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8th Grade English Study Guide Noun – names a person, place, thing, or idea. Types of nouns Common noun – names any one of a class of people, places, things, or ideas. Proper noun – names a particular person, place, or thing. Collective noun – denotes a group of persons, places, or things, considered as one. Concrete nouns – person, place, or thing that you can experience with your senses. Abstract noun – expresses a quality, condition, or an action apart from any object or thing. Qualities of nouns Person – quality of a noun through which the speaker, the one spoken to, or the one spoken about is indicated. First person denotes the speaker. Second person denotes the one spoken to. Third person denotes the one spoken about. Number – the quality of a noun that denotes whether is refers to one person, place, or thing or more than one person, place, or thing. Gender – the quality of a noun that expresses which sex is distinguished. Masculine Feminine Neuter – denotes objects Some nouns may be taken as wither masculine of feminine. Cases of nouns Case is the quality of a noun that shows its relation to some other word or words in the sentence. Nominative Case – subject nouns Subject – the person, place or thing the sentence is about. Subject complement – refers to the same person, place, or thing as the subject. - renames or describes the subject - follows a linking verb (Some linking verbs- is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been) Possessive Case – expresses possession, ownership, or connection Objective Case – object nouns Direct object – answers whom or what after the action verb. Indirect object – answers to whom or for whom the action is done. Object of the proposition – follows a preposition Object complement – follows the direct object, renames the object Adjective – modifies a noun or a pronoun Types of adjectives Descriptive adjectives – describes or limits the noun or pronoun it modifies - may come before or after the word it modifies - may be used as a subject complement Demonstrative adjectives – point out definite persons, places, and things. - this, that, these, those Interrogative adjectives – are used in questions. - what, which, whose Indefinite adjectives – refer to any or all of a group. - both, few, every, several, all, another, some, many, most, each, either, neither Degrees of comparison of adjectives – positive, comparative and superlative - one and two syllable adjectives – add er for the comparative and est for the superlative - three or more syllable adjectives – add more for the comparative and most for the superlative - some adjectives have irregular comparison example: (good, better, best) Pronoun – a word that takes the place of a noun Antecedent – a word to which a pronoun refers Personal Pronouns Nominative case – subject pronouns – used as subjects and subject complements 1st person 2nd person 3rd person Singular I you he, she, it Plural we you they Objective case pronouns – used as direct objects, indirect objects, objects of prepositions 1st person 2nd person 3rd person Singular me you him, her, it Plural us you them Possessive case pronouns – stand alone (while possessive adjectives precede nouns) 1st person 2nd person 3rd person Singular mine yours his, hers, its Plural ours yours theirs Compound pronouns – intensive and reflexive 1st person 2nd person 3rd person Singular myself yourself himself, herself, itself Plural ourselves yourselves themselves Interrogative pronouns – used to ask a question who, whom, whose, which, what Demonstrative pronouns – point out a particular person, place, or thing this, that, these, those Relative pronouns – used to join a dependent clause to its antecedent who, whom, which, that, whose Indefinite pronouns – refer to any or all of a group of persons, places, or things Singular: another, anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, everybody, everything, much, neither, nobody, no one, nothing, one, other, somebody, someone, something Plural: both, few, many, others, several Singular & Plural: all, any, more, most, none, some Sentences by purpose Declarative – makes a statement - ends with a period Imperative – issues a command - ends with a period Exclamatory – expresses strong emotion - ends with an exclamation point Interrogative – asks a question - ends with a question mark Sentences by form Simple sentence – one independent clause - has a subject and a verb either or both of which can be compound Compound sentence – two independent clauses - joined by a comma and a coordinate conjunction(fanboys) - joined by a semicolon - joined by a semicolon, then an adverb, then a comma Complex sentence – one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses Clauses Adjective clause – has a subject and a predicate - modifies a noun or a pronoun - introduced by a relative pronoun(who, whom, whose, which, that) or (when, where) Adverb clause – has a subject and a predicate - modifies a verb, an adjective or an adverb - introduced by a subordinate conjunctions Noun clause – has a subject and a predicate - used as a noun (subject, subject complement, direct object, indirect object, object of a preposition, or an appositive)