Download Chapter 13 (WWI) 2014 - Kenston Local Schools

THE FIRST
WORLD WAR
1914-1918
Chapter 13: World War I
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World War I Begins
The United States Tries to Remain Neutral
The Nation Goes to War
Wilson Fights for Peace
Militarism
Assassination
Nationalism
Causes
Of
WWI
Imperialism
1. NATIONALISM

A devotion to the interests and
culture of one’s nation.
(Love of your Country)
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This led to competition and
rivalries among nations and
ethnic groups were no longer
protected.
Russia and Austria-Hungary
disagreed over the treatment
of Serbs in central Europe
2. IMPERIALISM

Imperialism-Ambition of a powerful nation to
dominate the political, economic, and cultural
affairs of another nation or region

Seizure of a weaker country by a stronger
one
Goal of Imperialism
Trade/Trade Routes
Power
Religion
Market
For
Goods
Colonies
Imperialism Natural Resources
Wealth
Gold, Silver, Money
Expand
Empire
IMPERIALISM
 Colonies supplied
European nations with raw
materials and provided
markets for manufactured
goods
 As Germany
industrialized it competed
directly with France and
Britain
 Major European countries
also competed for land in
Africa
3. Militarism
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Militarism—policy of glorifying
military power, preparing army
The development of armed
forces and their use as a tool
of diplomacy.
Germany formed a strong
army and naval force.
The U.S., Britain, France, Italy,
Japan, and other nations built
navies as well to compete with
Germany.
#19
4. Alliance System

Members of alliances attack
a nation if one of their Allies
or themselves are attacked.
Early Alliance Systems
 Triple Entente – Allies (1907)
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Great Britain – France – Russia
Triple Alliance – Central
Powers (1881)
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Austria-Hungary – Germany –
Ottoman Empire - Italy
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1. Allied Powers
France, Great Britain, and Russia
Japan (later), Italy (neutral at first, joined
later), Serbia, and U.S.A. (later)
2. Central Powers
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the
Ottoman Empire.
5. Assassination

Archduke Franz Ferdinand:
 Heir to AustrianHungarian throne.
 June 28, 1914
 Assassinated in
Sarajevo, Bosnia by a
Serbian nationalist
(Gavrilo Princip)
World War I Begins - Continued
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Balkan Region of Europe
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“Powder Keg of Europe”
The Balkan region was considered “the powder
keg of Europe” due to competing interests in the
area
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Serbia gained independence from Ottoman Empire in 1878
Serbian’s wanted Bosnia & Herzegovina (Would provide them an
outlet on Adriatic Sea) Were annexed by Austria- Hungary in
1908.
Russia saw itself as protector of Balkans
Pan-Slavism- nationalist movement that pressed for the political
and cultural unity of all Slavs under Russian leadership.
Germany’s activities in the Balkans worsened a dangerous
situation
Led to strengthening of ties between Britain/Russia
Wanted to prevent German expansion
Ultimatum- list of demands, that if not
met will lead to serious consequences
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Demands:
Serbian government would condemn all propaganda
against Austria- Hungary and suppress publication and
societies that opposed Austria- Hungary
Serbia would ban from its schools books and teachers who
did not favor Austria- Hungary.
Serbia would dismiss any officials who had promoted
propaganda against Austria-Hungary
Austro-Hungarian officials would participate in the
proceedings against those accused of the crime at
Sarajevo.
If Serbia didn’t agree Austria-Hungary would resort to
military action.
Alliance System kicks in
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Small conflict escalates to World War
Austria-Hungary assumed it would achieve a
quick victory declared war on Serbia on July
28th after the time limit of the ultimatum
expired (Russia moves troops towards
Austria/German border)
August 1, 1914 Germany declared War on
Russia.
August 3, 1914 Germany declared war on
France figuring they would help Russia
Germany invades Belgium
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Belgium got independence in 1839 (agreed to
stay out of any European war and others would
not attack them)
August 3, 1914 – Germany invades Belgium in
order to reach France quickly. (violates treaty)
German foreign minister replied That Great
Britain would not fight over a “scrap of paper”
Great Britain declared war on Germany for
invading their ally and also on Austria-Hungary.
WWI HAS BEGUN !!!!
The Fighting Starts
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Schlieffen Plan- German
plan to defeat France, then
fight Russia
Western Front- heavy battle
zone in northern France
Becomes a stalemate
because of the long drawn
out fighting in which there is
no foreseeable victory in
sight
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Trench Warfare
“No Man’s Land”
Deadly Weapons
U.S. tries to remain neutral
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President Woodrow Wilson
 “He kept us out of war”
 We favor the allies
AMERICANS QUESTION NEUTRALITY
Isolationism
 In 1914, most Americans saw no
reason to join a struggle 3,000 miles
away – they wanted neutrality
 Some simply did not want their
sons to experience the horror of
warfare
 German-Americans supported
Germany in World War I
 However, many American felt close
to the British because of a shared
ancestry and language
 Most importantly, American
economic interests were far stronger
with the Allies
French propaganda poster portrayed
the Germans as inhuman and impacted
American attitudes toward the Germans
America (cont.)
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America’s economy
was tied more with the
Allies’ nations than the
Central Powers nations.
The U.S. had a labor
shortage during the
war. (women)
The U.S. sent more
goods to the Allies’ side
than the Central
Powers’ side.
Weapons of World War I
Innovations in Warfare
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Industrialized war (mass production)
Machine gun- rapid firing bullets
Trenches were dug and used
1916 tank was 1st introduced by British. Armored
vehicle/ mounted guns
Airplane- used to watch troop movements and drop
bombs.
Germany was 1st to introduce submarines (U-Boats)
Germany also used poison gas
German soldiers in their trenches near Antwerp (September 1914)
A British trench - the soldier on the right is on guard - the others are resting.
Dead bodies in a trench after an attack
Horse
Casualties
German soldiers after rat hunting in their trenches
German soldiers lice hunting in the trenches near Reims (1915)
Blinded by Mustard Gas
Animals were also
susceptible to gas
THE WAR HITS HOME
 During the first two years of
the war, America was providing
(selling) the allied forces
dynamite, cannon powder,
submarines, copper wire and
tubing and other war material
 Both the Germans and British
imposed naval blockades on
each other
German U-boat 1919
 The Germans used U-boats
(submarines) to prevent
shipments to the North Atlantic
 Any ship found in the waters
around Britain would be sunk
World War I - continued
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Unrestricted Naval Warfare
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German U-Boats
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Contraband-war materials supplied by a neutral to a
belligerent nation
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British Blockade – “Hunger Blockade”
THE LUSITANIA DISASTER
 United States involvement in World
War I was hastened by the Lusitania
disaster
 The Lusitania was a British
passenger liner that carried 1,962
persons on a fateful trip on May 7, 1915
 A German U-boat (Submarine) sank
the British passenger liner killing 1,201
people including 128 American tourists
 The Germans claimed the ship was
carrying Allied ammunition
 Americans were outraged and public
opinion turned against Germany and
the Central Powers
May 7, 1915
The N.Y. Times reports on the Lusitania
U.S. Neutrality Tested
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Wilson Reelected
19 January, 1917:
The Zimmerman Note
to the German Minister to Mexico
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Berlin, January 19, 1917
On the first of February we intend to begin submarine warfare unrestricted. In spite of
this, it is our intention to endeavor to keep neutral the United States of America.
If this attempt is not successful, we propose an alliance on the following basis with
Mexico: That we shall make war together and together make peace. We shall give general
financial support, and it is understood that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in
New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. The details are left to you for settlement....
You are instructed to inform the President of Mexico of the above in the greatest
confidence as soon as it is certain that there will be an outbreak of war with the United
States and suggest that the President of Mexico, on his own initiative, should communicate
with Japan suggesting adherence at once to this plan; at the same time, offer to mediate
between Germany and Japan.
Please call to the attention of the President of Mexico that the employment of ruthless
submarine warfare now promises to compel England to make peace in a few months.
Zimmerman
(Secretary of State)
Zimmerman Note
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A telegram that was
intercepted by the
British.
The telegram was from
Germany to Mexico.
Germany’s leader told
Mexico that if Mexico
invaded the U.S., that
they (Germany) would
help them.
Pres. Wilson and
Congress agreed to join
the war.
The Nation Goes to War
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U.S. enters the War
U.S. declares war
against Germany in
April 2,1917, joining
Allies
Mobilization
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Conscription- draft
African-Americans –
“Harlem Hellfighters”
Gen. John “Black Jack”
Pershing
Selective Service Act
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Law which requires men to register to be
randomly selected for military service by the
government.
3 million troops were called up.
U.S. mass produced ships, tanks,
submarines, etc.
SELLING THE WAR
 The U.S. had two major
tasks; raising money and
convincing the public to
support the war
 The U.S. spent $35.5
billion on the war effort
 The government raised
about 1/3 of that through an
income tax and “sin” taxes
 The rest was raised
through war bonds sold to
the public (Liberty Loans &
Victory Loans)
The Nation Goes to War - Continued
Total war—nations devote
all resources to war
 Home Front
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Industry
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Food
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“Victory Gardens”
“Victory Cabbage”
War Bonds
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War Industry Board –
Labor – “Work or Fight”
“Victory Bonds”
Rationing- limiting
purchases of war-related
goods
Propaganda
ideas, facts, or rumors spread deliberately
to further one’s cause or to damage an
opposing cause.
-newspapers, magazines, fliers etc… were
used to stir up nationalism
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Anti-German Sentiment
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“Huns”
Hamburgers – “Liberty
Steak”
Sauerkraut – “Liberty
Cabbage”
Espionage and Sedition
Acts
Patriotic Songs – “Over
There”
WOMEN IN THE
WAR
 Many women were called upon
to take on jobs previously held
by men who were serving in the
war
 They became railroad workers,
cooks, dockworkers, factory
workers, and miners
 Many women served as
volunteers in organizations such
as the Red Cross
 Their service hastened the
passage of the 19th Amendment
in 1920 giving women the right
to vote
Rosie the Riveter was the symbol of
women’s war contributions
Russia
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Eastern Front-site of main fighting along
the German-Russian border
 Russia crumbles
 Bolshevik Revolution
 Brest-Litovsk Treaty- Russian Peace
Treaty with Germany in 1918
 Germany is overjoyed by Treaty
because now they don’t have to fight a
two-front war.
Allies Defeat Germany
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Breaking the Blockade
Convoy System- means of protecting merchant
ships from U-boat attacks by having the ships
travel with a large group of destroyers (used in
WWI & WWII)
Fighting in Europe
 Western Front
 2nd Battle of the Marne
THE END
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Italy will switch from supporting the
Central Powers to the Allies (1915)
Austria-Hungary surrendered to the
Allies on Nov. 3, 1918.
On Nov. 9, 1918 Kaiser Wilhelm
abdicates his throne and takes
refuge in the Netherlands
German sailors and soldiers refused
to fight.
Germany agreed to an armistice on
Nov. 11, 1918
Armistice was on 11th month, 11th
day, 11th hour
Armistice Signed – “ALL Quiet on the
Western Front”
SECTION 4: WILSON FIGHTS
FOR PEACE
 Despite hero’s welcome in Europe,
Wilson’s plan for peace would be
rejected by the Allies
“Fourteen points”- President
Wilson’s plan for world peace
 Included in his “points”
were:
 No secret treaties
 Freedom of the Seas
 More free trade
 Reduction of arms
 Less colonialism
 League of Nations to
promote peace
Wilson’s 14
points in
his own
short hand
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14 Points Plan
 Self-Determinationthe right of a people to
freely decide upon its
own political status or
form of government
 Formation of League
of Nations
League of Nations
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An organization designed for world peace.
This would provide a place for nations to
discuss and settle their problems without
going to war.
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Most Allies wanted revenge on Germany and
did not agree with the Fourteen Points.
BIG FOUR
They worked out the
Treaty’s details at the
Paris Peace Conference
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Woodrow Wilson
(USA)
David Lloyd George
(England)
George Clemenceau
(France)
Vittorio Orlando (Italy)
The Big Four met at Versailles
ALLIES REJECT WILSON”S
PLAN, SIGN TREATY
 The Big Four leaders, Wilson
(U.S.), Clemenceau (France),
Lloyd George (England), and
Orlando (Italy), worked out the
Treaty’s details
 Wilson conceded on most of
his 14 points in return for the
establishment of the League of
Nations
 On June 28, 1919, the Big Four
and the leaders of the defeated
nations gathered in the Hall of
Mirrors at Versailles and signed
the Treaty of Versailles
Hall of Mirrors
Treaty of Versailles (June 28, 1919)
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The treaty which ended World War I.
Britain, U.S., France, and Italy (BIG FOUR)
decided the end of WWI.
Russia, even though on their side, was not
invited to the conference. Germany was not
invited.
Treaty of Versailles
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Germany was blamed for causing the entire war:
War-guilt clause
Germany had to reduce the size of their army and
eliminate navy and could not develop air force
Germany had to stop all creation of war materials.
Germany had to pay reparations- money to all of
the Allies.
Germany had to pay $33 billion to the Allies.
Over $400 billion in 2010 dollars
Treaty (con’t)
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Germany had to return Alsace-Lorraine to
France.
Germany had to give up West Prussia
(Poland)
Germany had to give up overseas
colonies. (Africa & Pacific)
Germany had to give up land
New Nations
New countries were created:
 The Austro-Hungarian Empire was broken up
into: Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, &
Yugoslavia
 Russia lost land which became: Finland,
Estonia, Latvia, & Lithuania
 The Ottoman Empire became Turkey.
 Lost land which became:
Palestine, Iraq, Jordan (British Control)
Syria & Lebanon (French Control)
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THE WEAKNESS OF
THE TREATY
The harsh treatment of
Germany prevented the
Treaty from creating a
lasting peace in Europe
 The Treaty humiliated
the Germans by forcing
them to admit sole
responsibility for the war
(War-Guilt Clause)
Germans felt the Versailles
Treaty was unfair
 Furthermore, Germany
would never be able to pay
$33 billion in reparations
Legacy of Treaty
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Germany is angry and wants revenge, will help lead
to WWII.
Germany can not pay the $33 billion.
Germany is forced into a severe economic
depression.
Many people in the U.S. thought the treaty was
harsh.
U.S. Senate refuses to pass treaty due to the
League of Nations.
Senate does not want to get involved in European
affairs and wars.
THE LEGACY OF WWI
 In U.S., the war strengthened the
military & the power of the
government
 Europe is devastated by the war
 For many countries the war
created political instability and
violence that lasted for years
 Russia established the first
Communist state during the war
Adolf Hitler later promises
Germany that they will once rise
again.
WWI 1914-1918
 Americans called WWI, “The War
to end all Wars”
Costs of the War
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Costs had huge consequences
Between 8.5 million to 10 million soldiers
dead
20 million wounded (many crippled for life)
Germany lost 1.8 million soldiers, Russia
around the same, France 1.3 million, AustriaHungary 1.2 million, Great Britain 1 million,
U.S. lost 120,000 in battle.
Civilian Casualties were high
Estimated total costs of war $338 billion
World years after WWI