Download physicalexam1b

Insert the thermometer. 60 seconds
• consider environmental
factors when taking rectal
temperatures
• A, The thermometer has been inserted and secured
with the clip to the tail hairs.
• B, Thermometer secured to hair coat with the clip.
Pulse Rate/Heart Rate
• The pulse rate is taken by palpation of arteries
• Heart rate and pulse rate are nor the same: heart rate
refers to the number of heart bests/minute (bpm); pulse
rate refers to the number of palpable arterial pulse
waves/minute
• In normal animals heart rate and pulse rate are equal
• Arterial pulses may be palpated at several locations
• Pulse deficit (heart rate ↑ pulse rate↓)
• Pulse is described as strong, bounding, weak, thready, or
other non-specific terms
• Facial artery is the most convenient location where it
courses over the ventral aspect of the mandible,
rostral to the origin of the masseter muscle
• B, Identify the facial artery along the medial aspect
of the mandible.
• C, Press the vascular bundle against the medial
aspect of the mandible
Transverse facial artery
• Is located in a horizontal depression about 1 inch caudal to
the lateral canthus of the eye and just below the zygomatic
arch.
Coccygeal artery
• Supplies the tail and is
located along the
ventral midline of the
tail.
Dorsal metatarsal artery
• Is located between the
metatarsal 3 and 4
(cannon bone and
lateral splint bone) on
the hind limp
• E, Location of the lateral digital artery over the lateral
proximal sesamoid bone and proximal to the lateral
collateral cartilage. F, Palpation of the digital arteries over
the proximal sesamoid bones. G, Palpation of the digital
arteries proximal to the collateral cartilages.
Reparatory rate
The number of respirations/minute can be
counted in several ways:
1. Using a stethoscope to listen to air
movement in the trachea or chest
2. Using a hand to feel movement of air in and
out of a nostril
3. Simply counting chest excursions (rise and
fall of the thoracic wall)/minute
Heart Auscultation
• Horses are athletes: the heart of the average horse
may be as large as a basketball.
• Auscultation may be done on the left or right side
of the chest, though most of the heart valves and
sounds are heard best from the left side
• The most common cause of an irregular heart
rhythm in the horse is the second degree
atrioventricular (A-V) block
Landmarks for the heart
• The horizontal marks indicate the level of the
shoulder and elbow joints. The vertical mark
indicates the caudal border of the triceps muscle.
Auscultating the heart.
• A, Gently lift the triceps muscle away from the chest
wall.
• B, Place stethoscope against the chest wall, deep to
the triceps muscle.
Video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y6CyGcfyzI&feature=related
Landmarks for the lung. Borders of the left lung
field for auscultation
Lung auscultation
• The stethoscope is placed in
several locations within the
lung field to listen to several
breaths at each location
Video
• http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/htm/
bc/reshs921.htm
Abdominal Auscultation
• A stethoscope is used to listen to abdominal sounds, which
are created by movements of the intestines
• This commonly referred to as gastrointestinal motility or GI
motility
Landmarks for abdominal auscultation in the flank area are the
point of the hip (tuber coxae) and the last rib.
Abdominal Auscultation (cont’d)
• Should listen in each quadrant (4) for at least 1
minute each, on left and right side
• 0 = no motility
• +1 = hypomotility
• +2 = normal motility
• +3 = hypermotility
Standard four point auscultation
A, Auscultation of the upper left abdominal quadrant. B, Auscultation of the
lower left abdominal quadrant. C, Auscultation of the upper right upper
abdominal quadrant. D, Auscultation of the lower right abdominal quadrant.
Mucous membranes
• Mucous membranes are tissues that have the ability
to make and secrete mucus.
• Mucus membranes’ color is helpful for disease
diagnosis
• Cyanosis is bluish coloration- low oxygen of the blood
• Brick red coloration indicates septicemia or shock or
both, colic, endotoxemia
• Purple gum line indicates endotoxic shock
• Yellowish coloration of the gum indicates icterus
• Pale mucus indicates anemia
Examination of mucous membranes
• .A, Examination of the gums.
• B, Examination of the conjunctiva
Examination of mucous membranes
• C, Examination of the mucosa of the nares.
• D, Examination of the vulva in the female.
Mucous membrane color. Normal gum
color.
Hydration Status
• Skin turgor test
–
–
–
–
At the point of the shoulder
1 second or less is normal
1 second or more- >5%
>8 seconds: Severely
dehydrated
• Capillary refill time
– Less than 2 seconds
– Dehydration; shock 5 to 8
seconds
Neurological Examination
• Confirm disease
• Find where
• More tests usually
needed
Neurological Examination (cont’d)
• Questions????