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Classification and the 6 kingdoms I. Taxonomy A. Branch of biology that specializes in classifying organisms into a series of groups called TAXONOMY. Classification of the diversity of species is studied by: a) evolutionists b) taxonomists c) theorists d) taxidermists B. Classification System 2. KINGDOM : (A group of related Phyla) a. Largest classification taxon b. Has the MOST organisms 3. PHYLUM : (A group of related classes) Called division when referring to plants 4. CLASS : (A group of related orders) 5. ORDER : (A group of related families) 6. FAMILY : (A group of related genera) 7. GENUS : (A group of related species) 8. SPECIES : a. Smallest taxon b. Has the LEAST # OF organisms c. Members of a species to be able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring A group of related organisms that are able to interbreed in nature & produce fertile offspring is a: a) species b) phylum c) genus d) order The taxonomic group that shows the greatest similarity among its members is the: a) kingdom b) class c) species d) family Which statement describes organisms that are classified in the same genus? a) They must be in the same phylum, but may be of a different species. b) They must be of the same species, but may be in different phyla. c) They must be in the same kingdom, but may be in different phyla. d) They must be in the same class, but may be in different phyla. As we move through the taxonomic groups from the kingdom to the species level, organisms: a) become more similar in appearance b) vary more & more c) are less related to each other Which of these taxonomic classification groups has the fewest members? a) species b) family c) class d) genus C. If an organism is in the same phylum then they are in the same KINGDOM . What if they were in the same family, what else would they be in that is the same? DOMAIN KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER D. Naming Organisms 1. Scientific names are made by using the GENUS and SPECIES. a. The genus is always written first and is capatilized. b. The species is always written second and is lowercase c. Both the genus and species are italicized 2. Binomial nomenclature: a. Uses TWO names (genus and species) to identify the organism. b. Carlous Linneaus gave us binomial nomenclature. c. Acer rubrum (Acer=genus) (rubrum=species) The scientific name for the fruit fly is Drosophila melanogaster. The word Drosophila refers to the taxonomic group: a) kingdom b) genus c) species d) phylum Scientists use a 2-name method of providing scientific names to organisms that is called: a) binomial nomenclature b) scientific nomenclature c) theoretical nomenclature The scientific name of an organism: a) varies according to the native language of scientists. b) is the same for scientists all over the world. c) may refer to more than 1 species. d) is different for scientist all over the world. 3. Trinomial nomenclature: a. used when organisms are divided into subspecies or varieties b. The first two names are still the GENUS and SPECIES but the third name is the subspecies or variety c. Example: Haliaeetus leucocephalus washingtoniensis; (Haliaeetus=genus) (leucocephalus=species) (washingtoniensis=subspecies) The language of scientific names is: a) English b) Latin c) Spanish d) French Of the following, Felis leo, is most closely related to: a) Rana pipiens b) Xenopus laevis c) Felis domesticus d) Elephas maximus 4. Scientific names tell you if two organisms are closely related. a. If the scientific names are Acer rubrum and Rana rubrum, are these two organisms closely related? NO b. If the scientific names are Acer rubrum and Acer saccharum, are these two organisms closely related? YES Scientific names come from the taxonomic groups: a) kingdom & phylum b) class & family c) genus & species d) order & family The red maple tree is known by the scientific name Acer rubrum. The sugar maple tree is known as Acer saccharum. What is the smallest classification division these trees have in common? a) phylum b) order c) genus d) species It is easy to group snakes based on color. However, a scientist would prefer a system that shows how snakes: a) get their food b) shed their skin c) are genetically related d) mate c. If you find an unknown organism, the best way to tell if the unknown organism is related to the known organism is to look at DNA comparisons d. Scientists also use diachotomous keys to determine what species an unknown organism is. i. It is a series of QUESTIONS that leads you to the organism’s name ii. you always start back at question one II. Viruses A. Do not belong to a kingdom because they are not considered to be LIVING organisms B. Examples of Viruses: flu, chicken pox, HIV, cold sores, and some can cause cancer C. The biggest viruses are 1/100 the size of prokaryotic cells (bacteria/without a nucleus or membrane bound organelles). Most bacteria are even smaller than half the size of a prokaryotic cell. D. Considered to be non-living because they CAN”T : 1. Grow 2. Develop 3. Obtain energy 4. Reproduce on their OWN; viruses must use a HOST cell to reproduce E. Virus classification or names come from: 1. The TYPE OF CELLS they affect; ex: adenovirus affects the adenoids in the throat 2. The DISEASES they cause; Ex: poliovirus causes polio 3. Some of the viruses are similar and are therefore given a number as part of their name 4. BACTERIOPHAGES are viruses that affect bacteria F. Virus Structure 1. Contain an inner core of NUCLEIC ACIDS a. Viruses either have DNA or RNA but NEVER both 2. CAPSID : protein coat that surrounds the nucleic acid; the way the proteins are arranged determines: a. The SHAPE of the virus b. The cells the virus can affect c. The WAY the virus infects the cells 3. ENVELOPE: Some, but not all, viruses have an envelope that acts like a plasma membrane G. LYTIC Cycle (Virus Reproduction) 1. Viruses take over the genes of the host cell 2. They use the genes to make more viral genes and viral protein 3. This continues until the cell is so full of viruses it actually BURSTS intern killing the host cell and releasing more viruses into the body 4. Viruses can infect: a. PLANTS b. animals c. bacteria 5. The only way a virus can infect a living cell is if a receptor site on the host cell MATCHES that of the virus. a. Specific cells are only vulnerable to certain VIRUSES b. Ex: Tobacco mosaic virus can only invade the leaves cells in a tobacco plant (The reasons dogs don’t catch your colds) 6. Antibiotic DO NOT kill VIRUSES because Anti means against and bio means life so against life…viruses are non-living, you can’t kill something that isn’t alive Antibiotics would be effective againsta) bacterial pneumonia b) the malarian protist c) flu virus d) viral meningitis Which characteristic do viruses posses in common with living cells? a) They contain a nucleus & organelles b) They make their own food. c) They contain nucleic acids, such as DNA or RNA. d) They are given scientific names. There is a six-kingdom classification system: 1. Kingdom Archeabacteria 2. Kingdom Eubacteria 3. Kingdom Protista 4. Kingdom Fungi 5. Kingdom Plantae 6. Kingdom Animalia Kingdoms 1 and 2 used to be combined into Kingdom Monera III. Kingdom Monera (Bacteria/Prokaryotic Cells) A. Now divided into Archeabacteria and Eubacteria B. Reproduce by binary fission C. All cells in kingdom monera are prokaryotic meaning they are lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles and their DNA is found in the cytoplasm D. All prokaryotes contain a cell wall E. Most widespread and numerous organisms on Earth F. Kingdom Archaebacteria 1. Has a different composition to their cell wall than Eubacteria 2. Genes are more similar to eukaryotes than to eubacteria 3. oldest living organisms 4. Live in harsh environments: Hot sulfur springs, deep sea vents on the ocean floor, Great Salt Lakes, and intestines of mammals 5. Autotrophic and Heterotrophic 6. Can tell all the archeabacteria are related by their RNA sequencing Kingdoms Archaebacteria and Eubacteria are sometimes referred to asa) Kingdom Arachaialeu b) Kingdom Euarchae c) Kingdom Monera d) Kingdom Protista G. Kingdom Eubacteria 1. Have a different composition to their cell wall than Archeabacteria 2. Classified according to their shape and reaction to Gram staining 3. Eubacteria Metabolism a. heterotrophic (must eat other organisms) b. parasitic (Live off of other organisms) c. decomposers (Eat dead and decaying organisms) d. Autotrophic (make their own food) i. Photosynthetic Autotrophs: Contain chlorophyll; Use the sun’s energy to make food through photosynthesis ex: Cynobacteria ii. Chemosynthetic Autotrophs: Break down nitrogen and Sulfur to make organic compounds (glucose ) All bacteria: a) cause disease b) lack a nucleus c) are autotrophic d) contain a nucleus G. Bacteria Pros and Cons 1. Helpful Bacteria a. Most bacteria is important and beneficial b. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria: live in the roots of plants and help it to obtain nutrients c. Break down dead things d. Put oxygen back in the soil by photosynthesis e. FOODS: Pickles, Yogurt, Cheese f. Antibiotics : neomycin and erythromycin kill other bacteria; Remember antibiotics can NOT be used to kill viruses, because they are non-living. They only kill bacterial infections g. Probiotics live in the intestine and make vitamins, help with absorption, enhance the immune system 2. Harmful Bacteria a. endospores: Cause botulism or tetanus b. Lyme disease, strep throat c. Biofilms cause cavities IV. Kingdom Protista A. Called the “_catch all ” kingdom because it contains many organisms that don’t fit into the other kingdoms B. The most DIVERSE kingdom C. ALL are eukaryotic (Contain a nucleus and membrane bound organelles) D. Can be heterotrophic or autotrophic, unicellular or mulitcellular, large or microscopic E. Contain contractile vacuole that pumps excess water out of the cell: important for protests that live in fresh water (hypotonic-water will move into the cell and the cell will burst) F. Animal-Like Protists 1. Called protozoans 2. unicellular 3. Ex: paramecium (use cilia to move) , amoeba (shapeless and doesn’t have a cell wall; it moves by pseudopods which stick out of the cytoplasm) 4. Other Protozoans may move by cilia or flagella 5. Many protozoans are parasites and cause disease like malaria Paramecia take in & expel water with: a) contractile vacuoles b) cilia-lined oral grooves c) a flexible outer pellicle G. Plant-Like Protists 1. Contain chlorophyll and are autotrophic so they carry out photosynthesis 2. Ex: Algae a. they don’t have roots, stems, or leaves like plants so they are not a plant b. May contain red, brown, or golden pigments c. Size ranges from unicellular to a mile long 3. Ex: Diatoms a. Made of a glass-like outer shell b. When the protist dies the glass shell sinks to the bottom and collects. c. This collection is called diachotomous earth which is used in abrasives like toothpaste and cleaners and in insecticides 4. Other examples: euglenoids, goden algae, green algae, brown algae, and red algae H. Fungus-Like Protist 1. Decompose dead organisms 2. Able to move for part of their life cycle 3. Ex: slime molds, downy mildews, and water molds V. Kingdom Fungi A. Grow anywhere that has moisture B. Mostly multicellular (yeast are the only unicellular fungi) C. Used to be classified as plants but they don’t contain chlorophyll so they are not producers…instead they are consumers meaning they have to eat, yes, fungi DO eat They are heterotrophic Which of these groups is made up entirely of consumers? a) algae b) plants c) fungi d) protists D. Fungi use extracellular digestion to eat 1. hyphae are threadlike structures sent out into the food source 2. Hyphae release enzymes that break down food until it is small enough to cross the cell walls into the hypahe E. Cell wall made of chitin, a complex carbohydrate) (Remember plants have a cell wall made of cellulose …a polysaccharide) Which of the following distinguishes the organisms in Kingdom Fungi from other eukaryotic organisms? a) Fungi are unicellular. b) Fungi reproduce sexually. c) Fungi obtain nutrients by absorption (through extracellular digestion) d) Fungi make food through photosynthesis. F. Fungi Heterotrophs 1. decomposers : Break down dead and decaying matter 2. Saprophytes like mushrooms break down dead organic matter 3. Parasites like ringworm and athlete’s foot 4. lichens: A mutualistic (both benefit)relationship between fungus and green algae; They are important because they break down rocks into soil so plants can grow and they put nutrients into the soil when they die and decompose G. Fungi Reproduction 1. Asexual Reproduction a. Yeasts b. budding: organism grows from the parent and then breaks off c. fission: the yeast splits in half to form two yeast cells 2. Sexually: a. Mushrooms b. Spores called basidiospores are produced in the cap of the mushroom c. Spores are produced by meiosis so they are haploid when two spores meet and germinate to have a baby mushroom 3. Both Sexually and Asexually a. Bread molds and most fungi b. Sporangium (a specialized hyphae) produce asexual spores c. The sporangium release these spores which can grown into more sporangia d. if conditions are unfavorable bread molds reproduce sexually i. two hyphae fuse together to forma zygospore ii. the zygospores has a thick cell wall and can remain dormant until conditions become favorable for germination H. Fungi Good or Bad? 1. Benefits a. Food: mushrooms, yeasts make bread (through alcoholic fermentation), cheese b. Medicine (Penicillium) Antibiotics to kill bacteria…NOT VIRUSES 2. Harmful a. Destroy timber and crops each year b. Plant disease called rusts and smuts c. Some spores can be fatal if inhaled (black mold) All of the following kingdoms include autotrophic organisms EXCEPT- a) Plantae b) Protista c) Animalia d) Archaebacteria Which of the following is NOT considered a living organism? a) AIDS virus b) paramecium c) shiitake mushroom d) nitrogen-fixing bacterium Name the kingdom • • • • • unicellular prokaryotic aquatic & terrestrial cause disease used in foods & medicines Name the kingdom • • • • • • algae slime molds flagellates ciliates sporozoans amoebas Name the kingdom • unicellular • prokaryotes • harsh environments Name the kingdom • • • • • mushrooms molds puffballs mildew yeast Name the kingdom • “ancient” prokaryotes Name the kingdom • • • • most are unicellular eukaryotic aquatic or moist habitats heterotrophs & autotrophs Name the kingdom • “true” prokaryotes Name the kingdom • multicellular & unicellular • eukaryotes • absorb nutrients as decomposers of organic matter