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Introduction to Energy
What Is Energy?
Energy makes change; it does things for us. It moves cars along the
road and boats over the water. It bakes a cake in the oven and keeps
ice frozen in the freezer. It plays our favorite songs and lights our
homes. Energy makes our bodies grow and allows our minds to think.
Scientists define energy as the ability to do work.
Forms of Energy
Energy is found in different forms, such as light, heat, sound, and
motion. There are many forms of energy, but they can all be put into
two categories: potential and kinetic.
Forms of Energy
KINETIC
POTENTIAL
Chemical
Energy
Elastic
Energy
Electrical
Energy
Radiant
Energy
POTENTIAL ENERGY
Potential energy is stored energy and the energy of position, or
gravitational potential energy. There are several forms of potential
energy.
ƒChemical
ƒ
energy is energy stored in the bonds of atoms and
molecules. It is the energy that holds these particles together.
Biomass, petroleum, natural gas, propane, and the foods we eat are
examples of stored chemical energy.
ƒElastic
ƒ
energy is energy stored in objects by the application of a
force. Compressed springs and stretched rubber bands are examples
of elastic energy.
ƒNuclear
ƒ
energy is energy stored in the nucleus of an atom; it is the
energy that holds the nucleus together. The energy can be released
when the nuclei are combined or split apart. Nuclear power plants
split the nuclei of uranium atoms in a process called fission. The sun
combines the nuclei of hydrogen atoms in a process called fusion.
ƒGravitational
ƒ
potential energy is the energy of position or place.
A rock resting at the top of a hill contains gravitational potential
energy because of its position. Hydropower, such as water in a
reservoir behind a dam, is an example of gravitational potential
energy.
KINETIC ENERGY
Kinetic energy is motion; it is the motion of waves, electrons, atoms,
molecules, substances, and objects.
ƒElectrical
ƒ
energy is the movement of electrons. Everything is made
of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are made of even smaller
particles called electrons, protons, and neutrons. Applying a force
can make some of the electrons move. Electrons moving through a
wire are called electricity. Lightning is another example of electrical
energy.
Nuclear
Energy
Thermal
Energy
Motion
Energy
Gravitational
Potential
Energy
Sound
Energy
ƒThermal
ƒ
energy, or heat, is the internal energy in substances;
it is the vibration and movement of the atoms and molecules
within a substance. The more thermal energy in a substance, the
faster the atoms and molecules vibrate and move. Geothermal
energy is an example of thermal energy.
ƒMotion
ƒ
energy is the movement of objects and substances
from one place to another. Objects and substances move when
an unbalanced force is applied according to Newton’s Laws of
Motion. Wind is an example of motion energy.
ƒSound
ƒ
energy is the movement of energy through substances in
longitudinal (compression/rarefaction) waves. Sound is produced
when a force causes an object or substance to vibrate; the energy
is transferred through the substance in a longitudinal wave.
ƒRadiant
ƒ
energy is electromagnetic energy that travels in vertical
(transverse) waves. Radiant energy includes visible light, x-rays,
gamma rays, and radio waves. Solar energy is an example of radiant
energy.
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Intermediate Energy Infobook
Conservation of Energy
Your parents may tell you to conserve energy. “Turn out the lights,”
they say. To scientists, energy conservation is not just about saving
energy. The Law of Conservation of Energy says that energy is
neither created nor destroyed. When we use energy, it doesn’t
disappear. We change one form of energy into another.
A car engine burns gasoline, converting the chemical energy in
gasoline into motion energy. Solar cells change radiant energy into
electrical energy. Energy changes form, but the total amount of
energy in the universe stays the same.
Energy Transformations
Chemical
Motion
Chemical
Motion
Radiant
Chemical
Electrical
Thermal
Efficiency
Energy efficiency is the amount of useful energy you get from a
system. A perfect, energy efficient machine would change all the
energy put in it into useful work—a technological impossibility
today. Converting one form of energy into another form always
involves a loss of usable energy.
Most energy transformations are not very efficient. The human body is a
good example of this. Your body is like a machine, and the fuel for your
machine is food. Food gives you the energy to move, breathe, and think.
Your body isn’t very efficient at converting food into useful work.
Most of the energy in your body is transformed and released as
thermal energy (heat). You can really feel that heat when you
exercise! This is very much like most energy transfers. The loss of
useable energy is often in the form of thermal energy (heat).
Sources of Energy
We use many different energy sources to do work for us. They are
classified into two groups—renewable and nonrenewable.
In the United States, most of our energy comes from nonrenewable
energy sources. Coal, natural gas, petroleum, propane, and uranium
are nonrenewable energy sources. They are used to make electricity,
heat our homes, move our cars, and manufacture all kinds of
products. These energy sources are called nonrenewable because
their supplies are limited. Petroleum, a fossil fuel, for example,
was formed hundreds of millions of years ago from the remains
of ancient sea plants and animals. We can’t make more crude oil
deposits in a short time.
Renewable energy sources include biomass, geothermal energy,
hydropower, solar energy, and wind energy. They are called
renewable because they are replenished in a short time. Day after
day, the sun shines, the wind blows, and the rivers flow. We use
renewable energy sources mainly to make electricity.
U.S. Energy Consumption by Source, 2012
NONRENEWABLE, 90.6%
RENEWABLE, 9.2%
Petroleum
34.6%
Biomass
4.6%
Natural Gas
27.4%
Hydropower
2.8%
Coal
18.2%
Wind
1.4%
Uses: transportation,
manufacturing
Uses: heating, manufacturing,
electricity
Uses: electricity, manufacturing
Electricity is different from the other energy sources because it is a
secondary source of energy. We must use another energy source
to produce electricity. In the U.S., coal is the number one energy
source used for generating electricity.
Uses: electricity
Uses: electricity
Uranium
8.7%
Geothermal
0.2%
Propane
1.7%
Solar
0.2%
Uses: electricity
Uses: heating, manufacturing
Electricity
Uses: heating, electricity,
transportation
Uses: heating, electricity
Uses: heating, electricity
Data: Energy Information Administration
*Total does not equal 100% due to independent rounding.
Electricity is sometimes called an energy carrier because it is an
efficient and safe way to move energy from one place to another,
and it can be used for so many tasks. As we use more technology,
the demand for electricity grows.
© 2014 The NEED Project
P.O. Box 10101, Manassas, VA 20108
1.800.875.5029
www.NEED.org
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