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WHII Changes- 16th- 18th Centuries lesson World History; Voorhees Scientific, Political, Economic, and Religious Changes During the Sixteenth, Seventeenth, and Eighteenth Centuries The Age of Reason! Scientific Revolution Pioneers of the Scientific Revolution o Nicolaus Copernicus developed heliocentric theory o Johannes Kepler discovered planetary motion o Galileo Galilei used telescope to support heliocentric theory o Isaac Newton discovered Laws of Gravity o William Harvey discovered circulation of the blood Emphasis on reason and systematic observation of nature Formulation of the scientific method Expansion of scientific knowledge Francis Bacon “Scientific Method” Absolutism absolute monarchies characteristics o Centralization of power o Concept of rule by divine right Louis XIV and Peter the Great o Louis XIV France Palace of Versailles as a symbol of royal power o Peter the Great Russia westernization of Russia Development of the Rights of Englishmen The English Civil War: 1642-1647 The Glorious Revolution: 1688 o The Civil War Royalists= king’s supporters “Cavaliers” V. Parliamentarians= Oliver Cromwell and Parliament supporters “Roundheads” World History Voorhees 2011 Cavaliers- are defeated by Cromwell’s Roundheads Charles I surrenders to Parliament Charles I is executed o Glorious Revolution Parliament “fires” James II and “hires” Mary II and her husband William III William III “invades” England and seizes control in a bloodless “war” 1689 – The English Bill of Rights England as a Constitutional Monarchy William and Mary agree to official and permanent limits on their authority The English Bill of Rights consists of: o limits on the powers of sovereign o sets out the rights of Parliament o rules for freedom of speech in Parliament o the requirement to regular elections to Parliament o the right to petition the monarch without fear of retribution The Enlightenment Political Thought and Revolution Renaissance Political Thought o Thomas Hobbes: Leviathan, The English Civil War and Absolutism o John Locke: Two Treatises of Government, The Glorious Revolution and Limited Monarchy Montesquieu: The Spirit of Law and “Separation of Powers” Voltaire o Freedom of Speech o Freedom of Religion Jean-Jacques Rousseau o The Social Contract Thomas Jefferson: o statesman, architect, Renaissance Man, William & Mary graduate, author of the Declaration of Independence – The Enlightenment in Action James Madison: o Architect of the United States Constitution – The Enlightenment in Action Benjamin Franklin: o Friend of Voltaire, and Thomas Jefferson Scientist, Philosopher, Engineer, Statesman Music and Art of the Age of Reason Baroque o exaggerated motion o clear, easily interpreted detail World History Voorhees 2011 o drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur o sculpture, painting, literature, dance, and music Rococo o "Late Baroque“ o increasingly ornate and playful Classicism o High regard for classical antiquity Romanticism o Strong emotion Bach o German composer o Baroque style Mozart o Austrian composer Voltaire o French writer and philosopher o believed that literature should serve as a vehicle for social change o Candide Cervantes o Spanish writer o Don Quixote Delacroix o French painter o romanticism New Technologies All weather roads o Improved year-round transport and trade New designs for farm tools o Increased productivity o AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION Improvements to ship design lowered the cost of transport Enlightenment=> revolution o American Revolution o French Revolution o Latin America Revolutions French Revolution: o Fall of the Bastille o Reign of Terror o Robespierre o Robespierre executed, “The Reign of Terror” ends Outcomes of the French Revolution: o End of the absolute monarchy of Louis XVI o Rise of Napoleon World History Voorhees 2011