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Projects for Final Engineering Students RAPID APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT TOOL Contents 1. SYNOPSIS 2. COMPANY PROFILE 3. SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENT INTRODUCTION TO THE SOFTWARE 4. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS & SPECIFICATION SYSTEM ANALYSIS SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION 5. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE 6. MODULES 7. DATA DICTIONARY 8. TESTING & RESULT 1 9.CONCLUSION 10. ANNEXURES SOURCE CODE SAMPLE SCREENS 11. BIBILIOGRAPHY URL’s OF WEBSITES VISITED AND RELEVANT INFORMATION USED FOR PROJECT. 2 RAPID APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT TOOL The ultimate aim of this project is to create a common GUI tool for popular databases. Already there are many tools available for all popular databases, but the drawback is we need separate tool for each database. This project is aimed at developing a Rapid Application Development tool that can communicate with any physical database. Hence a single tool can be used for issuing DDL, DML, TCL, and DCL statements to any RDBMS. This tool provides faster access to the backend, 3 switching over from one database to another database, easy querying and a better user interfacability. Modules Various modules in this project are listed below: Universal Connector Module Graphical User Interface Meta Data Extractor Data Definer Data Manipulator Query Processor 4 Universal Connector Universal Connector shows an open data source to a Oracle database, a Microsoft Access database and a Microsoft SQL Server database, including its tables, fields, and views for each. Besides depicting each database connection being used in the site, Universal Connector provides a live connection to each database, allowing developers to work directly with these databases. For example, the developer can open any database to view tables and defined views. The Universal Connector works with the Query Processor and provides a sophisticated database application development system. The tool bases its database connectivity on ODBC driver. One level above ODBC, these tools use JDBC to provide object-based access to ODBC data sources. Similarly, the visual design tools provided work with any databases that support ODBC, including Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, Microsoft Access, Microsoft Visual FoxPro, Informix, Sybase, IBM DB/2, and others. A collection of information required to access a specific database should be specified. The collection includes a data source name(DSN) and logon information. Data connections are stored in a project and are activated when the user performs an action that requires access to the database. 5 For example, a data connection for a Microsoft SQL Server database consists of the name of the database, the location of the server on which it resides, network information used to access that server, and a user ID and password. Graphical User Interface This module provides various wizards for each database commands which simplifies the work for the users. Ample graphical user interface components are provided for the extensive use by the users. Also it includes menu bar, tool bar , tool tip controls and dialog boxes for more interaction. Meta Data Extractor This module when enters the particular database provides the full description about the various tables and the fields that are stored in the created database file . Data Definer This is used to define all attributes and properties of a database, especially row layouts, column definitions, key columns (and, sometimes, keying methodology), file locations, and storage strategy. The wizards that contains Data Definition Language (DDL) statements. These are statements that allow you to create or alter objects (such as tables, indexes, views, and so on) in the database. 6 Data Manipulator The Manipulator Designer works with any ODBC data source to help developers visually construct even the most complex SQL statements. It helps the developer generate the correct Data Manipulation Language (DML) code for SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE queries. With this Designer, you can open live views of data sources and build queries. The complex queries can be created across multiple tables, automatically creating the proper SQL joins and visually depicting these relationships in the Design Wizards. As the developer selects fields from tables, the Status window will display the dynamically constructed SQL statement. If you modify this SQL statement, the changes will be immediately reflected in the status window. The live SQL statement wizard can be used to create stored procedures, execute arbitrary database definition language (DDL) commands directly against any ODBC data source, and perform ad hoc SQL queries. In addition, the Query Designer lets you execute any SQL statement in the SQL pane to test it, displaying the results in a Results window. The Database wizards use the Query Designer to build the SQL statements that they need to access databases. Query Processor This processor permits the user to specify the required information and it generates the queries automatically and thus accepts it and produces the results.Thus providing the option of executing the direct queries. 2.8 Project Risk Risk in a project is the possibility that the defined goals are not met. The basic motivation of having risk management is to avoid disasters or heavy losses. The current interest in risk management is full of major and minor failures. 7 Risk is defined as an exposure to the chance or injury or loss. That is, risk implies that there is a possibility that something negative may happen. In the context of project, negative implies that there is an adverse effect on cost, quality or schedule. 2.8 Project Security Security requirements are particularly significant in database systems. Security requirements place restrictions on the use of certain commands, control access to data, provide different kind of access requirements for different people, require the use of passwords, and cryptography techniques, and maintain a log of activities in the system. 8 3.1 JAVA Java was conceived by James Gosling, Patrick Naughton, Chris Wrath, Ed Frank and Mike Sheridan and SUN Micro Systems Incorporation in 1991. It took 18 months to develop the first working version. This language was initially called "OAK", but was renamed "JAVA" in 1995. Before the initial 9 implementation of OAK in 1992 and the public announcement of Java in 1995, many more contributed to the design and evolution of the language. JAVA OVERVIEW Java is a powerful but lean object oriented programming language. It has generated a lot of excitement because it makes it possible to program for Internet by creating applets, programs that can be embedded in web page. The context of an applet is limited only by one's imagination. For example, an applet can be animated with sound, an interactive game or a ticker tape with constantly updated stock prices. Applets can be just little decoration to liven up web page, or they can be serious applications like word processors or spreadsheet. But Java is more than a programming language for writing applets. It is being used more and more for writing standalone applications as well. It is becoming so popular that many people believe it will become standard language for both general purpose and Internet programming. Java builds on the strength of C++. It has taken best features of C++. It has added garbage collection, multi threading and security capabilities. The result is that Java is actually a platform and easy to use. Java is actually a platform consisting of three components: 10 1. Java programming language 2. Java library of classes and interfaces 3. Java virtual machine FEATURES OF SOFTWARE USED OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMING Object-oriented programming is at the core of java. In fact, all java programs are object-oriented -this isn't an option the way that it is in c++, for example, oop is so integral to java that you must understand its basic principles before you can write even simple program. Therefore this chapter begins with a discussion of the theoretical aspects of objectoriented programming. As we know, all computer programs consist of two elements: code and data. Furthermore, a program can be conceptually organized around its code or around its data. That is, some programs are written around "what is happening" and other is written around "who is being affected”. These are the two paradigms that govern how a program is constructed. Classes 11 A class is a combination of similar type. The combination of both data and the code of an object can be made a user defined data type with the help of a class. A class defines shapes and behaviors of an object and data. In class has been defined we can create any number of object belonging to that class. A said already classes are user defined data types and behave likes the built in types of programming language. Data Abstraction An essential element of object -oriented programming is abstraction. Humans manage complexity through abstraction. For example, people do not think of a car as a set of tens of thousands of individual parts. They think of it as a well -defined object with its own unique behavior. The point is that you manage the complexity of car (or any other complex system) through the use of hierarchical abstraction. Hierarchical abstraction of complex system can also be applied to computer program .The data from a traditional process-oriented programe can be transformed by abstraction into its component object. A sequence of process steps can became a collection of message between these object. Thus ,each of this object describes its own unique behavior. The java programming language and environment is designed to solve a number of problem in modern programming practice. Much of the character of java is inherited from C++ and C. 12 Data abstraction is an act of representing essential features without including the background details and explanations. Encapsulation Encapsulation is the mechanism that binds together code and data it manipulates, and keeps both safe from outside interference and misuse. It is the protective wrapper that prevents the code and data being accessed by other code from outside. Access to the code and data inside the wrapper is tightly controlled through a well-defined interface,. In java the basis of encapsulation is class. A class defines the structure and behaviour that will be shared by a set of objects. Objects are reffered as instances of a class. Data Encapsulation is one of the most striking features of java. Encapsulation is the wrapping up of data and functions into a single unit called class. The wrapped defines the behavior and protects the code and data from being arbitrarily accessed by the outside world and only those functions, which are wrapped in the class, can access it. This type of insulation of data from direct access by the program is called 'Data hiding'. Inheritance 13 Inheritance is the process by which objects of a class can acquire the properties of objects of another class i.e. in java the concept of inheritance provides idea of reusability providing the means of adding additional features to an existing class without modifying it. This is possible by deriving a new class from the existing on thus the newly created class will have the combined features of both the parent and the child classes. Polymorphism Polymorphism means the ability to take more than one form i.e. one object, many shapes. Polymorphism plays an important role in allowing objects having different internal structure to share the same external interface. This states a general class if operations may be accessed in the same manner ever though, specific actions with each operation may differ. Polymorphism is a feature that allows one interface to be used for a general class of actions. This helps to reduce complexity by allowing the same interface to be used to specify a general class of action. It is the compilers job to select the specific action as it applies to each situation. The advantages of Java are: Simple Object-Oriented Robust 14 Multithreaded Portable Secure THE BYTE CODE The key that allows java to solve both the security and the portability problems just described is that the output of a java compiler is not executable code. There, it is byte code. Byte code is a highly optimized set of instructions designed to be executed by the java run-time system, which is called java virtual machine (JVM). Translating a java program into byte code helps makes it much easier to run a program in a wide variety of environments. The reason is straightforward: only the JVM needs to be implemented for each flat form. Once the run-time package exists for a given system, any java program can run on it. Remember although the details of the JVM will differ from platform to platform, all interpret the same java byte code. If a java program were compiled to native code, then different versions of the same program would have to exist for each type of CPU connected to the Internet. This is, of course, not a feasible 15 solution. Thus, the interpretation of byte code is the easiest way to create truly portable programs. Dynamic Binding Binding refers the linking of a procedure call to the code to be executed in response to the call. Dynamic binding means that the code associated with a given procedure call is not known until the time of the call at the run time. Dynamic binding is closely associated with the concepts of polymorphic depends on the dynamic type of that reference. PACKAGES AND INTERFACES Java allows to groups classes in a collection called packages. Packages are convenient way of organizing the classes and libraries. Packages can be nested. A number of classes having same kind of behavior can be grouped under a package. Packages are imported into the required java programs using the import keyword. Interfaces provide a mechanism that allows unrelated classes to implement the same set of methods. An interface is a collection of method 16 prototypes and constant values that is free from dependency on a specific class. Interfaces are implemented by using the implements keyword. INTRODUCTION TO API Application programming interface (API) forms the heart of any java program. These API's are defined in corresponding java packages and are imported to the program. Some of the packages available in java are Java. Lang -includes all language libraries Java.awt -includes AWT libraries, such as windows, Scrollbars, etc., for GUI applications Java. Applet -includes API for applet programming Java.io -includes all libraries required for input-output (io) applications. Java. Image -includes libraries for image processing. Java.net -includes networking API's. Java.util -includes general API's like vector, stack etc. 17 java Database Connectivity (JDBC) The Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) is a standard java extension for data access that allows Java programmers to code to a unified relational database API. By using JDBC, java programmer can represent database connections; issue SQL statements, process database results, implemented by a JDBC Drive, an adapter that known how to talk to a particular database in a proprietary way. JDBC is similar to the Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) standard. JDBC is a java database connectivity API that is a part of the Java Enterprise APIs .It is used to integrate relational database with java programs. It defines a set of API objects and methods to interact with the underlying database. JDBC provides database access via Java that is independent of both the platform and the database whose system the application runs on. A java program first opens a connection to a database, makes a statement object and retrieves the results as well as information about the result sets. As a part of JDBC, a driver is also provided to access ODBC data sources from JDBC. This driver is called the JDBC-ODBC bridge . It is implemented as the JdbcOdbc.class and a native library to access the ODBC driver. As JDBC is close to ODBC in design, the ODBC bridge is a thin layer 18 over JDBC. Internally, this driver maps JDBC methods to ODBC calls and, thus, intracts with any available ODBC driver. The advantage of this bridge is that now JDBC has the capability to access almost all database, as ODBC drivers are widely available. The JDBC-ODBC bridge allows JDBC driver to be used as ODBC drivers by converting JDBC method calls into ODBC function calls. ORACLE Oracle server is a multi user tool that works in a client /server environment. Client / server programming is a form of distributed application processing. Oracle Server (i.e. Oracle Back-End): its primary job is to manage data optimally among multiple users that concurrently request for the same data. Access to data, in the data storage system is always via the oracle server. This gives a single entry point to access data. Any one point, data access system has the capacity of offering excellent data security. The product oracle server can be called oracle DBA, oracle engine or oracle server interchangeably. To work with oracle engine the user needs to be able to communicate with it when loaded in a server’s memory. Oracle provides an interactive SQL tool called SQL * plus which allow user to enter sentences and then pass them to the oracle engine for execution. 19 These sentences allows the user to create, access and maintain data structures like tables, indexes etc. Oracle is a set of tools in a genre of software products, which forms a Relational Database Management System.A Database Management System stores data in the form of related tables – a collection of information organized in such a way that a computer program can quickly select desired pieces of data. At its heart, Oracle is a software engine, which stores data and manages access to the data residing on a server. Important Features Of Oracle Large Database and Space Management Control: Oracle supports the largest of databases, potentiallyterabytes in size. To make efficient useofexpensive hardware devices, it allows full control of space usage. Client/Server: Oracle allows processing to be split between the database server and client application program. Many Concurrent Database Users: 20 Oracle supports large number of concurrent usersexecuting variety of database applications operating on the same data.It minimizes data contention and guarantees data concurrency. Manageable security: To protect against unauthorized databaseaccess and use, Oracle provides fail-safe security features to limit and moniter data access. Database enforces integrity: Oracle enforces data integrity, business rules that dictate the standards for acceptable data. Portability: Oracle can be ported to any Operating System with littleor no modifications. Compatibility: Oracle Software is compatible with industry standards. Application developed for Oracle can be used on virtually any system with little or no modifications. Connectivity: 21 Oracle software allows different types of computers and operating systems to share information across the network. AWT The Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) provides support for applets. The AWT contains numerous classes and methods that allows as to create and manage windows. The main purpose of the AWT is to support applet windows , it can also be used to create stand-alone windows that run in a GUI environment, such as Windows. The AWT classes are contained in the java. awt package. It is one of Java’s largest packages. The AWT supports the following types of controls: Labels Push buttons Check boxes Choice lists Lists Scroll bars Text Field Labels 22 The label is the easiest control to use. A label is an object of type Label, and it contains a string, which it displays. Labels are passive controls that do not support any interaction with the user. Push Buttons The most widely used control is the push button. A push button is a component that contains a label and that generates an event when it is pressed. Push buttons are objects of type Button. We can set the label for the button. The label is used for the identification of the buttons. Check Boxes A check box is a control that is used to turn an option on or off. It consists of a small box that can either contain a check mark or not. There is a label associated with each check box that describes what option the box represents. We change the state of a check box by clicking on it. Check boxes can be used individually or as part of a group. Checkbox Group It is possible to create a set of mutually exclusive check boxes in which one and only check box in the group can be checked at any one time. These check boxes are often called radio buttons, because they act like the station selector on a car radio- only one station can be selected at any one time. To create a set of mutually exclusive check boxes, we must first define the group to which they will belong and they specify that group when we construct the check boxes. Check box groups are object 23 of type Checkbox Group . Only the default constructor is defined, which creates an empty group. Lists The List class provides a compact, multiple-choice, scrolling selection list. A List object can be constructed to show any number of choices in the visible window. It can also be created to allow multiple selections. Scroll Bars Scroll bars are used to select continuous values between a specified minimum and maximum. Scroll bars may be oriented horizontally or vertically. A scroll bar is actually a composition of several individual parts. Each end has an arrow that you can click to move the current value of the scroll bar one unit in the direction of the arrow. The current value of the scroll bar relative to its minimum and maximum values is indicated by the slider box for the scroll box. The slider box can be dragged by the user to a new position. The scroll bar will then reflect this value. In the background space on either side of the thumb, the user can click to cause the thumb to jump in that direction by some increment larger than 1. Typically, this action translates into some form of page up and page down. Sroll bars are encapsulated by the Scrollbar class. TextField 24 The TextField class implements a single-line-text-entry area, usally called an edit control. Text field allow the user to enter strings and to edit the text using the arrow keys, cut and paste keys, and mouse selections. TextField is a subclass of TextComponent. 25 System Analysis 26 The Rapid Application Development is platform independent, can communicate with many popular databases, and provide users with rich options to perform various data definition, manipulation, control and transaction control operations with a single tool and with many databases. This tool has the following features: Enables user to communicate with many popular databases. Features to execute all database commands like DDL, DML, TCL and DCL. Frees users from writing complex data retrieval queries. The user just needs to specify the data needed and the table names, the system generates the equivalent query and executes it with the database fetches the results and displays it to the user in a pleasing format. Can be used in any platform, which supports java. Also provide direct querying features for advanced users. Hence suitable for both advanced as well as casual users. Platform independency: Platform independency is a main requirement that the proposed system has to meet. In order to meet this requirement, the choice of language for the 27 development has been made as JAVA. As java is highly portable and most of the modern systems have support for java, it is the ideal choice at the present scenario, added to is the availability of rich standard library for java and the ease of development that java offers to software. Also the system can be used to communicate with different databases. Once the user specifies the choice of database then a connection is established to the database by means of a suitable driver, which is in turn selected from a pool of database drivers. Once a connection is established any user task can be executed. Means for Easy Querying: Another important requirement is offering users with easy means for retrieving data from multiple tables based on specific data. A separate queryprocessing module takes of generating complex database queries based on information provided by user. Once the equivalent query is developed it is executed in the database using JDBC interfaces. Hence powerful and complex queries can be generated that enable retrieval of data from multiple tables based on several criteria. Apart from generating queries the system also provides with the option of executing direct queries provided by users. This feature is highly useful for advanced users. Thereby the system is equally desirable for advanced and casual users. 4.1.3 GUI Capabilities: 28 Providing the users with many user-friendly GUI interfaces is the major requirement. This requirement can be effectively met by means of the vast AWT and SWING controls of java library. Various interfaces are needed for providing the users with the option of executing various data definition language commands, date manipulation commands, transaction control and data control commands. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION Software Requirement 29 The software would have be deployed on the server side as well as on the client side, hence it is necessary to specify the software requirements for both the server as well as for the client separetly. Platform : Windows 2000/NT Language : Java (JDK 1.3), JDBC 2.0 Database : Oracle , MS Access ,SQL Server GUI : Swing,AWT Hardware Requirements Processor : Pentium III Monitor : SVGA RAM :28MB(minimum) Speed : 500MHZ Floppy Disk : 3.5 inch Keyboard : 104 Keys of any standard manufacturer Mouse : Logitech 3 button with scrollbar 30 31 System Design Definition of System Design The design phase begins when the requirement specification document for the software to be developed is available. Design is the first step to moving from the problem domain towards the solution domain.Design is essentially the bridge between requirement specification and the final solution for satisfying the requirements.The design of a system is essentially a blue print, or a plan for a solution for the system. The design process for software system often has two levels.At the first level the focus is on deciding which modules are needed for the system, the specification of these modules , and hoe the modules should be interconnected.It is called system Design or top-level design.In the second level, the internal design of modules,or how the specifications of the module can be satisfiedis decided upon. This design level is often called detailed design or logic design. A design methodology is a systematic approach to creating a design by application of aset of techniques and guidelines. 5.1.1 Introduction 32 The goal of the design process is not simply to produce a design for the system.Instead the goal is to find the best possible design,within the limitations imposed by the requirements and physical and social environment in which the system will operate.1 In order to evaluate a design, some desirable properties for a software system desiogn are: Verifiability Completeness Consistency Efficiency Traceability Simplicity/Understandability The property of verifiability of a design is concerned with how easily the correctness of the design can be argued. Traceability is an important property that can aid desig verification.It requires that all design elements must be traceable to the requirements.Completeness required that all different componentes of the design should be specified. Design principals are concerned with providing means to effectively handle the complexity of the design process.The software, which is developed, has an interactive , user-friendly intercface, so operational difficulties are almost eliminated.It will improve the performance after implementations as the information can be delivered to the designation with payroll.Hence the project is considered operationally feasible. 33 5.1.2 System Design The most creative and challengingphase of the system life cycle is system design.In this step we step we move from the logical to the physical aspect of the life cycle.The term design describes a final system and the process by which it is developed.The question here is:now should The problem is solved.The design of the system is perhaps the most critical factor affecting the quality of the software,and has major impact on thelater phase,particularly testing and maintenance.The output of this phase is the design document, which is similar to a blueprint or a plan for the solution. The design activity is often divided into two separate phases System Design or Primary Design Detailed Design 5.1.2.1 System Design or Primary Design System design, which sometimes called as Preliminary Design, aims to identify the molecules that should be in the system, the specification of these modules, and how they interact with each other to produce the desired result.At the end of system design all the major molecules in the system and their specifications are decided. In Detailed Design the internal logic of the molecules specified in system design is decided.During this phase further detailes of the data structure and algorithmic design of each of the molecule is specified.The logic of a molecule is usually specified in a high-level design description language, which is independent 34 of the target languagein which the software will eventually be implemented. In the system design the focus is on identifying the molecules, where as during detailed design the focus is on designing the logic for each of the molecules.In other words, in the system design the attention is on what components are needed, whilein detailed design how the components can be implemented in software is the issue. 5.1.2.2 Design Methodology A design methodology is a systematic approch to creating a design by application of a set of techniques andguidelines.The basic principlea used in any design methodology are Problem Partitioning Abstraction Large systems as whole can't be handled, and so for design it is partitioned into smaller systems.The partitionning of the system has to be done in a manner such that the eventual system is modular.A system is modular if it consists of a set of discrete component supports a well-defined abstraction and a change to one component has minimal impact on other component. Modularity is clearly desirable for implementation and maintenance.Modularity is determind during system design.To provide modularity , a designer has to make sure that the modules specified 35 during system design have minimal interconnections with one another, and that each module is internally cohesive. 5.1.2.3 Preliminary Design The preliminary design consist of the following documents: Context Diagram Data Flow Diagram A database management system consists of a collection of interrelated data and a set of program to access those data. The collection of data usually referred to as database. The primary goal of database management system is to provide an environment that is both convenient and efficient to use in retrieving and storing database information. In this project database is used to store and retrieve the details every table consist the fields with appropriate data types. System Architecture 36 User Interfaces Database Name Connection Manager Query Storage and Process Manager Database Manager Query Analyzer Database Process Design 37 Database Name Connecting To Database Select a suitable Driver and connect Database Process Design User Commands User Command processing 38 Process Design 39 User Query Query Analysis Direct User Queries Execute Query Database Get results from database Display results Data Dictionary A data dictionary should be established to define both data and program design. A data dictionary explicitly represents the relationship among objects 40 and the constraints as the element of data structure. In each representation data objects and/or control items play a role. Therefore it is necessary to provide organized approach for representing the characteristics of each data object or control item name and its aliases are entered information data dictionary consistency in naming can be enforced. INPUT DESIGN The inputs are given to the corresponding windows. Even though existence tests have to be done on there items the user should be given freedom of modifying the procedures accordingly to facilitate this feature. OUTPUT DESIGN The output is the essential element of any system. At the output can be presented in many different ways. The appropriate method should be used while preventing the user with the output that is convenient for them. 41 7.TESTING & RESULT Software testing is critical element of software quality assurance and represents ultimate review of specification, design and coding. Test case design focuses on a set of technique for the creation of test cases that meet overall testing objectives. Planning and testing of a programming system involve formulating a set of test cases, which are similar to the real data that the system is intended to manipulate. UNIT TESTING INTEGRATION TESTING ACCEPTANCE TESTING UNIT TESTING Unit testing is the basic level of testing where individual modules are tested to ensure that they operate correctly. 42 Unit testing considers each module to be a stand-alone entity, which does not require other modules to be present during the testing process. Our project has been subject to this testing where each modules was tested individually and it was noted that it met its specifications INTEGRATION TESTING Here different modules of the project were linked together into one whole unit and then they were subjected to a full flow testing i.e. the full flow of the user’s input right from the screens, then to the application logic components and finally to the database is checked. ACCEPTANCE TESTING Acceptance testing is the process of testing the system with real data – the information, which the system is intended to manipulate. Acceptance testing often demonstrates errors in the system requirement’s definition. The requirements may not reflect the actual facilities and performance required by the user and testing may demonstrate that the system does not exhibit the anticipated performance and functionality 43 44 CONCLUSION This project has been successfully developed using the standard software development strategies that is followed in the Industry. I hope that this system would help the RAPID APPLICATION TOOL fulfill their requirements and satisfy their customers. 45 This project has been developed by our sincere effort.This project has so many useful features, unlike the existing system which is very much restricted in its operation. Of course even some limitations also exist. According to the specified functionality, it will work in a proper manner. 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 MAINTENANCE ISSUES The software maintenance is the important one in the software development. We have to spent more money for maintenance. The software maintenance means to improve our software quality according to current positions. Initially maintenance of organization must be established, reporting and evaluation produce must be described and a standardized sequence of events must be defined for each maintenance request. In the software maintenance, to improve our software two type of engineering are available. REVERSE ENGINEERING RE ENGINEERING 53 By using these two techniques software qualities are improved. Reverse engineering means updating the existing software. Reengineering means that the software has been modified entirely. Software maintenance is an important task that analyzes the functions and performance of the project. Frequent checks performance of the project. Frequent checks are made to upgrade the system since the existing software will be outdated. Developed software is characterized by the following activities: Corrective maintenance Adaptive maintenance Prefecture maintenance Preventive maintenance The corrective maintenance is to recover the error that exists even after testing. During this process the user is allowed to work on the system and requested to report if any error is encountered. The adaptive maintenance for the project, which should adapt to the different environments. This project is developed in view of attaining adaptive characteristic both in internal and external environment. The prefecture maintenance is used to estimate the perfect ness of the software development. It helps to recommend the new capabilities of 54 existing functions and general enhancement the recommendations can vibes received from the user and proposed for the feature enhancement. Preventive maintenance is to improve the maintainability and reliability of the system in order to provide better basis for future enhancements. • Home • Forum-Help • Mail Box & Other Services • Bookmark (Ctrl + D) • Contact Us • Sitemap • ©2005 -07 ITAcumens A Free Resource Sharing Place For Engineers. 55