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What was in it for “US”? World History PBL Gigantic Overview of Some Stuff That Mattered Pre-PBL Notes and Information Name: Period: 1. French Wars (Calvinists vs. Catholics) Huguenots (French Protestants influenced by John Calvin) 7% of French population. Fought the Catholics. When Henry of Navarre came to throne in 1589 (a Huguenot) in Navarre, he converted to Catholicism to be accepted. Became king of France in 1594. Edict of Nantes settled it – Catholicism official religion of France, but Huguenots had right to worship and enjoy all privileges. 2. Philip II and Militant Catholicism Philip II, a champion of Catholicism, resents English tolerance of Protestants. Defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 means that England will remain Protestant 3. Elizabeth’s England Tudor monarchs bring stability and prosperity to England. The Act of Supremacy is passed. Foreign policy is moderate. Spain is defeated in 1588. 4. Witchcraft Trials During the 16th and 17th centuries an intense hysteria lead to more than a hundred thousand people being charged with witchcraft, a belief in magic. More than 75% of those accused were women. (Single or widowed or over 50). Intense torture led to many false confessions. 5. Thirty Years’ War Involved: Bohemia, Holy Roman Empire, Denmark, Sweden, France and Spain. France emerged stronger at end. Protestants made gains. Germany didn’t fare well. Calvinism not recognized; nobles rebelled against Hapsburgs, France Spain, and Holy Roman Empire wanted European leadership. Effects: all German states could determine own religion, major contenders gained land, Holy Roman Empire ended. 6. Revolutions in England Stuarts came to throne – James I (Elizabeth’s cousin) He believed in the divine right of kings – that kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God. Parliament disagreed. (Thought it should be done together). Puritans (inspired by Calvin) didn’t like James I strong defense of Church of England and wanted it more Protestant. Got worse under James I son, Charles I. Cavaliers (supporting king) and Roundheads (parliament) fought in civil war of 1642. Oliver Cromwell helped the parliament win. He ruled till his death, then Charles II (Catholic) took over. When he died his brother, James II took over. Later – Glorious Revolution (William and Mary, James II’s daughter) took over and finally restored some peace by guaranteeing rights - 7. France under Louis XIV Absolutism, where a ruler holds total power, described the monarchy of King Louis XIV. He was imitated throughout Europe in his style of leadership, culture, and manner of diplomacy, war, and rule. He controlled the machinery of government at Versailles by living and watching over every move. He kept nobles and royal princes so busy that they rarely opposed his policies. As a result, King Louis XIV had complete authority over foreign policy, the Church, and taxes. Those he had difficulty controlling (local authorities) he bribed to see that his policies were carried out. 8. Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe Prussia’s Frederick William the Great Elector and son, Frederick I – built large army to defend weak borders after 30 yr war. (40,000) Levied huge taxes and lead government. Austria’s Hapsburgs – kept the many territories “together” due to Hapsburg loyalty Russia’s Peter the Great – brought western customs to Russia 9. European Culture – Baroque Baroque style was known for its use of dramatic effects to arouse the emotions. Baroque churches and palaces were magnificent and richly detailed. Gian Lorenzo Bernini was a great Italian baroque artist, who completed St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome. The purpose of the baroque style of art was most likely to impress the viewer with the power of the church. 10. European Culture – England’s Shakespeare The era of drama, the Elizabethan period in England was a time when even the poor could attend plays – and Shakespeare’s plays pleased nobles, lawyers, merchants, and vagabonds. Shakespeare: playwright, actor, shareholder in theatre company (Lord Chamberlain’s Men). Famous theatres: the Globe, the Black friars. 11. European Culture – Political Thought Hobbes – In 1651 wrote Leviathan (Before society organized: life was poor, nasty, brutish, and short. Humans were guided not by reason and moral ideals but by a ruthless struggle for self-preservation). To Hobbes, rebellion must be suppressed. Absolute power was needed to preserve order in society. Locke – In 1690 wrote Two Treatises of Government (Argued against absolute rule of one person. Before society organized: humans lived equally and free. Humans had natural rights – born with… life, liberty, and property. To protect natural rights people agreed to establish a government and a contract existed btw people and govt. If govt failed to live up to the obligation, people might form a new govt. He wasn’t an advocate of democracy – mostly thought of landholders, etc. But proved to be important to Americans and French. 12. Scientific Revolution – Astronomy Ptolemy (lived in 2nd century) used ideas of Aristotle and Christianity and created a Ptolemaic system – places the Earth at the center of the universe. (geocentric) Universe is a system of concentric spheres. Earth is fixed and motionless at center. Copernicus and Kepler – May 1543, Copernicus (mathematician) published On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres – placed the sun at the center, planets revolved around the Sun and moon around Earth; daily rotation of Earth on axis and journey of Earth around Sun each year. Kepler (German): laws of planetary motion. Confirm Sun at center, orbits of planets around Sun not circular but elliptical – Kepler’s First Law. Galileo – mathematician: observed heavens w/ telescope – mountains on moon, material substance as Earth. The Starry Messenger in 1610. Newton (greatest genius of Scientific Revolution) – England, mathematician. Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy known as Principia – three laws of motion. Argument based on his universal law of gravitation. Gravity is a force which attracts every object to another. 13. Scientific Revolution – Medicine and Chemistry Galen (mistakes using animals, not humans) Vesalius 1543 book On the Fabric of the Human Body dissect humans and reported on individual organs and structure of body. William Harvey – heart was beginning point of circulatory system, blood makes complete circuit through body. Robert Boyle conducted controlled experiments. Boyle’s Law (volume of a gas varies with the pressure exerted on it.) and Lavoisier named chemical elements still use today. 14. Scientific Revolution – Reason and Scientific Method French philosopher, Rene Descartes – Discourse on Method (1637) mind and matter are completely separate; father of rationalism – reason is the chief source of knowledge. Scientific Method – systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence. Francis Bacon (English philosopher) believed to use inductive reasoning to learn about nature. (From particular to general) test hypotheses. Mater: not dead or inert but detached from themselves that could be investigated independently by reason. 15. Enlightenment – Philosophers and Ideas Montesquieu – The Spirit of the Laws (1748) 3 basic kinds of govts 1) republics, good for small states 2) despotism, large states 3) monarchies, moderate-size He believed England had 3 branches executive (monarch), legislative (parliament), and judicial (courts) – function through separation of powers Voltaire – criticism of Christianity, 1763, Treatise of Toleration “all men are brothers under God” championed deism – reason and natural law, mechanic (God) created universe, allowed to run without interference Diderot – Encyclopedia (1751-72) attacked religious superstition and called for social, legal, and political improvements that lead society to be more tolerant and humane. Spread to doctors, clergymen, teachers, and lawyers. Adam Smith – Wealth of Nations (1776) laissez-faire – let (people) do (what they want) state should not interfere in economic matters. Roles: protect society, defend citizens from injustice, and keep up public works. Rousseau – The Social Contract (1762) society agrees to be governed by its general will, which will represent what’s best for entire community. Also in Emile (novel) said that education should foster and not restrict children’s natural instincts. Mary Wollstonecraft – English writer – A Vindication of the Rights of Women argued that those that said women must obey men also said govt based on arbitrary power of monarchs over subjects was wrong. Salon- elegant drawing rooms of wealthy upper class – brought together people John Wesley – Methodism, Anglican minister – conversion experience; gave lower classes sense of purpose and community. Methodism became Protestant group. 16. Enlightenment – Impact Rococo – emphasized grace, charm and gentle action. on the Arts Bach – renowned organist and German composer; Handel – German composed religious music (Handel’s Messiah); Haydn – The Creation and The Seasons; Mozart – child prodigy wrote music passionately. Henry Fielding, Englishman, wrote novels about people w/out morals who survive by their wits. 17. Enlightenment – Impact on Absolutism Enlightened absolutism – rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining royal powers. Frederick II, Frederick the Great – Prussia, one of best educated and most cultured monarchs in 18th century. (Invited Voltaire to live for a few yrs.) Enlarged army and strict watch over bureaucracy. He abolished use of torture (exc. Treason/murder) Maria Theresa – Austria, worked to alleviate conditions of the serfs. Catherine the Great – Russia, German wife of Peter III, intelligent woman favored enlightened reforms. Invited Diderot and listened but knew she couldn’t get Russian nobility to support. She favored the landed nobility and that led to rebellion. But she expanded the Russian territory. Seven Years War – War of Austrian Succession fought in Prussia, Far East, and North America. (1740-1748) 18. Colonial Empires Portugal – Brazil; Spain – parts of NAmer, CAmer, and most of SAmer. Mestizos – offspring of Europeans and Native Americans; Mulattoes – offspring of Africans and Europeans. By 1763 Britain had become the world’s greatest colonial power. 19. American Revolution British leaders needed new revenue after the Seven Years’ War and to maintain their army to defend the colonies. 1765 imposed the Stamp Act. Opposition was great. First Continental Congress in 1774 wanted to fight, but waited. 1776, Second Continental Congress, formed army with Washington as commander and issued Declaration of Independence. French supplied arms and money to rebels. Spain and Dutch Republic entered war against England. Yorktown ended it in 1781. Rebels won. 20. New Nation – Articles, Constitution, Bill of Rights Established govt under Articles of Confederation. (lacked power of a strong central govt and deal w/ problems) So, Constitutional Convention. Wrote the Constitution. Needed the Bill of Rights (first 10 amendments) to “sell” it to states.