Download CLEP Biology - Problem Drill 15: Animal Function Question No. 1 of

CLEP Biology - Problem Drill 15: Animal Function
Question No. 1 of 10
Instructions: (1) Read the problem and answer choices carefully; (2) Work the problems on paper
as needed; (3) Pick the answer; (4) Go back to review the core concept tutorial as needed.
1. Which organ is the major site for chemical digestion of macromolecules into
small building units?
Question
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
Stomach
Liver
Small intestine
Large intestine
Pancreas
A. Incorrect!
The stomach is the organ for digestion of proteins only.
B. Incorrect!
The liver makes bile, which makes fat more susceptible to enzyme attack.
C. Correct!
The small intestine is the primary area for final digestion.
Feedback
D. Incorrect!
The large intestine is the primary area for water and electrolyte absorption.
E. Incorrect!
The pancreas produces digestive enzymes and alkaline solutions, which neutralize
food mixtures from stomach.
Small Intestine: the major organ for chemical digestion and nutrient absorption
Liver: Makes bile, which makes fat more susceptible to enzyme attack.
Pancreas: Produces digestive enzymes and alkaline solutions, which neutralize food
mixtures from stomach.
Solution
Food enters the stomach and is broken apart by a process called heuristic churning
and is mixed with digestive fluid (having HCl and digestive enzymes). The stomach
is important for protein digestion.
Large intestine: important for water and electrolyte absorption and formation of
feces
The correct answer is (C).
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Question No. 2 of 10
Instructions: (1) Read the problem and answer choices carefully; (2) Work the problems on paper
as needed; (3) Pick the answer; (4) Go back to review the core concept tutorial as needed.
2. What happens in a pulmonary circuit?
Question
(A) O2-rich blood enters heart
(B) CO2-rich blood enters lung
(C) O2-rich blood enters lung
(D) O2-rich blood enters liver
(E) O2-rich blood enters the aorta
A. Incorrect!
Once the blood is oxygen rich, it is part of the systemic system.
B. Correct!
Carbon dioxide-rich blood entering into the lung is part of the pulmonary circuit.
C. Incorrect!
Oxygen-rich blood never enters into the lungs. It only leaves the lungs.
Feedback
D. Incorrect!
Oxygen-rich blood entering body organs and tissues is part of the systemic circuit.
E. Incorrect!
Oxygen-rich blood entering body organs and tissues is part of the system circuit.
Blood circulation can be divided into two circuits, the pulmonary circuit and the
systemic circuit.
Pulmonary Circuit
A circuit of blood circulation between lungs and heart
Function:
1) Send CO2 to lung
2) Get O2 from lung
Solution
Systemic Circuit
A circuit of blood circulation between the heart and other parts of the body
Function:
1) Bring CO2 to heart
2) Send O2 to tissues
The correct answer is (B).
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Question No. 3 of 10
Instructions: (1) Read the problem and answer choices carefully; (2) Work the problems on paper
as needed; (3) Pick the answer; (4) Go back to review the core concept tutorial as needed.
3. Antibody produced by B-cells is the major weapon in ______?
Question
(A) Inflammatory response
(B) Humoral immune response
(C) Cell-mediated response
(D) Interferon
(E) Complement
A. Incorrect!
The inflammatory response is a nonspecific response to tissue injury.
B. Correct!
The humoral immune response is part of specific immunity and involves the use of
antibodies.
C. Incorrect!
The cell-mediated immune response is part of specific immunity and involves
arming cells to kill infected cells.
Feedback
D. Incorrect!
Interferon is part of non-specific immunity to fight against viral infections.
E. Incorrect!
Complement is part of non-specific immunity.
Specific immunity has specificity and memory. It provides resistance to specific
invaders. It
contains two interactive immune response:
1. The humoral immune response:
-- Detects antigens in blood stream
-- Involves antibodies generated by B-cells
2. The cellular immune response:
-- Detect antigens that reside within or on cells.
-- Involves T-cells.
Solution
There is an enormous amount of binding antigen diversity in antibodies. This is due
to the process of clonal selection.
•There is a variety of B-cells in low numbers.
• Antigens will bind and stimulate one type of B-cell to divide and differentiate into
plasma cells.
• Because of clonal selection, these antigen specific cells will dominate.
The correct answer is (B).
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Question No. 4 of 10
Instructions: (1) Read the problem and answer choices carefully; (2) Work the problems on paper
as needed; (3) Pick the answer; (4) Go back to review the core concept tutorial as needed.
4. Which of the following organs is developed from ectoderm?
Question
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
Thymus
Nervous system
Pancreas
Heart
Ovaries
A. Incorrect!
The mesoderm gives rise to the thymus.
B. Correct!
The ectoderm gives rise to the nervous system.
C. Incorrect!
The endoderm gives rise to the pancreas.
Feedback
D. Incorrect!
The endoderm gives rise to the heart.
E. Incorrect!
The endoderm gives rise to the ovaries.
Gastrulation is an invagination of cells during the blastula phase of development to
form a digestive cavity, called archenteron, and two separate germ layers, called an
ectoderm (internal endoderm). Often, a mesoderm develops between them. There
is only one opening to the digestive cavity, which is known as the blastopore. The
germ layers differentiate to form tissues and organs. Gastrulation is a
developmental stage for embryos. It generates three layers of cells, which can
further differentiate into organs. The ectoderm gives rise to the epidermis and
nervous system. The mesoderm gives rise to skeletal, muscular, circulatory,
excretory, reproductive, and lining of body cavity. The endoderm gives rise to
internal organs.
The correct answer is (B).
Solution
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Question No. 5 of 10
Instructions: (1) Read the problem and answer choices carefully; (2) Work the problems on paper
as needed; (3) Pick the answer; (4) Go back to review the core concept tutorial as needed.
5. What does NOT happen at a nerve synapse?
Question
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
Action potential regenerates itself on an axon.
Neurotransmitter binds to receptor on the receiving neuron.
A new action potential is produced on the receiving neuron.
Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft.
All of these events occur at a nerve synapse.
A. Incorrect!
Action potential does regenerate itself on an axon. This happens at the nerve
synapse.
B. Incorrect!
Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on receiving neurons. This happens at the
nerve synapse.
C. Incorrect!
A new potential is transmitted on the receiving neuron. This happens at the nerve
synapse.
Feedback
D. Incorrect!
Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft. This happens at the nerve
synapse.
E. Correct!
All of the above statements occur at nerve synapse.
Neurons communicate at the synapse. An action potential can regenerate itself
along the neuron. The potential arrives at the synaptic cleft and releases
neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the receiving neuron.
The binding opens ion channels in the receiving neuron and generates a new action
potential.
The correct answer is (E).
Solution
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Question No. 6 of 10
Instructions: (1) Read the problem and answer choices carefully; (2) Work the problems on paper
as needed; (3) Pick the answer; (4) Go back to review the core concept tutorial as needed.
6.
Question
Which cells are responsible for secreting pepsinogen?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
Mucous cells
Chief cells
Parietal cells
Liver cells
Kidney cells
A. Incorrect!
Mucous cells secrete mucus to provide lubrication.
B. Correct!
Chief cells produce pepsinogen to aid in digestion of proteins.
C. Incorrect!
Parietal cells produce HCl in order to activate pepsinogen.
Feedback
D. Incorrect!
The liver cells are important for making bile.
E. Incorrect!
The kidney cells helps to filter the blood.
Food enters the stomach and is broken apart by a process called heuristic churning
and is mixed with digestive fluid (having HCl and digestive enzymes). Small
molecules, like glucose or alcohol, pass through the stomach directly into the
bloodstream.
Gastric Glands have three types of cells:
•
Mucous Cells: secret mucus for lubrication.
•
Chief Cells: secrets pepsinogen (inactive).
•
Parietal Cells: secrets HCl, which breaks down food.
Solution
The correct answer is (B).
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Question No. 7 of 10
Instructions: (1) Read the problem and answer choices carefully; (2) Work the problems on paper
as needed; (3) Pick the answer; (4) Go back to review the core concept tutorial as needed.
7. Which of the following is the correct pathway for air coming into the body?
Question
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
Trachea—alveoli—bronchus—bronchiole.
Bronchiole—bronchus—trachea—alveoli.
Alveoli—trachea—bronchiole—bronchus.
Trachea—bronchus—bronchiole—alveoli.
None of the above
A. Incorrect!
This is not the correct sequence of air coming into the body.
B. Incorrect!
This is not the correct sequence of air coming into the body.
C. Incorrect!
This is not the correct sequence of air coming into the body.
Feedback
D. Correct!
This is the correct sequence for the pathway of air coming into the body.
E. Incorrect!
One of these represents the correct sequence of air coming into the body, so this
cannot be the right choice.
Gas exchange happens in the lungs. As the rib cage enlarges, air comes in and, as
it shrinks, air goes out. Breathing is automatically controlled by centers in the
brain. During respiration: Inhale O2, Exhale CO2
Air moves in the following direction:
• Trachea
• Bronchus
• Right Lung
• Left Lung
• Bronchiole
• Alveoli
Solution
The lung structures includes: trachea, bronchus, bronchiole and alveoli. Most gas
exchange occurs at the alveoli.
The correct answer is (D).
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Question No. 8 of 10
Instructions: (1) Read the problem statement and answer choices carefully; (2) Work the problems
on paper as needed; (3) Pick the answer; (4) Go back to review the core concept tutorial as needed.
8. What occurs when ventricles contract and move blood into aorta?
Question
(A) Ventricular systole
(B) Atrial systole
(C) Ventricular diastole
(D) Atrial diastole
(E) None of the above
A. Correct!
Ventricular systole occurs when the ventricles contract and move the blood out of
the heart.
B. Incorrect!
Atrial systole is when the atria contract and move blood into the ventricles.
C. Incorrect!
Ventricular diastole occurs when the ventricles are relaxed and blood flows in.
Feedback
D. Incorrect!
Atrial diastole occurs when the atria are relaxed and blood flows in.
E. Incorrect!
One of the choices listed above is correct, so this is not the correct answer.
The cardiac cycle is made of diastole and systole. The cardiac cycle consists of
three
stages of alternating relaxing and contraction of the heart. During the diastole, the
heart is relaxed and blood flows in. Atria systole occurs when contraction of the
atria and blood moves into the ventricles. Ventricular systole occurs when the
ventricles contract and O2-rich blood moves out of the heart into either the aortic
artery or the pulmonary artery.
The correct answer is (A).
Solution
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Question No. 9 of 10
Instructions: (1) Read the problem and answer choices carefully; (2) Work the problems on paper
as needed; (3) Pick the answer; (4) Go back to review the core concept tutorial as needed.
9. Antigens stimulate repeated cell division in a process known as _______?
Question
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
Inflammation
Complement
Interferon
Clonal selection
Phagocytosis
A. Incorrect!
Inflammation is a nonspecific defense mechanism in response to tissue injury.
B. Incorrect!
Complement is a nonspecific defense mechanism that uses serum proteins to form
a membrane attack complex.
C. Incorrect!
Interferon is a nonspecific defense mechanism that fights viral infections.
Feedback
D. Correct!
Clonal selection is a process of generating clones or effector cells that target a
specific antigen.
E. Incorrect!
Phagocyctosis is cell-eating and part of the nonspecific defense.
There is an enormous amount of binding antigen diversity in antibodies. This is due
to the process of clonal selection. There is a variety of B-cells in low numbers. The
antigens bind and this will stimulate B-cells of only one type to divide and
differentiate into plasma cells.
Because of clonal selection, these antigen specific cells will dominate.
The correct answer is (D).
Solution
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Question No. 10 of 10
Instructions: (1) Read the problem statement and answer choices carefully; (2) Work the problems
on paper as needed; (3) Pick the answer; (4) Go back to review the core concept tutorial as needed.
10. Which of the following is/are part of the brain?
Question
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
Brainstem
Spinal cord
Cerebellum
A&C
All of the above
A. Incorrect!
The brainstem is part of the brain. It is not the only one listed here.
B. Incorrect!
The spinal cord is not part of the brain. It is part of the central nervous system.
C. Incorrect!
The cerebellum is part of the brain. It is not the only one listed here.
Feedback
D. Correct!
Both the brainstem and the cerebellum are part of the brain.
E. Incorrect!
Not all of the choices are found in the brain, so this cannot be the correct answer.
The Central Nervous System is made of the brain and spinal cord.
The brain is made up of three parts:
The brainstem is the most primitive in the evolutionary chain. It is important in life
support and basic functions, such as movement. The cerebellum consists of two
hemispheres and integrates the sensory perception and motor output. The
forebrain is the most advanced in evolutionary terms and is important for learning
ability and creativity.
The correct answer is (D).
Solution
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