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Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 “If I have seen farther than others, it is because I was standing on the shoulders of giants.” - Isaac Newton Americans on average eat 18 acres of pizza every day. Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 The Scientific Revolution Main Idea New ways of thinking led to remarkable discoveries during the Scientific Revolution. Section 1 Enlightenment and Revolution Dawn of Modern Science Some Middle Ages scholars sought answers about the natural world from the church. In the mid-1500s, others began to think in new ways. The Old View • Scholars relied on traditional authorities for beliefs about structure of universe • Geocentric theory, Aristotle – Earth center of universe – Sun, moon, planets revolved around sun • Ideas upheld by church, accepted authority for European intellectuals New Viewpoints • Scholars began to challenge traditional authorities, 1500s • Scientific Revolution, new way of thinking • Posed theories, developed procedures to test ideas • Why open to new ideas? – Exploration – New lands, new people, new animals Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Dawn of Modern Science Ancient scholars could provide no information about new lands, people, animals • Age of Exploration led scientists to study natural world more closely • Other things to be discovered, things unknown to ancients • Navigators needed more accurate instruments, geographic knowledge • Scientists examined natural world, found it did not match ancient beliefs Section 1 Enlightenment and Revolution The Scientific Method New Approach to Investigation Scientific Method Scholars • Identify problem • Francis Bacon, experimentation to gain scientific knowledge • Form hypothesis • Rene Descartes, reason key • Scientific Method • Perform experiments to test • Believed everything should be doubted until proved by reason hypothesis • Record results • Relied on math, logic • Analyze results, form conclusion • Ideas of both continue to influence modern scientific methods Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Question: What was the Scientific Revolution? Answer(s): a new way of thinking about the natural world that challenged traditional views and instead relied upon experimentation Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Discoveries in Astronomy, Physics, and Math Early scientists • Made significant contributions in astronomy, physics and math • Began to explain complexities of solar system, limits of physical world • Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish astronomer, among first Copernicus • Found geocentric theory of movement of sun, moon, planets not accurate • Concluded sun, not earth, near center of solar system • Heliocentric theory, earth revolves around sun Copernicus’ theory • Idea of earth orbiting sun was not completely new • Copernicus developed detailed mathematical explanation of process • Was first scientist to create complete model of solar system Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres • Copernicus’ famous book not published until last year of his life • Knew church would oppose work • Work contradicted teachings of church Weaknesses of theory • Mathematical formulas did not predict positions of planets well • Copernicus did not want to be ridiculed for weaknesses • Died 1543 after work published, other scientists expanded on ideas Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Section 1 Enlightenment and Revolution Brahe and Kepler Brahe, Danish Astronomer • Wrote book proving bright object over Denmark sky was newly visible star • Called it supernova, distant exploding star suddenly visible on earth • Book impressed Denmark’s King Frederick II • Gave Brahe money to build two observatories Observations • Brahe used observatories developed system to explain planetary movement Kepler, German Mathematician • Believed sun revolved around earth • Hired as Brahe’s assistant to form mathematical theory from measurements of planets • Other five known planets revolved around sun • Published result of measurements of orbit of Mars after Brahe’s death Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Kepler’s Solution Kepler solved main problem of Copernican theory • Copernicus assumed planets orbited in circle • Kepler found assumption untrue - proved planets orbited in oval pattern, ellipse • Wanted to prove Copernicus wrong, instead proved heliocentric theory correct • Kepler’s mathematical solar system model also correct Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Discoveries in Astronomy, Physics, and Math More support Starry Messenger • Italian scientist Galileo Galilei • Galileo described discoveries • Built first telescope used for astronomy • Craters on moon, sunspots • Scanned heavens beginning in 1609 Change in science world • Isaac Newton, English scientist • Brought together astronomy, physics, math • Wondered about gravity • Saturn, moons of Jupiter • Milky Way made up of stars Principia • Book explained law of universal gravitation • Gravity affects objects on earth, also in universe • Keeps planets in orbit Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Newton’s Findings Newton developed calculus, new kind of math • Used calculus to predict effects of gravity • German philosopher Gottfried von Leibniz also developed calculus at same time • Each accused the other of plagiarism • Historians believe it was simple case of independent discovery Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Question: How did Copernicus and Brahe differ in their views of the universe? Answer(s): Copernicus—all planets orbit the sun; Brahe—sun orbits Earth, other planets orbit sun Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Discoveries in Biology and Chemistry Just as astronomers moved away from the works of ancient Greeks, other scientists used the scientific method to acquire new knowledge and make great discoveries in the fields of Biology and Chemistry. Biology Vesalius • European Middle Ages • Used bodies of doctors relied on executed criminals for Greek, Galen dissection • Galen’s works inaccurate • Flemish doctor Andreas Vesalius became known for work in anatomy • Hired artists to produce accurate drawings • On the Workings of the Human Body, 1543 William Harvey • English physician, early 1600s • Observed, explained workings of human heart • Described blood, circulatory system functions Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Antony van Leeuwenhoek • Dutch scientist, 1600s • Used interest in developing magnifying lens to invent microscope • First to describe appearance of bacteria, red blood cells, yeast, other microorganisms Robert Hooke • English physician, inventor • Used early microscope to describe appearance of plants at microscopic level • Credited with creating the term cell Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Section 1 Enlightenment and Revolution Chemistry Robert Boyle Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier • Father of modern chemistry • French chemist, 1700s • First to define element • Developed methods for precise measurements • The Sceptical Chemist, 1661, described matter as cluster of tiny particles (now called atoms) • Discovered law of Conservation of Mass, proved matter could not be created, destroyed • Changes in matter occurred when clusters rearranged • Recognized, named oxygen, introduced metric system, • Boyle’s law - temperature, invented first periodic table volume, pressure affect gases Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Question: What were the major contributions made in biology and chemistry? Answer(s): importance of anatomy and dissection; function of blood and circulatory system; invention of microscope; discovery of certain laws of matter Section 1 Enlightenment and Revolution Science and Society As science assumed greater significance, the question of the role of the Roman Catholic Church in a changing culture became important. While the church opposed the views of many scientists, it benefited from new discoveries that made Renaissance art and architecture possible. Science and the Church • Church most powerful institution in Europe, Middle Ages • Primary resource for knowledge, learning • Cathedral schools, universities trained people to run the church Conflicts • Most scientists did not want to challenge role of Christianity • Church explained world through inspiration, revealed truth • Science explained world through logical reasoning The church feared reason as an enemy of faith, but eventually began to embrace some of the achievements of the Scientific Revolution. Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Section 1 Enlightenment and Revolution Science and Art Renaissance Artists • Study of art, architecture not separate from study of science • Experimented with chemistry of paints, nature of light • Artists learned anatomy in order to paint the body • Used math to create compositions of perfect balance Architecture • Mathematics, physics crucial to great architecture • Also used in engineering achievements of the time Science and religion • Combined to produce great artistic achievements of Renaissance • Most art, architecture dedicated to glory of God Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1 Science and Community Scientific Revolution established new way of thinking about physical world • Great advances made in astronomy, physics, biology, chemistry • Advances influenced developments in arts, architecture • Impact of Scientific Revolution soon would cause philosophers, scholars to wonder if reason could solve poverty, war, ignorance Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1