Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Chapter 7 - Honors World History Overview
Document related concepts
Transcript
CHAPTER 5 Absolute Monarchs in Europe SPANISH EMPIRE Philip II: the son of the Hapsburg king, Charles V - inherited Spain, Spanish Netherlands, the American colonies - Spanish Armada: to punish Protestant England England’s defeat of the Spanish Armada - weakened Spain and sped up its downfall The Dutch Revolt: religious conflict and economic crisis - formed a republic: the United Provinces of the Netherlands ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE Absolute monarchs - kings or queens who held all of the power within their states’ boundaries Believed in divine right - the idea that God created the monarchy so they can act as God’s representative on Earth FRENCH MONARCHY Henry IV: Bourbon dynasty in France - Edict of Nantes: the declaration of religious toleration Cardinal Richelieu: Louis XIII’s ambitious minister - moved against Huguenots (French Protestants) - weakened nobles’ power Skepticism: developed from French religious war - the idea that nothing can ever be known for certain Louis XIV: “The Sun King” - increased the power of intendants: government agents who collected taxes and administered justice Jean Baptiste Colbert: Louis XIV’s minister of finance - believed in the theory of mercantilism War of the Spanish Succession: prevent the Bourbon’s power - European nations joined together to prevent the unions of the French and Spanish thrones CENTRAL EUROPEAN MONARCHS CLASH Thirty Year’s War: a conflict over religion and territory and for power among European ruling families (1618 – 1648) - The Hapsburg (Catholic) vs. Protestants (Bohemia, Germany) Austrian Hapsburgs Grow Stronger: absolute monarchs - reconquered Bohemia and wiped out Protestantism - Maria Theresa inherited the Austrian Throne The Rise of Prussia: Frederick the Great (Frederick II) - the son of the Great Elector (Frederick William) - encouraged religious toleration, legal reform The Seven Year’s War: Prussia attacked Austria - Austria, France, Russia allied against Britain, Prussia - the territorial situation in Europe didn’t change ABSOLUTE RULERS RUSSIA OF Ivan the Terrible: the first Russian czar, married Anastasia - struggled for power among boyars (Russia’s landowning nobles) - Good Period Anastasia died Bad Period (ruled by terror, executed boyars) Peter the Great: absolute ruler and great reformer - “Grand Embassy”: a long visit to Europe - Westernization: using western Europe as a model to change Russia introduced potatoes to the Russian diet raised women’s status started Russia’s first newspaper opened schools of arts & science - wanted a warm-water port “window on Europe” built St. Petersburg on Swedish PARLIAMENT LIMITS THE ENGLISH MONARCHY Charles I Fights Parliament (England’s nation legislature) English Civil War: 1642 – 1649 - Royalists (supported Charles I) vs. Roundheads (Puritan supporters of Parliament) Oliver Cromwell: led the Puritans to victory - abolished monarchy and established a republican government - eventually became a military dictator Restoration: the period of Charles II’s rule - Charles II restored the monarchy after Cromwell’s death - Parliament passed habeas corpus: prisoner have the right to be brought before a judge to specify the charges against him Glorious Revolution: the bloodless overthrow of King James II - William and Mary were crowned - England became a constitutional monarchy: laws limited the ruler’s power - Parliament drafted a Bill of Rights: limited the monarchy’s power Cabinet System: a group of government ministers, or officials - the link between the monarch and the Parliament CHAPTER 6 Enlightenment & Revolution THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION Aristotle’s Geocentric theory: the Medieval View of the universe - the earth-centered view Copernicus’s Heliocentric theory: new ideas - the sun-centered view Galileo Galilei: new astronomical theories - his findings outraged the Catholic Church Scientific Method: a logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas developed from: Bacon: empiricism – to draw conclusions from experiments Descartes: logic & mathematics “I think, there I am.” Isaac Newton: The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy - discovery of the law of universal gravitation THE ENLIGHTENMENT - A new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems Two Views on Government: - Hobbes’s social contract: people create government to exchange order - John Locke’s Natural Rights: life, liberty, and property Philosophes: French philosophers - Voltaire: freedom of thought and expression, religious freedom - Montesquieu: separation of powers dividing government into 3 branches - Rousseau: The Social Contract direct democracy - Beccaria: abolishment of torture Women during the Enlightenment - Mary Wollstonecraft: women’s equality Legacy: - belief in progress - a more secular outlook - importance of the individual THE ENLIGHTENMENT SPREADS Salon: a social gathering of intellectuals and artists Diderot: Encyclopedia – European scholars’ articles and essays Artistic Styles: Music Styles: Baroque (grand, ornate design) Organ/choral music (Bach, Handel) Neoclassical (new classical) (simple, elegant style) Classical - Vienna (Mozart, Beethoven) Enlightened Despots: the absolute rulers who embraced the idea of Enlightenment - Frederick the Great (Prussia): called himself “the first servant of the state” - Joseph II (Austria): abolished serfdom - Catherine the Great (Russia): expanded Russia, Enlightened reforms THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION The Navigation Act The Stamp Act colonists can only sell their most valuable products to Britain Second Continental Congress Boston Tea Party George Ⅲ closed the Boston Harbor 1773 French and Indian War George Washington led the revolution 1774 First Continental Congress protested in Philadelphia 1775 colonists accused Britain of “taxation without representation” Victory! the Articles of Confederation: a republic 1776 1781 Declaration of Independence written by Thomas Jefferson - Locke’s ideas Government: three separate branches - checks and balances: each branch checking the actions of the other two - federal system: power was divided between national and state governments - Bill of Rights: the amendments that protected freedom of speech, press, assembly, and religion. CHAPTER 7 The French Revolution & Napoleon THE OLD ORDER Old Regime the old social and political system of France First Estate - clergy Second Estate - rich nobles Third Estate - bourgeoisie, urban lower class, peasants The Privileged Estates - scorned Enlightenment ideas The Third Estate - embraced Enlightenment ideas THE FORCES OF CHANGE Resentment against the Old Regime Economic troubles – taxes – starvation – government’s debts Enlightenment ideas - American Revolution Weak leader - Louis XVI - Marie Antoinette REVOLUTION BEGINS Estates-General: the assembly of representatives from all 3 estates National Assembly Tennis Court Oath The Fall of Bastille The Third Estate The pledge of the National Assembly The revolution began-July 14, 1789 Great Fear A wave of senseless panic rolled through France REFORM AND DIVISIONS The Declaration of the Rights of Man A State-Controlled Church New Constitution - Constitutional Monarchy - Legislative Assembly: create laws, approve/reject declarations of wars REIGN OF Émigrés – nobles who had fled France - hoped to restore the Old Regime Sans-culottes - Parisian workers - wanted radical change TERROR Jacobins took control - radical political organization - abolished the monarchy - declared France a republic - executed Louis XVI using guillotine Maximilien Robespierre - ruled as a dictator - republic of virtue - the Committee of Public Safety NAPOLEON RULES FRANCE Coup d'état: a sudden seizure of power Plebiscite (vote of the people): approved new constitution Tax collection & national banking system Set up lycées: government-run public school Signed a concordat (agreement) with Pope Pius VII Napoleonic Code Crowned as emperor in 1804 NAPOLEON’S EMPIRE Sending troops to Saint Domingue - Goal: hoped to restore sugar industry - Result: sold the Louisiana Territory to the US Loss in the Battle of Trafalgar to British navy NAPOLEON’S COSTLY MISTAKES The Continental System - set up blockade: a forcible closing of ports - to destroy Britain’s economy - Britain responded with its own blockade: stronger navy The Peninsular War: Spain (Iberian Peninsula) - Napoleon removed Spanish King - Rebellion of Guerrillas (Spanish peasant fighters) The Invasion of Russia - Alexander I’s scorched-earth policy: burning crops & killing livestock so the enemy has nothing to eat - Moscow’s bad weather: damaged the Grand Army Banished to Elba The Hundred Days: Napoleon’s last bid for power - Waterloo: defeated by British & Prussian forces THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA – A SERIES OF MEETINGS Establish peace and stability Klemens von Metternich : powerful Austrian minister - The Containment of France - Balance of Power: no country would be a threat to others - Legitimacy: restore Europe’s royal families CONSERVATIVE EUROPE Holy Alliance - Russia, Prussia, Austria: pledged to base governments on Christian principles Concert of Europe – a series of alliances: nations would help each other if any revolutions occurred Long-Term Legacy: Nationalism CHAPTER 8 Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West LATIN AMERICAN PEOPLES WIN INDEPENDENCE Spanish-American society Spaniards born in Latin America – rise as officers in armies Persons of mixed European and African ancestry Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Mulattos People born in Spain – hold high office in government Persons of mixed European and Indian ancestry Enslaved Africans Indians Creoles Lead Independence: Simón Bolívar: Won Venezuela’s independence from Spain 1822 Met in Ecuador José de San Martín: freed Argentina & Chile (with O’Higgins’s help) Freed Spanish colonies Mexico: Indians and mestizos led the revolution - Miguel Hidalgo: a priest who called for rebellion against the Spanish - José María Morelos: the leader of the revolution after Hidalgo was defeated EUROPE FACES REVOLUTIONS Clash of Philosophies – political thoughts - Conservative: wealthy property owner & nobles support monarchies - Liberal: middle-class business leader & merchants more power to parliaments - Radical: favored drastic change to extend democracy Nationalism: the belief that people’s greatest loyalty shouldn’t be to a king but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history Nation-state: when a nation had its own independent government that defended its territory and way of life Radicals in France Split into Factions: violence and chaos - Louis-Napoleon: the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte - won the presidential election - became Emperor Napoleon III: the French welcomed a strong ruler to bring peace Reform in Russia: - Defeat in Crimean War Alexander II reformed Russia: freed the serfs NATIONALISM: A FORCE FOR UNITY OR DISUNITY The Breakup of the Austrian Empire (Hapsburgs) The Russian Empire Crumbles (Romanovs) - Russification: forcing Russian culture on all the ethnic groups in the empire - the policy disunified Russia The Ottoman Empire Weakens (Turks) Italy - Camillo di Cavour led northern Italian unification - with Napoleon III’s help fought against Austria - Giuseppe Garibaldi helped southern Italy rebels - agreed to let the Sardinian king rule the southern areas Germany - Prussia led German unification - Junker: strongly conservative members of Prussia’s wealthy landowning class - Junker Otto von Bismarck took control: prime minister of Prussia realpolitik: “the politics of reality” – the practice of tough power politics without room for idealism “blood and ion” REVOLUTIONS IN THE ARTS Romanticism: the new movement in art and ideas that focused on emotion and nature rather than reason and society (early 19th century) Literature - Goethe: The Sorrows of Young Werther - Hugo: The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Les Misérables - Shelley: the Gothic novel Frankenstein Romantic Composers: celebrated heroism and national pride - Liszt & Beethoven Realism: the artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be (mid 19th century) - Daguerre: first practical photographs Impressionism: the movement in which artists reacted against realism by seeking to convey their impressions of subjects or moments in time (19th century)
