk (slugs, snails, clams, squid,
octopus)- complete dig sys, simple to
complex nervous sys, internal
fertilization,
Arthropods (Crustaceans, Arachnids,
Insects)- jointed appendages and body
regions, exoskeleton, compound eyes,
complete dig sys, nervous sys (brain)
Echinoderms (starfish)- spiny skin,
radial symmetry, endoskeleton, nervous
sys, complete dig, separate sexes, can
regenerate
Vertebrates
• Chordates- hollow nerve tube,
notochord, gill slits,
• vertebrae- bony segments (backbone)
• distinct head (cephalization)
• closed circulatory system
• endoskeleton (axial and appendicular)
• Ex: Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles,
Birds, Mammals
Fish- Agnatha (jawless), Chondricthyes
(cartilogenous), Osteichthyes (boney),
have 2 chambered heart, ectothermic
Amphibians (frogs, toads,
salamanders), aquatic larval stage,
adapt to land, ectothermic, 3 chambered
heart
Reptiles (snakes, turtles, lizards,
alligators)- 1st to have amniotic egg,
skin covered with scales, ectothermic3 chambered heart
Aves (Birds)-hollow bones (help fly),
endothermic, 4 chambered heart)
Mammals-covered with hair, nourish
young with milk (mammary glands),
endothermic, 4 chambered heart,
Marsupials and Placental