Download Science Knowledge Organiser – C1

Science Knowledge Organiser – C1
Fundamental Ideas
Atom
Element
Protons
Neutron
Electrons
Atomic number
Mass number
Shells
Group
Noble gases
Ions
Compounds
Reactants
Products
Simplest particle that substances are made from – contain protons, neutrons
and electrons.
A substance made of only one type of atom.
Positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom.
Neutrally charged particle in the nucleus of an atom.
Negatively charges particles that orbit the nucleus.
The number of protons an element has. All atoms of the same element have
the same number of protons.
The sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom.
Electron shells hold electrons. The first shell (nearest the nucleus) holds 2,
then the next one 8 etc.
Columns in the periodic table. Elements in the same group have the same
number of electrons n their outer shell (energy level).
This is group 0 in the periodic table. They are unreactive because their outer
shells are full.
An atom that has gained or lost electrons. Those that gain electrons become
a negative ion and those that lose electrons become a positive ion.
When atoms join together during a chemical reaction, they form a
compound.
The substances that react together in a chemical reaction.
The substances that are produced during a chemical reaction.
Limestone and building materials
Limestone
Mainly composed of calcium carbonate and is a building material.
Thermal decomposition Using heat to break down molecules such as calcium carbonate.
Calcium oxide
Produced by the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate.
Calcium hydroxide
An alkali that is produced by adding water to calcium oxide.
Limewater
A solution of calcium hydroxide that turns cloudy in the presence of carbon
dioxide (because it produces calcium carbonate).
Cement
Produced when limestone is heated with clay.
Mortar
Cement and sand added together (with water)
Concrete
Cement, sand and aggregate added together (with water).
Metals and their uses
Ores
Reduction
Blast furnace
Electrolysis
Smelting
A compound of a metal and other elements e.g. iron oxide
The removal of oxygen from a substance e.g. iron oxide is reduced by carbon
to make iron.
Where iron oxide is reduced using carbon on an industrial scale.
A method of extracting metals that are more reactive than carbon, from
their ores – by using electricity.
A method of extracting copper from ores by heating them in a furnace.
Phytomining
Bioleaching
Alloys
Steel
Low carbon steel
High carbon steel
Stainless Steel
Transition metals
Copper
Crude oil & fuels
Crude oil
Mixture
Hydrocarbon
Alkanes
Saturated
Fractional distillation
Boiling point
Volatility
Viscosity
Flammability
Combustion
Acid rain
Global warming
Biofuels
Biodiesel
Uses plants to absorb metal compounds. The plants are then burned and the
ash contains the copper compounds.
Uses bacteria to produce leachate solutions that contain metal compounds
like copper.
A mixture of two or more elements, where at least one is a metal.
An alloy of iron and carbon.
Contains less carbon and is easily shaped – used n car bodies.
Contains more carbon and is very hard – used in cutting tools like drills.
An alloy of iron, chromium & nickel, that is resistant to corrosion and used to
make cutlery.
These are the elements in the middle block of the periodic table. They are
good conductors of heat and electricity and can be bent into shape.
A transition metal that has a range of uses, because of its properties e.g.
electrical wires, water pipes and saucepan bases.
A mixture of a very large number of compounds.
Two or more elements or compounds that are not chemically joined
together.
A molecule made of hydrogen and carbon atoms only.
A group of saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2
When a hydrocarbon contains as many hydrogen atoms as possible.
A method of separating the different hydrocarbons in crude oil by using the
fact that they different boiling points.
The temperature at which the liquid boils and evaporates or the gas
condenses.
The tendency of a liquid to turn into a gas
How easily a liquid flows
How easily a fuel burns.
When a hydrocarbon fuel is oxidised and energy is released. The carbon and
hydrogen are oxidised, producing carbon dioxide and water.
When sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides dissolve in droplets of water in
the air and react with oxygen, and then fall as acid rain.
When carbon dioxide, produced from burning fuels, absorbs energy which is
radiated from the earth’s surface and causes a rise in global tempaeratures.
Renewable fuels that are made from animal or plant products.
A biofuel made from oils extracted from plants.
Other substances from crude oil
Cracking
The process of using heat to turn large hydrocarbons into smaller, more
useful molecules.
Alkenes
A group of unsaturated hydrocarbons, with the general formula CnH2n
Unsaturated
When hydrocarbons like alkenes have a double bond and so have the
potential to bond with extra hydrogen atoms.
Bromine water
Used to test for alkenes – turns from orange to colourless.
Monomers
Polymers
Polymerisation
Smart polymers
Biodegradable plastics
Ethanol
Fermentation
Hydration
Plant oils and their uses
Vegetable oils
Distillation
Hydrogenated oils
Emulsion
Emulsifier
Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic
Small molecules
A long molecule made of lots of monomers joined together.
The chemical reaction that makes polymers from monomers.
Polymers that may have their properties changed by light, temperature or by
other changes in their surroundings.
Plastics made with cornstarch, that will break down naturally.
A chemical in the group of alcohols with the formula C2H5OH
A chemical process carried out by yeast, that turns sugar into ethanol and
carbon dioxide.
Another method for making ethanol, by reacting ethane with steam.
Oils extracted from plants, such as oilseed rape, that can be used as biofuels
and foods.
A method of extracting plant oils by evaporating them and then condensing
them.
Oils that have been reacted with hydrogen gas (and a nickel catalyst) to
make them a solid at room temperature.
When oils and water are dispersed (spread out) in each other.
A substance that stops oil and water separating out into layers.
The ‘tail’ part of the emulsifier molecule that is attracted to oil.
The charged ‘head’ part of an emulsifier molecule, that is attracted to water.
Changes in the earth and its atmosphere
Crust
Outer layer of the earth – between 5-70km thick
Mantle
The layer under the crust – about 3000km thick. Behaves like a solid but can
flow slowly.
Core
The central part of the earth. Made of the magnetic metals nickel and iron.
The outer core is liquid and the inner core is solid.
Convection currents
Radioactive decay within the earth produces energy. This heats up the
mantle, which becomes less dense and rises upwards towards the crust.
Tectonic plates
The crust is cracked into huge sections called plates.
Earthquakes
Sudden movement caused by plates sliding past each other.
Volcanoes
Caused when two plates collide and molten rock comes to the surface.
Early atmosphere
4 billion years ago the earth’s atmosphere was mostly carbon dioxide, with
some methane and ammonia.
Atmosphere
Consists of 80% nitrogen, 20% oxygen, small amounts of carbon dioxide,
water and noble gases.
Carbon cycle
Describes how processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, combustion
and decomposition recycle carbon and maintain a balance.