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RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
Principles of Health Science
• 1. Respiratory system consists of
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INTRODUCTION
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the lungs and air passages
2. Responsible for taking in oxygen,
a gas needed by all body cells, and
removing carbon dioxide, a gas
that is a metabolic waste product
produced by the cells
3. Body has only a four to six
minute supply of oxygen
4. Therefore, respiratory system
must work continuously or death
will occur
5. Parts of the respiratory system
include the nose, pharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchi, alveoli, and lungs
NOSE
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1. Has two nostrils (nares) or openings through which air enters
• 2. Nasal septum: partition or wall of cartilage divides the nose
into two hollow spaces called nasal cavities
• 3. Nasal cavities
– a. Lined with a mucous membrane
– b. Have a rich blood supply
– c. As air enters the cavities, it is warmed, filtered, and
moistened
– d. Mucous, produced by the mucous membranes, also helps
trap pathogens (germs) and dirt
– e. Cilia
(1) Tiny hair- like structures in nasal cavity
(2) Also help trap dirt and pathogens as they enter nose so
trapped particles can be pushed toward the esophagus
and be swallowed
• 4. Olfactory receptors for the sense of smell are located in the
nose
• 5. Nasolacrimal ducts drain tears from the eye into the nose to
provide additional moisture for the air
SINUSES
• 1.Cavities in the skull
around the nasal area
• 2. Connected to the
nasal cavity by short
ducts
• 3. Lined with mucous
membrane that warms
and moistens air
• 4. Also provide
resonance for the voice
PHARYNX
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1. Lies directly behind the nasal cavities
2. As air leaves the nose it enters the pharynx
3. Three sections
a. Nasopharynx
(1) Upper portion behind the nasal cavities
(2) Pharyngeal tonsils or adenoids (lymphatic tissue) and the auditory
(eustachian) tube openings located here
b. Oropharynx
(1) Middle section located behind the oral cavity
(2) Receives both air from the nasopharynx and food and air from the
mouth
c. Laryngopharynx
(1) Bottom section of the pharynx
(2) Branches into the trachea, which carries air to and from the lungs, and
the esophagus, the tube that carries food to the stomach
LARYNX
• Voice box
• 2. Lies between the pharynx and trachea
• 3. Has a framework of cartilage commonly called
the Adam’s apple
• 4. Contains two folds called vocal cords
• a. Opening between the vocal cords is called the
glottis
• b. As air leaves the lungs, the vocal cords vibrate
and produce sound
• c. Tongue and lips act on the sound to produce
speech
• d. Epiglottis
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(1) Special piece of cartilage
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(2) Leaf like structure that closes the opening
into the larynx during swallowing
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(3) Prevents food and liquids from entering the
respiratory tract
TRACHEA
WINDPIPE
• 1. Tube extending from the larynx
to the center of the chest
• 2. Carries air between the pharynx
and bronchi
• 3. Series of C-shaped cartilage,
which are open on the dorsal or
back surface, help keep the
trachea open
BRONCHI
• 1. Two divisions of the trachea near the
center of the chest
• a. Right bronchus and left bronchus
• b. Right bronchus is shorter, wider, and
extends more vertically than the left
bronchus
• 2. Each bronchus enters a lung and
carries air from the trachea to the lungs
• 3. In the lungs, the bronchi continue to
divide into smaller and smaller bronchi
• 4. Smaller branches are called
bronchioles
• 5. Smallest bronchioles, called terminal
bronchioles, end in air sacs called alveoli
ALVEOLI
• 1. Air sacs that resemble a bunch of
grapes
• 2. Adult lung contains approximately
500 million alveoli
• 3. Made of one layer of squamous
epithelium tissue
• 4. Contain a rich network of blood
capillaries
• 5. Capillaries allow oxygen and carbon
dioxide to be exchanged between the
blood and the lungs
• 6. Inner surface of alveoli are covered
with surfactant
• a. Lipid or fatty substance
• b. Helps prevent alveoli from
collapsing
LUNGS
• 1. Organs that contain divisions of the bronchi and alveoli
• 2. Right lung has three sections or lobes: superior, middle, and
inferior
• 3. Left lung has only two lobes, the superior and inferior
• 4. Left lung is smaller because the heart lies more to the left side
of the chest
• 5. Pleura: membrane or sac enclosing
each lung
• a. Consists of two layers
• (1) Visceral pleura attached to surface
of lung
• (2) Parietal pleura attached to chest
wall
• b. Pleural space
• (1) Located between the two layers
• (2) Filled with a thin layer of pleural
fluid that lubricates the membranes and
prevents friction as the lungs expand
during breathing
• 6. Both of the lungs, along with the heart
and major blood vessels, are located in
the thoracic cavity
VENTILATION: PROCESS OF BREATHING
• 1. Two phases: inspiration and expiration
• 2. Inspiration or inhalation
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a. Process of breathing in air
• b. Diaphragm (dome-shaped muscle between the thoracic and
abdominal cavity) and the intercostal muscles (between the ribs)
contract and enlarge the thoracic cavity
• c. This creates a vacuum
• d. Air rushes in through the air tubes to the alveoli, where the
exchange of gases takes place
VENTILATION: PROCESS OF BREATHING
• 3. Expiration or exhalation
a. Process where air leaves the lungs
b. Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax
c. Air is forced out of the lungs and air passages
• 4. Process of respiration is controlled by the respiratory center in the
medulla oblongata of the brain
a. Decreased amount of oxygen as seen in certain diseases (asthma,
congestive heart failure, or emphysema) or increased amount of carbon
dioxide in the blood causes the center to increase the rate of respirations
b. Process is usually involuntary, but a person can control the rate of
breathing by breathing faster or slower
TWO MAIN
STAGES OF
RESPIRATION
• External respiration and internal respiration
• a. External respiration
• 1). Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
between the lungs and bloodstream
• 2). Oxygen, breathed in through the
respiratory system, enters the alveoli
• (a) Concentration of oxygen in the alveoli is
higher than the concentration in the blood
capillaries
• (b) Oxygen leaves the alveoli and enters the
capillaries or bloodstream
• (c). Carbon dioxide, a metabolic waste
product, is carried in the bloodstream
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(1) Concentration of carbon dioxide is
higher in the capillaries
• (d) It leaves the capillaries and enters the
alveoli
• (e) Alveoli expel it from the body during
exhalation
TWO MAIN STAGES OF
RESPIRATION
• Internal respiration
• 1). Exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen
between the tissue cells and bloodstream
• 2). Oxygen is carried to the tissue cells by
the blood
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(a) Concentration of oxygen is higher in
the blood than in the tissue cells
• 3) Oxygen leaves the blood capillaries and
enters tissue cells
• 4) Tissue cells then use the oxygen and
nutrients to produce energy, water, and
carbon dioxide, a process called cellular
respiration
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(a) Level of carbon dioxide is higher in
cells
• 5) Carbon dioxide leaves the cells and
enters the bloodstream to be transported
back to the lungs where external respiration
takes place
CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
• When cells use oxygen and nutrients, they
produce:
– Energy
– Water
– Carbon dioxide
DISEASES AND
ABNORMAL CONDITIONS
OF THE RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
• a. Respiratory disorder usually caused by
ASTHMA
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sensitivity to an allergen such as dust, pollen,
animals, or foods
b. Stress, overexertion, and infections can also
cause an asthma attack
c. Symptoms
(1) Occur when bronchospasms narrow openings of
bronchioles, mucus production increases, and
edema develops in the mucosal lining
(2) Dyspnea and wheezing
(3) Coughing with expectoration of sputum
(4) Tightness in the chest
d. Treatment
(1) Bronchodilators to enlarge the bronchioles
(2) Epinephrine and anti-inflammatory
medications
(3) Oxygen therapy
e. Identification and elimination of or
desensitization to allergens causing the problem is
important in preventing asthma attacks
BRONCHITIS
• a. Inflammation of the bronchi and bronchial tubes
• b. Acute bronchitis
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(1) Usually caused by an infection
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(2) Characterized by a productive cough, dyspnea,
chest pain, and fever
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(3) Treated with antibiotics, expectorants to
remove excessive mucus, rest, and drinking large
amounts of water
• c. Chronic bronchitis
• (1) Occurs after frequent attacks of acute bronchitis
and long-term exposure to pollutants or smoking
• (2) Characterized by chronic inflammation, damaged
cilia, and enlarged mucous glands
• (3) Symptoms
a) Excessive mucus resulting in a productive cough
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b) Wheezing and dyspnea
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c) Chest pain
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d) Prolonged expiration of air
• (4) Treatment but no cure
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a) Antibiotics and bronchodilators
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b) Respiratory therapy
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)
• a. Any chronic lung disease
that results in obstruction of
the airways
• b. Disorders such as chronic
asthma, chronic bronchitis,
emphysema, and
tuberculosis lead to COPD
• c. Smoking is the primary
cause, but allergies and
chronic respiratory infections
are also factors
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aktI
MBQSXMo
EMPHYSEMA
• a. Noninfectious chronic respiratory condition
• b. Occurs when the walls of the alveoli
deteriorate and lose their elasticity
• (1) Carbon dioxide remains trapped in the alveoli
• (2) Poor exchange of gases
• c. Most common causes are heavy smoking and
prolonged exposure to air pollutants
• d. Symptoms
• (1) Dyspnea and a feeling of suffocation
• (2) Pain and a barrel chest
• (3) Chronic cough
• (4) Cyanosis
• (5) Rapid respirations with prolonged expiration
• (6) Eventual respiratory failure and death
• e. Treatment but no cure
• (1) Avoiding smoking
• (2) Bronchodilators
• (3) Prompt treatment of respiratory infections
• (4) Oxygen therapy and respiratory therapy
• Lungs in Motion - Emphysema - YouTube
EPISTAXIS OR
NOSEBLEED
• a. Occurs when capillaries in nose become
congested and bleed
• b. Causes
• (1) Injury
• (2) Blow to the nose
• (3) Hypertension
• (4) Chronic infections
• (5) Anticoagulant drugs
• (6) Blood diseases such as hemophilia or
leukemia
• c. Treatment
• (1) Compress the nostrils toward the septum,
elevate the head and tilt it slightly forward, and
apply cold compresses
• (2) At times it is necessary to insert nasal packs
or cauterize (burn and destroy) the bleeding
vessels
• (3) Eliminate an underlying cause such as
hypertension
INFLUENZA OR
FLU
• a. Highly contagious viral infection of the upper
respiratory system with a sudden onset
• b. Symptoms
• (1) Chills and fever
• (2) Cough, sore throat, and runny nose
• (3) Muscle pain and fatigue
• c. Treatment
• (1) Bed rest and fluids
• (2) Analgesics for the pain and antipyretics for fever
• (3) Antibiotics not effective against viruses, but they are
given at times to avoid secondary infections such as
pneumonia
• d. Immunization with a flu vaccine
• (1) Recommended for the elderly, individuals with
chronic diseases, pregnant women, and health care
workers
• (2) Many different viruses cause influenza, so vaccines
are developed each year to immunize against the most
common viruses identified
LARYNGITIS
• a. Inflammation of the larynx and
vocal cords
• b. Frequently occurs with other
respiratory infections
• c. Symptoms
• (1) Hoarseness or loss of voice
• (2) Sore throat
• (3) Dysphagia or difficulty in
swallowing
• d. Treatment
• (1) Rest and fluids
• (2) Limited use of the voice
• (3) Medications if an infection is
present
LUNG
CANCER
• a. Leading cause of cancer
death in both men and
women
• b. It is a preventable
disease, because the main
cause is exposure to
carcinogens in tobacco,
either through smoking or
through exposure to
“second hand” smoke
• c. Three common types of
lung cancer
• (1) Small cell
• (2) Squamous cell
• (3) Adenocarcinoma
d. Symptoms
(1) None in the early stages
(2) Chronic cough
(3) Hemoptysis: coughing up
blood- tinged sputum
(4) Dyspnea and chest pain
(5) Fatigue and weight loss
e. Prognosis is poor since the
disease is usually advanced
before it is diagnosed
f. Treatment: surgical removal
of the cancerous sections of
the lung, radiation, and/or
chemotherapy
SPECIMEN 1: Lung With
Cancer - The cancer is
the grayish-white
bumps on and in the
lung. Every time you
smoke a cigarette, you
increase your risk of
death from this kind of
cancer.
SPECIMEN 2: Lung Cancer - This finger-shaped growth partly
blocking the windpipe is lung cancer.
PLEURISY
• a. Inflammation of pleura or membranes of
the lungs
• b. Usually occurs with pneumonia or other
infections
• c. Symptoms
• (1) Sharp stabbing pain while breathing
• (2) Crepitation or grating sounds in the
lungs
• (3) Dyspnea and fever
• d. Treatment
• (1) Rest
• (2) Medications to relieve the pain and
inflammation
• (3) If fluid collects in the pleural space, a
thoracentesis (withdrawal of fluid through
a needle) is done to remove fluid and
prevent compression of the lungs
PNEUMONIA
• a. Inflammation or infection of the lungs with a buildup of fluid or exudate
in the alveoli
• b. Usually caused by a bacteria, virus, or chemicals
• bacterial pneumonia - caused by various bacteria. The streptococcus
pneumoniae is the most common bacterium that causes bacterial
pneumonia.
Many other bacteria may cause bacterial pneumonia including:
– Group B streptococcus (most common in newborns)
– Staphylococcus aureus
– Group A streptococcus (most common in children over age 5)
• Bacterial pneumonia may have a quick onset and the following symptoms
may occur:
– productive cough
– pain in the chest
– vomiting or diarrhea
– decrease in appetite
– fatigue
• viral pneumonia - caused by various
viruses, including the following:
– respiratory syncytial virus, or RSV
(most commonly seen in children
under age 5)
– parainfluenza virus
– influenza virus
– adenovirus
• Early symptoms of viral pneumonia
are the same as those of bacterial
pneumonia. However, with viral
pneumonia, the respiratory
involvement happens slowly.
Wheezing may occur and the cough
may worsen.
• Viral pneumonias may make a child
susceptible to bacterial pneumonia.
Mycoplasma
Bronchial
pneumonia
• mycoplasma pneumonia (walking pneumonia) --presents somewhat different symptoms and physical
signs than other types of pneumonia. It is caused by
mycoplasmas, the smallest free-living agents of human
disease, which have the characteristics of both bacteria
or viruses, but which are not classified as either. They
generally cause a mild, widespread pneumonia that
affects all age groups.
• Symptoms usually do not start with a cold, and may
include the following:
– fever and cough are the first to develop
Lobar
pneumonia – cough that is persistent and may last three to four
weeks
– a severe cough that may produce some mucus
• Other less common pneumonias may be caused by the
inhaling of food, liquid, gases or dust, or by fungi.
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• c. Symptoms: chills, fever, chest pain, productive
cough, dyspnea, and fatigue
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• d. Treatment: bedrest, fluids, antibiotics if indicated,
respiratory therapy, and pain medication
RHINITIS
• a. Inflammation of nasal mucous
membrane resulting in a runny nose,
soreness, and congestion
• b. Common causes are infections and
allergens
• c. Treatment: fluids and medications to
relieve congestion
SINUSITIS
• a. Inflammation of mucous membrane lining
the sinuses
• b. Usually caused by a bacteria or virus
• c. Symptoms
• (1) Headache or pressure
• (2) Thick nasal discharge and congestion
• (3) Loss of resonance in the voice
• d. Treatment
• (1) Antibiotics if indicated
• (2) Analgesics for pain
• (3) Decongestants to loosen secretions
• (4) Moist inhalations
• (5) Surgery in chronic sinusitis to open the
cavities and encourage drainage
TUBERCULOSIS
(TB)
• a. Infectious disease of the lungs caused by the bacterium
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• b. At times, white blood cells surround invading TB
organisms
• (1) Wall them off, creating a nodule called a tubercle
• (2) Organisms remain dormant in the tubercle
• (3) Can cause an active case of tuberculosis later if body
resistance is lowered
• c. Symptoms of an active case of TB
• (1) Fatigue and chest pain
• (2) Fever and night sweats
• (3) Weight loss
• (4) Hemoptysis or coughing up blood- tinged sputum
• d. Treatment
• (1) Administration of drugs for one or more years to destroy
the bacteria
• (2) Good nutrition and rest
• e. In recent years, a new strain of the TB bacterium that is
resistant to drug therapy has created a concern that
tuberculosis will become a widespread infectious disease
UPPER RESPIRATORY
INFECTION (URI) OR
COMMON COLD
• a. Inflammation of mucous
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membrane lining upper respiratory
tract
b. Caused by viruses and highly
contagious
c. Symptoms: fever, runny nose,
watery eyes, congestion, sore
throat, and hacking cough
d. No cure and minimal treatment
(1) Symptoms usually last about a
week
(2) Analgesics for pain and
antipyretics for fever
(3) Rest and increased fluid intake
(4) Antihistamines to relieve
congestion