Download 8th 1st Semester Study Guide

8th Grade English Study Guide
Noun – names a person, place, thing, or idea.
Types of nouns
Common noun – names any one of a class of people, places, things, or ideas.
Proper noun – names a particular person, place, or thing.
Collective noun – denotes a group of persons, places, or things, considered as
one.
Concrete nouns – person, place, or thing that you can experience with your
senses.
Abstract noun – expresses a quality, condition, or an action apart from any
object or thing.
Qualities of nouns
Person – quality of a noun through which the speaker, the one spoken to, or the
one spoken about is indicated.
First person denotes the speaker.
Second person denotes the one spoken to.
Third person denotes the one spoken about.
Number – the quality of a noun that denotes whether is refers to one person,
place, or thing or more than one person, place, or thing.
Gender – the quality of a noun that expresses which sex is distinguished.
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter – denotes objects
Some nouns may be taken as wither masculine of feminine.
Cases of nouns
Case is the quality of a noun that shows its relation to some other word or words
in the sentence.
Nominative Case – subject nouns
Subject – the person, place or thing the sentence is about.
Subject complement – refers to the same person, place, or thing as the
subject.
- renames or describes the subject
- follows a linking verb
(Some linking verbs- is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been)
Possessive Case – expresses possession, ownership, or connection
Objective Case – object nouns
Direct object – answers whom or what after the action verb.
Indirect object – answers to whom or for whom the action is done.
Object of the proposition – follows a preposition
Object complement – follows the direct object, renames the object
Adjective – modifies a noun or a pronoun
Types of adjectives
Descriptive adjectives – describes or limits the noun or pronoun it modifies
- may come before or after the word it modifies
- may be used as a subject complement
Demonstrative adjectives – point out definite persons, places, and things.
- this, that, these, those
Interrogative adjectives – are used in questions.
- what, which, whose
Indefinite adjectives – refer to any or all of a group.
- both, few, every, several, all, another, some,
many, most, each, either, neither
Degrees of comparison of adjectives
–
positive, comparative and superlative
- one and two syllable adjectives – add er for the
comparative and est for the superlative
- three or more syllable adjectives – add more for
the comparative and most for the superlative
- some adjectives have irregular comparison
example: (good, better, best)
Pronoun – a word that takes the place of a noun
Antecedent – a word to which a pronoun refers
Personal Pronouns
Nominative case – subject pronouns – used as subjects and subject complements
1st person
2nd person
3rd person
Singular
I
you
he, she, it
Plural
we
you
they
Objective case pronouns – used as direct objects, indirect objects, objects of
prepositions
1st person
2nd person
3rd person
Singular
me
you
him, her, it
Plural
us
you
them
Possessive case pronouns – stand alone (while possessive adjectives precede nouns)
1st person
2nd person
3rd person
Singular
mine
yours
his, hers, its
Plural
ours
yours
theirs
Compound pronouns – intensive and reflexive
1st person
2nd person
3rd person
Singular
myself
yourself
himself, herself, itself
Plural
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
Interrogative pronouns – used to ask a question
who, whom, whose, which, what
Demonstrative pronouns – point out a particular person,
place, or thing
this, that, these, those
Relative pronouns – used to join a dependent clause to its
antecedent
who, whom, which, that, whose
Indefinite pronouns – refer to any or all of a group of persons,
places, or things
Singular:
another, anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, everybody, everything, much, neither,
nobody, no one, nothing, one, other, somebody, someone, something
Plural:
both, few, many, others, several
Singular & Plural:
all, any, more, most, none, some
Sentences by purpose
Declarative – makes a statement
- ends with a period
Imperative – issues a command
- ends with a period
Exclamatory – expresses strong emotion
- ends with an exclamation point
Interrogative – asks a question
- ends with a question mark
Sentences by form
Simple sentence – one independent clause
- has a subject and a verb either or both of which can be compound
Compound sentence – two independent clauses
- joined by a comma and a coordinate conjunction(fanboys)
- joined by a semicolon
- joined by a semicolon, then an adverb, then a comma
Complex sentence – one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
Clauses
Adjective clause – has a subject and a predicate
- modifies a noun or a pronoun
- introduced by a relative pronoun(who, whom, whose, which, that) or
(when, where)
Adverb clause – has a subject and a predicate
- modifies a verb, an adjective or an adverb
- introduced by a subordinate conjunctions
Noun clause – has a subject and a predicate
- used as a noun (subject, subject complement, direct object, indirect object,
object of a preposition, or an appositive)