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Ybarra, Biology 221
Viruses
A quick review of viruses, the questions are not specific to any particular
professor or section. The questions may be difficult so the main concepts are
highlighted.
What types of viruses are these? Label as many compenents to each virus as
posible. Be able to draw virus any one of these.
What is the typical size range for a virus?
What are the largest viruses called?
Are viruses affected by antibiotics? Why? What is the clinical significance?
What metabolic activity do viruses poses? What does this mean clinically?
What is the molecular composition of a virus?
What is Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase?
Ybarra, Biology 221
Viruses
What does H1N1 and H5N1 mean? What is the clinical significance?
Where does the flu come from?
What are zoonotic diseases? What is the epidemiological significance?
What is reverse transcriptase and integrase? What type of virus are these
enzymes linked with?
Why is the Human Immunodeficiency Virus difficult to treat? Why are there so
many different antiviral drugs for one virus? Think to replication.
What is the difference between HIV and AIDS? Can you catch AIDS?
Why are people with a CCR5- genetic mutation immune to the Human
Immunodeficiency Virus? Use image below to explain. CCR5-delta32
Describe each event in the viral replication cycle
(1) Attachment:
(2) Entry:
(3) Synthesis:
(4) Assembly:
(5) Release:
What 3 methods of entry can a virus utilize?
(1)Endocytosis:
(2)Fusion:
(3)Penetration:
What is the difference between endocytosis and fusion?
What 2 methods of release can a virus utilize?
(1)Exocytosis:
(2)Lysis:
Ybarra, Biology 221
Viruses
What is the advantage of exocytosis, or budding, for a virus? Think about
self not self.
What is the difference between lytic and lysogenic cycles? Do they occur in
humans or bacteria?
What is the prophage?
What is Lysogenic Conversion?
Explain how these two advantages can occur?
(1) Bacteria become immune to superinfection (by new phage viruses)
(2) Bacteria may express phage genes (toxins or enzymes) becoming more
virulent
What is the advantage of a lysogenic infection?
Label each of the cycles and explain each step within the cycle and what is
happening.
What are the four possible outcomes when an animal cell is infected? Describe
each.
(1) Acute Infection:
(2) Chronic Infection:
(3) Dormant/latent Infection:
(4) Oncogenic Infection:
Define the following terms, what do they pertain to? What is the clinical
significance?
(1)Antigenic Drift:
(2)Antigenic Shift:
Ybarra, Biology 221
Viruses
How does zoonotic transmission play a role in flu variation?
(A) Through cross species infection the virus acquires human genes for
infection, but avian hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, therefore, our
immune system cannot recognize the virus and active specific immunity.
What might occur is H5N1 and H1N1 recombine? How could that happen? What
would be the clinical/epidemiological significance?
Methods of transmission? Explain
(1) Water borne:
(2) Airborne:
(3) Arthropod borne:
(4) Direct contact:
What is the Baltimore classification system, what premise does it use to
categorize the viruses? What is the replication pathway and protein pathway?
Class I
Class II
Class III
Class IV
Class V
Class VI
Class VII