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Biochemistry
Period 2
Lena Vincent
Christina Rohall
David Han
Steven Hausman
Ionic bonds
•
•
•
•
Formed when one or more electrons are
transferred from one atom to another
An atom losing electrons becomes
positively charged
An atom gaining electrons becomes
negatively charged
These positively and negatively charged
atoms are known as ions
Covalent Bonds
 Forms
when electrons are shared
between atoms
 Structure that results when atoms are
joined together by covalent bonds is
called a molecule
pH Scale



Used to indicate the concentration of
H+ ions in a solution
Acidic solutions contain higher
concentration of H+ ions than pure
water, then it will have pH values
below seven
Basic, or alkaline, solutions that
contain lower concentrations of H+
ions than pure water, then it will have
pH values above seven
Carbohydrates
 Compounds
made up of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
 Living things use carbohydrates as their
main source of energy
 Plants and some animals also use
carbohydrates for structural purposes
 Are made up of monosaccharaides and
polysaccharides
Lipids
 Made
mostly from carbon and hydrogen
atoms
 Lipids can be used to store energy
 Some lipids are important parts of
biological membranes and waterproof
coverings
 Fatty acid chains make up lipids
Nucleic Acids
 Nucleic
acids store and transmit
hereditary, or genetic, information
 Two types of nucleic acids: ribonucleic
acid(RNA) and deoxyribonucleic
acid(DNA)
 Made up of nucleotides
Proteins
 Made
up of amino acids
 Some proteins control the rate of
reactions and regulate cell processes
 Others transport substances into or out of
cells or help fight disease
Chemical Reactions
 Processes
that change or transform one
set of chemicals into another
 Chemical reaction always involves
changes in the chemical bonds that join
atoms in compounds
Lewis Dot
 Shows
the number of electrons in the
“outer shell” (valence electrons)
 Can be used to determine how elements
bond
VOCAB
 Mixture:
material with two or more
elements that are physically mixed, but
not chemically mixed
 Solution: mixture of two or more
substances that are evenly distributed
 Solute: substance that is dissolved in a
solvent to form a solution
 Solvent: substance in which a solute is
dissolved to form a solution
EVEN MORE VOCAB
 Acid:
compound that forms hydrogen
ions(H+) in solutions
 Base: compound that produces
hydroxide ions(OH+) in solutions
Elements
Atomic
Number
Element Symbol
Element
Name
Atomic
Mass
Periodic Table
Multiple Choice Questions!
1.
What are the subatomic particles of an
atom?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Protons, neutrons, electrons
Nucleus, protons, electrons
Only protons and neutrons
None of the above
2.
What is the definition of cohesion?
a)
b)
c)
d)
When there is uneven distribution of
electrons
Compound that produces hydroxide ions
Attraction between molecules of the
same substance
Attraction between molecules of different
substances
3.
What does pH measure?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Concentration of only negative ions in a
solution
Concentration of H+ ions in a solution
Concentration of OH- ions in a solution
None of the above
4.
Which is the most acidic?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Lemon Juice
Stomach acid
Acid rain
Bleach
5.
Proteins are formed from…
a)
b)
c)
d)
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
Amino acids
6.
Which of these is the most basic?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Stomach acid
Water
Lemon juice
Soap
7.
What molecules make up lipids?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Carbon and hydrogen atoms
Hydrogen and oxygen
Sugars and DNA
RNA and DNA
8.
What is the structure of water?
a)
b)
c)
d)
OH
HO
HO
HHO
2
2
2
9.
What can destroy enzymes?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Heat and acid
Explosives
A rock
Sound
10.
Where are the noble gases located in
the periodic table?
a)
b)
c)
d)
The far left
The far right
The middle
The stair step
Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
A
C
B
B
D
D
A
C
A
B