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CHAPTER 5 • SECTION 3
Quebec Falls In 1757, Britain had a new secretary of state, William Pitt,
who was determined to win the war in the colonies. Pitt sent the best generals to America and borrowed money to pay colonial troops. The British
controlled six French forts by August 1759, including Fort Duquesne (rebuilt
as Fort Pitt). In late summer, the British moved to attack New France at its
capital, Quebec.
The British lay siege to Quebec, which sits on cliffs 300 feet above the St.
Lawrence River. In September, a scout found a steep path up the cliffs to the
plains near Quebec. Under cover of darkness, British general James Wolfe
and 4,000 of his men secretly climbed the cliffs.
When the French awoke, the British were lined up on the plains, ready to
attack. In the short, fierce battle that followed, Wolfe was killed. The French
commander, Montcalm, died of his wounds the next day. Quebec surrendered to the British. The Battle of Quebec was the turning point of the war.
When Montreal fell the next year, all of Canada was in British hands.
Britain and France battled in other parts of the world for almost three
more years. Spain made a pact in 1761 to aid France, but this help came too
late. When the Seven Years’ War ended in 1763, the Treaty of Paris was signed.
The treaty ended nearly all French control in North America and dramatically
expanded Britain’s colonial empire.
Connect to the World
Prewar Boundaries 1754
Postwar Boundaries 1763
DA
N A Quebec
C ASt. Lawrence
Oh
0
ANSWERS
0
250
250
AN
C
Philadelphia
E
W
S
FLORIDA
500 miles
500 kilometers
80°W
TEXAS
of
Tropiccer
Ca n
1. Place the Florida border
Connect Geography
2. Evaluate Great Britain
1. Place What was the southern limit of British territory in 1754?
Unit 2 Resource Book
• Connect Geography & History,
pp. 173–174
• American Literature, pp. 179–182
LOUISIANA
ceded by France
to Spain, 1763
AT L A N T I C
OCEAN
New
Orleans
Oh
N
0
0
250
250
io R.
Proclamation
Line of 1763
New
Orleans
500 miles
500 kilometers
40°N
Philadelphia
N
E
W
S
A
RID
FLO
History
io R.
40°N
ME
RIC
Spanish territory
Disputed between
Great Britain and France
LOUISIANA
DA
OLO
N
French territory
Quebec
St. Lawrence
CAN
A R.
IES
R.
HUDSON’S BAY COMPANY
Mississipp
iR
.
British territory
TEXAS
Connect Geography
Prewar and Postwar Boundaries
BR
ITIS
HA
PREWAR BOUNDARIES 1754,
POSTWAR BOUNDARIES 1763 Note
that only major geographical landmarks,
such as the Appalachian Mountains and the
Mississippi River, were used to establish
boundaries. Ask students how accurate
maps might have changed the provisions of
the treaty. (Possible Answer: France might
not have given up so much land to Spain.)
SUMMARIZE Describe the alliances of the French and Indian War.
COMPARING
Mississipp
iR
.
COMPARING Prewar, Postwar Boundaries
Answer: The Huron
sided with the French;
the colonists united to
support the British. The
Iroquois also supported
the British
COL
ONI
ES
The Seven Years’ War
The French and Indian
War was part of the Seven
Years’ War (1756–1763),
a worldwide struggle
between France and Great
Britain.
ME
R IC
AN
The Seven Years’ War was the culmination
of a century-long struggle for colonial
supremacy between Great Britain and
France in all parts of the world. It is also
known as the first world armed conflict.
All the great powers of Europe at the time
were involved—France, Austria, Saxony
(part of Germany), Sweden, Spain, and
Russia fought against Prussia, Hanover,
and Great Britain. In the end, Great Britain
emerged as the world’s strongest empire,
while France lost many of its overseas
possessions, including claims in North
America and India.
ITI
SH
A
Connect to the World
BR
The Seven Years’ War
AT L A N T I C
OCEAN
80°W
of
Tropiccer
Ca n
History
2. Evaluate Which nation benefited most from the treaty?
146 Chapter 5
INTERDISCIPLINARY ACTIVITIES
CONNECT
146 • Chapter 5
to Language Arts
CONNECT
to World Languages
Journal From Quebec
Examine French Culture in Quebec
Ask students to imagine that they lived in
Quebec in 1759. Have them write two journal
entries about the Battle of Quebec. One
should describe the day that the British were
unsuccessful in provoking an attack, and Quebec
remained secure. The other should describe
the day that the British scaled the heights and
attacked from the Plains of Abraham.
Although the city of Quebec was lost to the
British in 1759, point out that the French
culture and language are still prevalent in the
region today. In 2001, over 90 percent of the
Quebecois population reported that they spoke
French as their primary language. A separatist
movement was strong there for many decades.
Ask students to write a paragraph stating their
opinion either for or against Quebec separating
from Canada and forming its own country.
CHAPTER 5 • SECTION 3
To The Essential Question
CONNECT
What traditions, events, and forces helped form an
American identity?
Education
High levels of literacy
and education in
some regions; children
educated to read Bible.
An American
Identity Forms
Religion and Ideas
Great Awakening unifies
colonies and challenges
tradition; Enlightenment
influences colonial ideas.
The New Colonial World
Colonists share
information in the form
of newspapers and
books.
Politics and Law
Great Awakening unifies colonies.
Colonists share legal and political
traditions that come from England;
expect to enjoy the “rights of
Englishmen”; Enlightenment
writers help spread idea that
people can improve or change
their government.
Teach
Publishing
Reader, Recorder, Reporter
War
French and Indian War
unites colonists against
common enemy.
• What prompted Native American attacks after
the war? (The British did not give them gifts,
and settlers moved onto Native American
lands.)
• What did the British learn from Pontiac’s
Rebellion? (that governing their huge new
empire would be very difficult)
• Causes and Effects How did the
Proclamation of 1763 affect the relationship
between Britain and the colonies? (Colonists
were upset because they thought they had the
right to settle in the Ohio River Valley; Britain
did not want colonists to cause more conflicts
with Native Americans.)
Economy
better economic opportunities
in the colonies; more chance of
owning land
CRITICAL THINKING Evaluate Which factor do you think was the most important in creating
an American identity?
The New Colonial World
CONNECT
to the Essential Question
KEY QUESTION How did the French and Indian War change the colonial world?
The French and Indian War not only enlarged British territory, it also changed
the way that colonial Americans and Native Americans viewed themselves and
their relationship with the British empire.
Pontiac’s Rebellion After French forces withdrew, the British took over their
forts. They refused to give gifts to the Native Americans, as the French had.
British settlers also moved across the mountains onto Native American land.
In the spring and summer of 1763, Native American groups responded by
attacking settlers and destroying almost every British fort west of the Appalachians. They then surrounded the three remaining forts. This revolt was called
Pontiac’s Rebellion, although the Ottawa war leader Pontiac was only one of
many organizers.
British settlers reacted with equal viciousness, killing even those Native
Americans who had not attacked them. British officers came up with a brutal
plan to end the siege by the Lenni Lenape of Fort Pitt.
Beginnings of an American Identity 147
DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: TIERED ACTIVITIES
OBJECTIVE Create a mobile illustrating factors that helped form an American identity.
Basic
On Level
Challenge
Have students create a mobile
illustrating at least six factors
that helped form an American
identity. Students may sculpt
objects, create 3-D origami
figures, or draw original
illustrations to hang on their
mobiles. Students should label
each hanging object and write
a paragraph explaining what
each factor means.
Have students create a mobile
illustrating at least six factors
that helped form an American
identity. In addition to the
steps taken in the Basic activity students should also write
a one-paragraph analysis
explaining how each factor
affected colonial society.
Have students create a mobile
illustrating at least six factors
that helped form an American
identity. Extend the On Level
activity by having students
number their hanging objects
according to importance and
writing one paragraph for
each factor, determining which
ones had the greatest impact
on colonial society.
What traditions, events, and forces
helped form an American identity?
Ask students what they have learned so far
that can help them answer this question.
Use the graphic on p. 147 or display the
transparency.
Unit 2 Transparency Book
• Essential Question Graphic, TT15
Point out that most problems, results, and
effects listed on the chart are interrelated.
For example, high levels of literacy in the
colonies led to the Great Awakening and
the Enlightenment, as well as to an increase
in publishing. Students might mention:
• The Great Awakening and the
Enlightenment encouraged colonists
to question tradition and challenge
authority.
• The colonies united for the first time to
fight against a common enemy in the
French and Indian War.
CRITICAL THINKING ANSWER
Evaluate Possible Answers:
war—because it was the first time the
colonies united together; politics and
law—because people began to realize
they could improve or change their
government
Teacher’s Edition • 147
CHAPTER 5 • SECTION 3
PRIMARY SOURCE
“
More About . . .
The officers invited Lenni Lenape war leaders to talk and then gave them
smallpox
smallpox-infected
blankets as gifts. This started a deadly outbreak of the
disease among the Native Americans.
By the fall, the Native Americans had retreated, and three years later a
peace treaty was signed. Pontiac’s Rebellion showed the British how difficult
it was going to be to govern their vast new empire. To avoid further conflicts
1763 This
with Native Americans, the British issued the Proclamation of 1763.
forbade colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains.
Smallpox is a highly contagious disease
that was rampant in colonial America.
New England residents faced many serious
epidemics before 1723. The infected persons
were placed under quarantine, where about
30 percent died from the deadly disease.
Smallpox killed about 90–95 percent of
infected Native Americans, who had never
been exposed to the disease before and had
no immunity.
Assess & Reteach
Assess Have students complete the Section
Assessment.
Unit 2 Resource Book
• Section Quiz, p. 185
Interactive Review
@ ClassZone.com
Test Generator
Reteach Assign students to one of four groups
and give each group one part of the section.
Have each group work together to create a
graphic organizer and fill it in with main ideas
and details from their assigned section. Have
groups take turns presenting their completed
graphic organizers to their classmates.
”
—Major General Jeffrey Amherst, quoted in The Conspiracy of Pontiac
Smallpox
4
Could it not be contrived to send the Small Pox among those disaffected
[angry] tribes of Indians? We must on this occasion use every stratagem in
our power to reduce them.
A New Colonial Identity The colonists were angry. They thought they
Answer: The war
expanded British
territory but created new
problems with the Native
Americans and with the
colonists who were now
restricted from settling
on Native American
lands.
had won the right to settle in the Ohio River valley. In turn, the British government was angry with the colonists, who insisted on settling on Native
American lands.
The French and Indian War gave the 13 colonies their first taste of unity as
they fought a common enemy. This feeling of unity grew as colonists found
themselves in another dispute with Britain. With France no longer a threat,
colonial leaders grew more confident in their complaints. The stage was set
for the final conflict between the colonies and Britain.
MAKE INFERENCES Explain how the French and Indian War changed the
colonial world.
ONLINE QUIZ
3
Section Assessment
For test practice, go to
Interactive Review @ ClassZone.com
TERMS & NAMES
1. Explain the importance of
• Pontiac’s Rebellion
• Battle of Quebec
• French and Indian War • Treaty of Paris (1763)
• Albany Plan of Union • Proclamation of 1763
KEY IDEAS
3. Why did Native American tribes form alliances with
European powers?
4. What factors caused the French and Indian War?
5. Why were American colonists angry about the
Proclamation of 1763?
USING YOUR READING NOTES
2. Causes and Effects Complete the diagram you
started at the beginning of this section.
CAUSE
CRITICAL THINKING
6. Causes and Effects What were some effects of
Pontiac’s Rebellion?
Connect to Today Many Native American
groups were pulled into war because they were
trading with the French or British. How do
economic alliances continue to pull nations into
war?
8. Art Imagine you are at the meeting in Albany.
Create a poster urging colonial unity.
7.
EFFECT
Native Americans
became involved in
conflicts between
Europeans.
Unit 2 Resource Book
• Reteaching Activity, p. 188
Unit 2 Transparency Book
• Cause-and-Effect Chapter Summary,
p. TT14
148 Chapter 5
SECTION 3 ASSESSMENT ANSWERS
Terms & Names
1. Pontiac’s Rebellion, p. 143; French and Indian
War, p. 143; Albany Plan of Union, p. 144;
Battle of Quebec, p. 146; Treaty of Paris
(1763), p. 146; Proclamation of 1763, p. 148
4. conflicts over control of land and over rights
to settlement and trade routes in North
America
5. Many had hoped to settle land west of the
Appalachians where resources were plentiful.
Using Your Reading Notes
2. Causes—fur trade creates alliances between
Europeans and Native Americans; European
wars between Britain and France lead to
wars in colonies, dragging Native Americans
into the conflicts
Critical Thinking
6. Tensions increased between the British and
Native Americans; Native Americans were
forced off their lands; trade was disrupted.
7. Many nations depend upon trade with other
countries for necessary resources, like oil.
8. Posters should present the advantages of
colonial unity at the start of the French and
Indian War. Use the rubric to score students’
posters.
Key Ideas
3. to retain land in North America and establish
trade with the victor of the French and
Indian War
148 • Chapter 5
Art Rubric
Content and Design
Accuracy
4
shows understanding of historical
issues; is clear, lively, and original in
appearance
no errors
3
shows understanding of most issues;
is clear in appearance
few/minor
errors
2
shows some understanding of issues;
fairly clear in appearance
several
errors
1
shows little understanding of issues;
not clear in appearance
many
errors