Download Egypt and the Nile River Valley System

The Nile River
Ch. 5.1
Where is Egypt?
• Egypt is on the
continent of Africa and
is boarded by the
Mediterranean Sea to
the north and the Red
Sea to the east.
• The Nile River
runs South to
North through
Egypt.
• The capital of
Egypt is Cairo
Where is Egypt?
Geography…
• The Egyptians, like the Mesopotamians,
settled near a river because of the benefits
and contributions it gave.
• Do you remember some of the reasons?
•
-Travel
–
–
–
–
Trade
Irrigation for crops
Water for drinking and cooking
Yearly flooding, which left behind rich, fertile soil
The Nile River Valley
• The Nile is the longest river in
the world – almost 4,000 miles
long!!
•
It is shaped like the lotus flower
so often seen in ancient Egyptian
art.
• The Nile flows from south to
north because of the
geography of the land.
• Mountains are to the south and
low lying plains are in the
north.
• As the water comes down the
mountains it flows through the
river delta and empties into the
Mediterranean Sea.
The Nile River Valley
• Civilization started along the Nile about 5,000 years ago. Without the
Nile, Egypt would be a desert because it rarely rains.
•
Each spring, water would run off the mountains and the Nile would
flood.
• As the flood waters receded, black rich fertile soil was left behind.
When the land was covered in silt ,it looked black. They called this
the black land or Kemet
• The ancient Egyptians called this rich soil ‘The Gift of the Nile.’
• Egyptians celebrated the 3 stages:
• Inundation (flooding which usually lasted 4 months)
• Emergence (planting & growing)
• Harvest (collecting the food)
• The area after flooding is called “black land” because of the nutrientrich soil created by silt. They called this land “Kemet”
Gifts of the Nile
Fertile soil for crops was not the Nile's only gift.
The Nile gave the ancient Egyptians many gifts.
• Thanks to the Nile, these ancient people had fresh water for
drinking and bathing.
• The Nile’s fresh water also provided fish.
• The Nile supported transportation and trade.
• It provided materials for building, for making cloth for clothes,
and even for making paper - made from the wild papyrus weed,
that grew along the shores of the Nile.
“Gifts of the Nile”
• The Nile was unfortunately also a taker of life.
– Many people accidentally drowned.
– Extreme rainfall washed away crops.
– Light flooding resulted in poor soil and
crops would not grow.
Natural barriers of protection
• The ancient Egyptians enjoyed many natural
barriers.
• There were deserts to the east and west of the Nile
River, and mountains to the south.
• In addition, along the southern region, there were
several cataracts that prevented enemy ships from
attacking Egypt.
• Other natural barriers included the Mediterranean
Sea and delta marshes to the north and the Red Sea
to the east.
• These natural barriers isolated the ancient Egyptians
and allowed them to develop a truly distinctive culture.
Predictable Flooding
•
Think back to Mesopotamia and the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers…The
Mesopotamians used dykes and canals to help control the flooding, BUT
the flooding in Mesopotamia was unpredictable.
That was not the case in Egypt
•
The Nile River was more predictable and less destructive than the Tigris
and Euphrates. The Nile usually overflowed its banks in the summer. After
the floods of mid-summer receded, the land was covered with rich deposits
of soil that were perfect for farming. The “Emergence” of the land from the
water covering was from October to February. During this time, Egyptians
planted and captured as much water as possible in irrigation ditches.
Farming in Egypt
 Egyptian farmers used an irrigation system to water
their farms and animals.
 They create a shaduf to help move
water more easily.
 Farmers also used geometry to help recalculate where
fields were supposed to be after a flood washed away
boundary markers.
 Farmers planted wheat, barley, and flax and used the
papyrus plants that grew along the banks of the Nile.
Egyptian Writing
– Like the Mesopotamians, Egyptians created their own
form of writing.
– They created a combination of pictures and sounds, which
we call hieroglyphics. Some men were able to attend
special schools to learn to write and actually read
hieroglyphics. These men were called scribes.
– Egyptians also created a type of “cursive” writing that was
used more often than hieroglyphics called hieratic writing.
Egyptian Writing
– Mesopotamians wrote on clay tablets; Egyptians did not.
They wrote on “paper” made from papyrus strips that had
been stacked on top of each other and pounded together
and dried.
– Scribes would also carve hieroglyphics onto stone walls
and monuments.
Uniting Egypt
– Egyptian farmers were able to grow a surplus of food,
which created a division of labor just like in Mesopotamia.
Citizens were now able to work in other occupations and
become artisans, merchants, and traders.
– The need for organized government became increasingly
important as trade and farming increased.
– Governments were needed for:
• Overseeing construction and repairs
• Developing a process for storing and distributing the food surplus
• Settling land conflicts
Groups villages eventually grew into small kingdoms where they
were ruled by individual kings.
Uniting Egypt
Narmer (Menes) was a king of
Upper Egypt. In c. 3100 BC,
he conquered Lower Egypt and
married one of Lower Egypt’s
princesses, thus uniting both
kingdoms of Egypt for the first
time.
Southern Egypt is called Upper
Egypt (located high in the
mountains)
• The pharaoh of Upper
Egypt wore a white crown.
Northern Egypt is called Lower
Egypt (located in the plain next to
the Mediterranean Sea.
• The pharaoh of Lower
Egypt wore a red crown
• King Narmer (aka: Menes)
united Upper and Lower
Egypt and also the crown.
A mural of Narmer, or Menes,
conquering Lower Egypt (c.a.
3100 B.C.)
Guided Reading Questions
Using the notes we just completed, answer
the Guided Reading Questions for Part A.
*Remember, SS answers should be written
in complete sentences. Also, make sure you
have provided enough information to
actually show you understand what the
question is asking.
Pharaohs & gods
• The Egyptians
believed their
pharaoh was both a
god and a king.
• They also believed
that animals,
especially the cat,
were sacred and
deserved to be
worshipped.
Pharaohs
• The most powerful person in ancient Egypt was the
pharaoh.
• The pharaoh was the political and religious leader of the
Egyptian people, holding the titles: 'Lord of the Two
Lands' and 'High Priest of Every Temple'.
• As 'Lord of the Two Lands' the pharaoh was the ruler of
Upper and Lower Egypt. He owned all of the land, made
laws, collected taxes, and defended Egypt against
foreigners.
• As 'High Priest of Every Temple', the pharaoh
represented the gods on Earth. He performed rituals and
built temples to honor the gods.
gods
• The Egyptians
worshipped more than
2,000 gods and
goddesses.
• The chief god was Amon,
the god of Thebes. He
was later merged with the
god of the sun, Ra, to
become Amon-Ra.
• During the “reign” and
worship of Amon-Ra, the
Egyptian people were
very polytheistic.
Mummification and the gods
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Osiris, the god of the dead, and Isis, his
sister/wife and goddess of nature, were also
important.
Egyptians considered the afterlife more
important than the time spent on earth.
Because of this, they gave great thought to
burial of the dead.
The body was preserved in salts and spices
and then wrapped in linen.
This mummy was then placed into a wooden
coffin, called a sarcophagus, sometimes
made of pure gold.
Amulets or jewels were then placed on the
body.
Adults were buried with furniture, artwork,
and pottery.
Children were buried with toys. This gave
the dead items to keep them happy in the
afterlife.
The sarcophagus was then placed into the
pyramid tombs to enjoy their time in the
afterlife.
Draw the Egyptian social pyramid.
Test stop
Questions?
Copy and answer the following questions.
1. How did the pharaoh combine religion
and government?
2. What are the 2 areas of Egypt known
as?
3. Describe the crowns of Egypt.
4. Who united Upper and Lower Egypt?
5. Be able to draw and fill in the social
pyramid.
The 3 Kingdoms of Egypt
The ancient Egyptian timeline is divided into
three big blocks of time –
the Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom,
and the New Kingdom.
The Old Kingdom
The Pyramid Age (500 years)
1. Pharaohs had absolute power and were considered to
be gods on earth.
2. King Narmer (Menes) unified Upper and Lower Egypt.
3. Pyramids, including the Great Pyramid of Giza, are built
to serve as tombs for the pharaohs.
4. Mummification was used to preserve dead bodies.
The Middle Kingdom
The Golden Age (300 years)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Pharaohs should be
“good kings”; wise and
gifted rulers.
Built strong armies and
fortresses.
Egypt conquered Nubia
and invaded Syria and
Palestine.
Literature and the arts
expanded and greatly
improved through
contact with trading
countries.
Pharaohs were buried
in secret places.
The New Kingdom
The Empire (500 years)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Pharaohs should be all
powerful; great kings
and queens.
Created an empire
through force and
military conflict.
The first female
pharaoh, Hatshepsut,
ruled.
The Valley of the Kings
is created; all pharaohs
are buried here.
Egyptians become
monotheistic.
The Pyramid of Meydum
The Great Pyramids of Giza
The Bent
Pyramid
Test stop…
• Make sure you know:
– what the 3 kingdoms are
– The role of the pharaoh in each kingdom
– Major contributions to Egyptian life from each
kingdom
Egyptian Writing
• Over 5000 years ago, the ancient Egyptians wrote things
down using a picture writing called hieroglyphics.
• The people who did the actual writing were called
scribes.
• The ancient Egyptians believed that it was important to
record and communicate information about religion and
government.
Cartouche
• A cartouche is an oblong enclosure
with a horizontal line at one end,
indicating that the text enclosed
is a royal name.
Rosetta Stone
• Over time the Egyptian method of writing changed from
one form to another. As it changed, more and more
people forgot how to read the hieroglyphics.
• Finally around 1800 CE, a stone was found called the
Rosetta Stone.
• On the stone there were three kinds of writing telling the
same story.
– At the bottom was Greek (which the archaeologists could read)
– In the middle was Demotic-a later Egyptian writing (which could
be read too)
– At the top was hieroglyphics. Archaeologists could translate it
based on the meanings, words, and symbols from the other two
languages!
Test stop
Questions?
Copy and answer the following questions.
1. What was the main written language of
the Egyptians?
2. What gift from the Nile was used by
scribes to record details of Egyptian life?
3. Explain what the Rosetta Stone is and its
importance.
Activity: Write like an Egyptian
Create a cartouche of your name using ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics.