Download Plant Diversity _ Structure MC Review

Diversity MC Review
1) The structural integrity of cell walls is to cellulsoe as the structural integrity of plant spores is to
A) lignin.
B) cellulose.
C) secondary compounds.
D) sporopollenin.
Answer: D
2) All of the following are common to both charophytes and land plants except
A) sporopollenin.
B) lignin.
C) chlorophyll a.
D) cellulose.
E) chlorophyll b.
Answer: B
3) In animal cells and in the meristem cells of land plants, the nuclear envelope disintegrates during mitosis. This disintegration
does not occur in the cells of most protists and fungi. According to our current knowledge of plant evolution, which group of
organisms should feature mitosis most similar to that of land plants?
A) unicellular green algae
B) cyanobacteria
C) charophytes
D) red algae
E) multicellular green algae
Answer: C
4) On a field trip, a student in a marine biology class collects an organism that could be a brown alga, a red alga, a green alga
recently washed into the ocean from a freshwater or brackish water source, or a land plant washed into the ocean. The
presence of which of the following features would definitively identify this organism as a land plant?
A) alternation of generations
B) sporopollenin
C) rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes
D) flagellated sperm
E) embryos
Answer: E
7) A student encounters a pondweed which, judging from its appearance, seems to be a charophyte. She brings a sample back
to her biology lab. Using only a compound light microscope to study the sample, which of the following features should help
her to determine whether the sample comes from a charophyte or from some other type of green alga?
1. molecular structure of enzymes inside peroxisomes
2. structure of sperm cells
3. presence of phragmoplasts
4. rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes
A) 1 and 3
B) 1 and 4
C) 2 and 3
D) 1, 3, and 4
E) 2, 3, and 4
Answer: E
8) Given its composition and location, the phragmoplast should be directly involved in the
A) segregation of daughter chromosomes during anaphase.
B) poleward migration of centrosomes during prophase.
C) synthesis of sporopollenin during G1 and G2 phases.
D) construction of the cell plate during cytokinesis.
E) reinforcement of the nuclear envelope during S phase.
Answer: D
10) What is true of charophytes?
A) They are the ancestors of green algae.
B) They are examples of seedless vascular plants.
C) They are the closest living algal relatives of land plants.
D) They share some features in common with land plants, namely spores surrounded by sporopollenin and alternation of
generations.
Answer: C
11) The functional role of sporopollenin is primarily to
A) comprise spore surface structures that catch the wind and assist in spore dispersal.
B) reduce dehydration.
C) make spores less dense and able to disperse more readily.
D) repel toxic chemicals.
E) provide nutrients to spores.
Answer: B
14) Which of the following was not a challenge for survival of the first land plants?
A) sources of water
B) sperm transfer
C) desiccation
D) animal predation
E) absorbing enough light
Answer: D
15) The following are all adaptations to life on land except
A) rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes.
B) cuticles.
C) tracheids.
D) reduced gametophyte generation.
E) seeds.
Answer: A
16) Mitotic activity by the apical meristem of a root makes which of the following more possible?
A) increase of the aboveground stem.
B) decreased absorption of mineral nutrients.
C) increased absorption of COâ‚‚.
D) increased number of chloroplasts in roots.
E) effective lateral growth of the stem.
Answer: A
17) Which event during the evolution of land plants probably made the synthesis of secondary compounds most beneficial?
A) the greenhouse effect present throughout the Devonian period
B) the reverse-greenhouse effect during the Carboniferous period
C) the association of the roots of land plants with fungi
D) the rise of herbivory
E) the rise of wind pollination
Answer: D
19) Which of the following is a true statement about plant reproduction?
A) Embryophytes are small because they are in an early developmental stage.
B) Both male and female bryophytes produce gametangia.
C) Gametangia protect gametes from excess water.
D) Eggs and sperm of bryophytes swim toward one another.
E) Bryophytes are limited to asexual reproduction.
Answer: B
20) Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, arrange the following structures from largest to smallest.
1. antheridia
2. gametes
3. gametophytes
4. gametangia
A) 1, 4, 3, 2
B) 3, 1, 2, 4
C) 3, 4, 2, 1
D) 3, 4, 1, 2
E) 4, 3, 1, 2
Answer: D
22) Considering that the mature sporophytes of true mosses get their nutrition from the gametophytes on which they grow,
and considering these generations as individual plants, what is true of the relationship between true moss sporophytes and
gametophytes?
A) Sporophytes are endosymbionts of gametophytes.
B) Sporophytes are mutualists of gametophytes.
C) Sporophytes are commensalists of gametophytes.
D) Sporophytes are parasites of gametophytes.
Answer: D
24) Which of the following is true of the life cycle of mosses?
A) The haploid generation grows on the sporophyte generation.
B) Spores are primarily distributed by water currents.
C) Antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes.
D) The sporophyte generation is dominant.
E) The growing embryo gives rise to the gametophyte.
Answer: C
28) If you are looking for structures that transfer water and nutrients from a bryophyte gametophyte to a bryophyte
sporophyte, then on which part of the sporophyte should you focus your attention?
A) spores
B) seta
C) foot
D) sporangium
E) peristome
Answer: C
29) In which of the following taxa does the mature sporophyte depend completely on the gametophyte for nutrition?
A) Pterophyta
B) Bryophyta
C) horsetail (Equisetum)
D) Pterophyta, Bryophyta, and horsetail (Equisetum)
E) Pterophyta and Bryophyta
Answer: B
32) A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, he notes the
following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the
sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to
A) mosses.
B) charophytes.
C) ferns.
D) gymnosperms.
E) flowering plants.
Answer: C
34) Sporophylls can be found in which of the following?
A) mosses
B) liverworts
C) hornworts
D) pterophytes
E) charophytes
Answer: D
35) If a fern gametophyte has both male and female gametangia on the same plant, then it
A) belongs to a species that is homosporous.
B) must be diploid.
C) has lost the need for a sporophyte generation.
D) has antheridia and archegonia combined into a single sex organ.
E) is actually not a fern, because fern gametophytes are always either male or female.
Answer: A
36) Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, arrange the following structures from largest to smallest (or from most
inclusive to least inclusive).
1. spores
2. sporophylls
3. sporophytes
4. sporangia
A) 2, 4, 3, 1
B) 2, 3, 4, 1
C) 3, 1, 4, 2
D) 3, 4, 2, 1
E) 3, 2, 4, 1
Answer: E
38) Which of the following is true of seedless vascular plants?
A) Extant seedless vascular plants are larger than the extinct varieties.
B) Whole forests were dominated by large, seedless vascular plants during the Carboniferous period.
C) They produce many spores, which are really the same as seeds.
D) The gametophyte is the dominant generation.
E) Sphagnum is an economically and ecologically important example.
Answer: B
41) Evidence indicates that plants increase the number of stomata in their leaves as atmospheric CO2‚‚ levels decline. Increasing
the number of stomata per unit surface area should have the effect of doing which of the following?
1. increasing dehydration of leaf tissues
2. decreasing dehydration of leaf tissues
3. countering the effect of declining CO2‚‚ on photosynthesis
4. reinforcing the effect of declining CO2‚‚ on photosynthesis
5. decreasing the O2‚‚ content of air next to the leaves lower than it would otherwise be
6. increasing the O2‚‚ content of air next to the leaves higher than it would otherwise be
A) 1, 3, and 5
B) 1, 3, and 6
C) 1, 4, and 5
D) 2, 3, and 6
E) 2, 4, and 5
Answer: B
42) Increasing the number of stomata per unit surface area of a leaf when atmospheric CO2 levels decline is most analogous to
a human
A) breathing faster as atmospheric CO2 levels increase.
B) putting more red blood corpuscles (RBCs) into circulation when atmospheric O2‚‚ levels decline.
C) removing RBCs from circulation when atmospheric O2 levels increase.
D) breathing more slowly as atmospheric O2 levels increase.
Answer: B
44) Of the following list, flagellated (swimming) sperm are generally present in which groups?
2. Bryophyta
3. Angiosperms
4. Chlorophyta
5. Pterophyta
A) 2, and 3
B) 2, 4, and 5
C) 3, 4, and 5
D) 2, 3, and 5
E) 2, 3, 4, and 5
Answer: B
46) If you were faced with the choice of eliminating all mutualistic symbioses involving plants and other organisms (besides
humans), with the goal being to preserve the most plant biomass, which of the following would you save from elimination?
A) the dispersal of seeds in or on animals
B) the dispersal of male gametophytes by animals
C) plants harboring nitrogen-fixing bacteria
D) associations between soil fungi and roots or rhizoids
Answer: D
69) Which of the following is not evidence that charophytes are the closest algal relatives of plants?
A) similar sperm structure
B) the presence of chloroplasts
C) similarities in cell wall formation during cell division
D) genetic similarities in chloroplasts
E) similarities in proteins that synthesize cellulose
Answer: B
70) Which of the following characteristics of plants is absent in their closest relatives, the charophyte algae?
A) chlorophyll b
B) cellulose in cell walls
C) formation of a cell plate during cytokinesis
D) sexual reproduction
E) alternation of multicellular generations
Answer: E
71) In plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis?
A) haploid sporophytes
B) haploid gametes
C) diploid gametes
D) haploid spores
E) diploid spores
Answer: D
73) Which of the following is a land plant that has flagellated sperm and a sporophyte-dominated life cycle?
A) fern
B) moss
C) liverwort
D) charophyte
E) hornwort
Answer: A
3) The seed coat's most important function is to provide
A) a nonstressful environment for the megasporangium.
B) the means for dispersal.
C) dormancy.
D) a nutrient supply for the embryo.
E) desiccation resistance.
Answer: E
4) In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics are unique to the seed-producing plants?
A) sporopollenin
B) lignin present in cell walls
C) pollen
D) use of air currents as a dispersal agent
E) megaphylls
Answer: C
6) Arrange the following in the correct sequence, from earliest to most recent, in which these plant traits originated.
1. sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence
2. sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence
3. gametophyte dominance, sporophyte dependence
A) 1 → 2 → 3
B) 2 → 3 → 1
C) 2 → 1 → 3
D) 3 → 2 → 1
E) 3 → 1 → 2
Answer: E
7) In seed plants, which of the following is part of a pollen grain and has a function most like that of the seed coat?
A) sporophyll
B) male gametophyte
C) sporopollenin
D) stigma
E) sporangium
Answer: C
8) In terms of alternation of generations, the internal parts of the pollen grains of seed-producing plants are most similar to a
A) moss sporophyte.
B) moss gametophyte bearing both male and female gametangia.
C) fern sporophyte.
D) hermaphroditic fern gametophyte.
E) fern gametophyte bearing only antheridia.
Answer: E
9) Which of the following is most important in making the typical seed more resistant to adverse conditions than the typical
spore?
A) a different type of sporopollenin
B) an internal reservoir of liquid water
C) integument(s)
D) ability to be dispersed
E) waxy cuticle
Answer: C
11) Gymnosperms differ from both extinct and extant (living) ferns because they
A) are woody.
B) have macrophylls.
C) have pollen.
D) have sporophylls.
E) have spores.
Answer: C
13) Which of the following statements correctly describes a portion of the pine life cycle?
A) Female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs.
B) Seeds are produced in pollen-producing cones.
C) Pollen grains contain female gametophytes.
D) A pollen tube slowly digests its way through the triploid endosperm.
Answer: A
14) Which of the following statements is true of the pine life cycle?
A) Cones are homologous to the capsules of moss plants.
B) The pine tree is a gametophyte.
C) Male and female gametophytes are in close proximity during gamete synthesis.
D) Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes.
E) Double fertilization is a relatively common phenomenon.
Answer: D
15) Within a gymnosperm megasporangium, what is the correct sequence in which the following should appear during
development, assuming that fertilization occurs?
1. sporophyte embryo
2. female gametophyte
3. egg cell
4. megaspore
A) 4 → 3 → 2 → 1
B) 4 → 2 → 3 → 1
C) 4 → 1 → 2 → 3
D) 1 → 4 → 3 → 2
E) 1 → 4 → 2 → 3
Answer: B
17) Arrange the following structures, which can be found on male pine trees, from the largest structure to the smallest
structure (or from most inclusive to least inclusive).
1. sporophyte
2. microspores
3. microsporangia
4. pollen cone
5. pollen nuclei
A) 1, 4, 3, 2, 5
B) 1, 4, 2, 3, 5
C) 1, 2, 3, 5, 4
D) 4, 1, 2, 3, 5
E) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1
Answer: A
18) Which trait(s) is (are) shared by many modern gymnosperms and angiosperms?
1. pollen transported by wind
2. lignified xylem
3. microscopic gametophytes
4. sterile sporophylls, modified to attract pollinators
5. endosperm
A) 1 only
B) 1 and 3
C) 1, 2, and 3
D) 1, 3, and 5
E) 2, 4, and 5
Answer: C
19) Which structure is common to both gymnosperms and angiosperms?
A) stigma
B) carpel
C) ovule
D) ovary
E) anthers
Answer: C
21) What is true of stamens, sepals, petals, carpels, and pinecone scales?
A) They are female reproductive parts.
B) None are capable of photosynthesis.
C) They are modified leaves.
D) They are found on flowers.
E) They are found on angiosperms.
Answer: C
22) Reptilian embryos are protected from desiccation by a leathery shell. Similarly, which pair of structures protects seed
plants' embryos and male gametophytes, respectively, from desiccation?
A) ovules: : waxy cuticle
B) ovarie : filaments
C) fruits : stamens
D) pollen grains : waxy cuticle
E) integuments : sporopollenin
Answer: E
24) Which of the following sex and generation combinations most directly produces the pollen tube?
A) male gametophyte
B) female gametophyte
C) male sporophyte
D) female sporophyte
Answer: A
25) Which of the following sex and generation combinations most directly produces the megasporangium of pine ovules?
A) male gametophyte
B) female gametophyte
C) male sporophyte
D) female sporophyte
Answer: D
26) Which of the following sex and generation combinations most directly produces the fruit?
A) male gametophyte
B) female gametophyte
C) male sporophyte
D) female sporophyte
Answer: D
28) Which of the following is a characteristic of all angiosperms?
A) complete reliance on wind as the pollinating agent
B) double internal fertilization
C) free-living gametophytes
D) carpels that contain microsporangia
E) ovules that are not contained within ovaries
Answer: B
30) What adaptations should one expect of the seed coats of angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by fruit-eating
animals, as opposed to angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by other means?
1. The exterior of the seed coat should have barbs or hooks.
2. The seed coat should contain secondary compounds that irritate the lining of the animal's mouth.
3. The seed coat should be able to withstand low pH's.
4. The seed coat, upon its complete digestion, should provide vitamins or nutrients to animals.
5. The seed coat should be resistant to the animals' digestive enzymes.
A) 4 only
B) 1 and 2
C) 2 and 3
D) 3 and 5
E) 3, 4, and 5
Answer: D
36) The generative cell of male angiosperm gametophytes is haploid. This cell divides to produce two haploid sperm cells. What
type of cell division does the generative cell undergo to produce these sperm cells?
A) binary fission
B) mitosis
C) meiosis
D) mitosis without subsequent cytokinesis
E) meiosis without subsequent cytokinesis
Answer: B
37) Angiosperm double fertilization is so-called because it features the formation of
A) two embryos from one egg and two sperm cells.
B) one embryo from one egg fertilized by two sperm cells.
C) two embryos from two sperm cells and two eggs.
D) one embryo involving one sperm cell and an endosperm involving a second sperm cell.
E) one embryo from two eggs fertilized by a single sperm cell.
Answer: D
38) Among plants known as legumes (beans, peas, alfalfa, clover, etc.) the seeds are contained in a fruit that is itself called a
legume, better known as a pod. Upon opening such pods, it is commonly observed that some ovules have become mature
seeds, whereas other ovules have not. Thus, which of the following statements is (are) true?
1. The flowers that gave rise to such pods were not pollinated.
2. Pollen tubes did not enter all of the ovules in such pods.
3. There was apparently not enough endosperm to distribute to all of the ovules in such pods.
4. The ovules that failed to develop into seeds were derived from sterile floral parts.
5. Fruit can develop, even if all ovules within have not been fertilized.
A) 1 only
B) 1 and 5
C) 2 and 4
D) 2 and 5
E) 3 and 5
Answer: D
39) How have fruits contributed to the success of angiosperms?
A) by nourishing the plants that make them
B) by facilitating dispersal of seeds
C) by attracting insects to the pollen inside
D) by producing sperm and eggs inside a protective coat
E) by producing triploid cells via double fertilization
Answer: B
43) Which of the following flower parts develops into a seed?
A) ovule
B) ovary
C) fruit
D) stamen
Answer: A
44) Which of the following flower parts develops into the pulp of a fleshy fruit?
A) stigma
B) style
C) ovule
D) ovary
E) micropyle
Answer: D
45) Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. Which of the following features is unique to them and helps account
for their success?
A) wind pollination
B) dominant gametophytes
C) fruits enclosing seeds
D) embryos enclosed within seed coats
E) sperm cells without flagella
Answer: C
47) Many mammals have skins and mucous membranes that are sensitive to phenolic secretions of plants like poison oak
(Rhus). These secondary compounds are primarily adaptations that
A) prevent desiccation.
B) favor pollination.
C) foster seed dispersal.
D) decrease competition.
E) inhibit herbivory.
Answer: E
51) Over human history, which process has been most important in improving the features of plants that have long been used
by humans as staple foods?
A) genetic engineering
B) artificial selection
C) natural selection
D) sexual selection
E) pesticide and herbicide application
Answer: B
52) What is the greatest threat to plant diversity?
A) insects
B) grazing and browsing by animals
C) pathogenic fungi
D) competition with other plants
E) human population growth
Answer: E
53) A botanist was visiting a tropical region for the purpose of discovering plants with medicinal properties. All of the following
might be ways of identifying potentially useful plants except
A) observing which plants sick animals seek out.
B) observing which plants are the most used food plants.
C) observing which plants animals do not eat.
D) collecting plants and subjecting them to chemical analysis.
E) asking local people which plants they use as medicine.
Answer: B
The following questions refer to the generalized life cycle for land plants shown in Figure 30.1. Each number within a circle or
square represents a specific plant or plant part, and each number over an arrow represents either meiosis, mitosis, or
fertilization.
54) In Figure 30.1, which number represents the mature gametophyte?
A) 1
B) 3
C) 5
D) 7
E) 11
Answer: D
55) In Figure 30.1, which number represents an embryo?
A) 1
B) 3
C) 7
D) 9
E) 11
Answer: E
56) Meiosis is most likely to be represented by which number(s) in Figure 30.1?
A) 2
B) 4
C) 2 and 8
D) 4 and 8
E) 10 and 12
Answer: B
58) In Figure 30.1, the process labeled "6" involves
A) nuclear fission.
B) mitosis.
C) meiosis.
D) fertilization.
E) binary fission.
Answer: B
60) In angiosperms, which number in Figure 30.1 most nearly represents the event that initiates the formation of endosperm?
A) 4
B) 6
C) 8
D) 10
E) 12
Answer: D
In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. Match the number of chromosomes
present in each of the following onion tissues.
66) How many chromosomes should be in a tube cell nucleus?
A) 4
B) 8
C) 16
D) 24
E) 32
Answer: B
67) How many chromosomes should be in an endosperm nucleus?
A) 4
B) 8
C) 16
D) 24
E) 32
Answer: D
68) How many chromosomes should be in a generative cell nucleus?
A) 4
B) 8
C) 16
D) 24
E) 32
Answer: B
.
70) How many chromosomes should be in an embryo nucleus?
A) 4
B) 8
C) 16
D) 24
E) 32
Answer: C
71) How many chromosomes should be in a megasporangium nucleus?
A) 4
B) 8
C) 16
D) 24
E) 32
Answer: C
Harold and Kumar are pre-med and pre-pharmacy students, respectively. They complain to their biology professor that they
should not have to study about plants because plants have little relevance to their chosen professions.
76) It would be best for these students, and for society in the long run, if their biology professor responds by
A) acknowledging their concern, and promising not to hold them responsible for any material on plants.
B) chiding them for their careerist attitudes, and advising them to whine less and study more.
C) offering extra credit for a research paper on plants that harm humans, as well as plants that heal humans.
D) lowering the stress level by providing them with the relevant test questions from the upcoming test so they can research the
answers ahead of time.
Answer: C
77) From reading their biology textbook, what would Harold and Kumar discover?
A) About one-quarter of all prescription drugs come from seed plants.
B) Prescription drugs that enter the water table are responsible for the extinction of many plants.
C) Much of what was once rain forest has been replanted with fields of medicinally valuable plants.
D) All rain forest plants contain at least one chemical useful as a medicine.
Answer: A
78) Kumar, especially, might be well advised to learn more about
A) cell wall components, such as lignins and pectins.
B) secondary metabolites.
C) accessory photosynthetic pigments.
D) sporopollenin.
E) the wax of cuticles.
Answer: B
The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17), is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can
grow to over 50 meters, is a source of high-quality lumber, and is a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season
ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. About $50 million worth of nuts are
harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow, self-incompatible flowers of Brazil nut trees admit only
female orchid bees as pollinators.
80) Animals that consume Brazil nuts are deriving nutrition mostly from tissue whose nuclei have how many chromosomes?
A) 17
B) 34
C) 51
D) 68
E) There is not enough information to say.
Answer: C
81) The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil
nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others behind inside the fruit, which moisture can
now enter. The uneaten seeds may subsequently germinate. Consequently, which terms describe the relationship between the
Brazil nut tree and the agouti?
1. parasitic
A) 1 and 3
B) 2 and 4
C) 2 and 5
D) 3 and 5
E) 4 and 5
2. commensalistic
3. symbiotic
4. endosymbiotic
5. mutualistic
Answer: D
98) Where in an angiosperm would you find a megasporangium?
A) in the style of a flower
B) inside the tip of a pollen tube
C) enclosed in the stigma of a flower
D) within an ovule contained within an ovary of a flower
E) packed into pollen sacs within the anthers found on a stamen
Answer: D
99) A fruit is most commonly
A) a mature ovary.
B) a thickened style.
C) an enlarged ovule.
D) a modified root.
E) a mature female gametophyte.
Answer: A
100) With respect to angiosperms, which of the following is incorrectly paired with its chromosome count?
A) egg–n
B) megaspore–2n
C) microspore–n
D) zygote–2n
E) sperm–n
Answer: B
101) Which of the following is not a characteristic that distinguishes gymnosperms and angiosperms from other plants?
A) alternation of generations
B) ovules
C) integuments
D) pollen
E) dependent gametophytes
Answer: A
102) Gymnosperms and angiosperms have the following in common except
A) seeds.
B) pollen.
C) vascular tissue.
D) ovaries.
E) ovules.
Answer: D
Plant Structure Multiple Choice Review
4) Choose the option that best describes the relationship between the cell wall thickness of
parenchyma cells versus sclerenchyma cells.
A) The cell walls of parenchyma cells are thinner than those of sclerenchyma cells.
B) The cell walls of parenchyma cells are thicker than those of schlerenchyma cells.
C) The cell walls of both types of cells are roughly equal.
D) The thickness of the cell walls for both types of cells is too variable for a comparison to be made.
Answer: A
5) Which structure is incorrectly paired with its tissue system?
A) root hair - dermal tissue
B) palisade parenchyma - ground tissue
C) guard cell - dermal tissue
D) companion cell - ground tissue
E) tracheid - vascular tissue
Answer: D
6) Which of the following is derived from the ground tissue system?
A) root hair
B) cuticle
C) periderm
D) pith
E) phloem
Answer: D
7) Which part of a plant absorbs most of the water and minerals taken up from the soil?
A) taproots
B) root hairs
C) the thick parts of the roots near the base of the stem
D) storage roots
E) sections of the root that have secondary xylem
Answer: B
9) Vascular plant tissue includes all of the following cell types except
A) vessel elements.
B) sieve cells.
C) tracheids.
D) companion cells.
E) cambium cells.
Answer: E
10) When you eat Brussels sprouts, what are you eating?
A) immature flowers
B) large axillary buds
C) petioles
D) storage leaves
E) storage roots
Answer: B
11) Which cells are no longer capable of carrying out the process of DNA transcription?
A) tracheids
B) mature mesophyll cells
C) companion cells
D) meristematic cells
E) glandular cells
Answer: A
12) ________ is to xylem as ________ is to phloem.
A) Sclerenchyma cell; collenchyma cell
B) Apical meristem; vascular cambium
C) Vessel element; sieve-tube member
D) Cortex; pith
E) Vascular cambium; cork cambium
Answer: C
13) CO₂ enters the inner spaces of the leaf through the
A) cuticle.
B) epidermal trichomes.
C) stoma.
D) phloem.
E) walls of guard cells.
Answer: C
14) Which of the following cells transport sugars over long distances?
A) parenchyma cells
B) collenchyma cells
C) sclerenchyma cells
D) tracheids and vessel elements
E) sieve-tube elements
Answer: E
15) Which of the following have unevenly thickened primary walls that support young, growing parts
of the plant?
A) parenchyma cells
B) collenchyma cells
C) sclerenchyma cells
D) tracheids and vessel elements
E) sieve-tube elements
Answer: B
16) Which of the following are most responsible for supporting mature, nongrowing parts of the
plant?
A) parenchyma cells
B) collenchyma cells
C) trichomes
D) tracheids and vessel elements
E) sieve-tube elements
Answer: D
17) The vascular bundle in the shape of a single central cylinder in a root is called the
A) cortex.
B) stele.
C) endodermis.
D) periderm.
E) pith.
Answer: B
18) One important difference between the anatomy of roots and the anatomy of leaves is that
A) only leaves have phloem and only roots have xylem.
B) root cells have cell walls and leaf cells do not.
C) a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots.
D) vascular tissue is found in roots but is absent from leaves.
E) leaves have epidermal tissue but roots do not.
Answer: C
19) A student examining leaf cross sections under a microscope finds many loosely packed cells with
relatively thin cell walls. The cells have numerous chloroplasts. What type of cells are they?
A) parenchyma
B) xylem
C) endodermis
D) collenchyma
E) sclerenchyma
Answer: A
21) A vessel element would likely lose its protoplast in which section of a root?
A) zone of cell division
B) zone of elongation
C) zone of maturation
D) root cap
E) apical meristem
Answer: C
22) Gas exchange, which is necessary for photosynthesis, can occur most easily in which leaf tissue?
A) epidermis
B) palisade mesophyll
C) spongy mesophyll
D) vascular tissue
E) bundle sheath
Answer: C
24) Water is most likely to enter a mesophyll cell
A) as a gas.
B) as a liquid.
C) covalently bound to sugars.
D) coupled to ion transport.
E) via endocytosis.
25) Plants contain meristems whose major function is to
A) attract pollinators.
B) absorb ions.
C) photosynthesize.
D) produce more cells.
E) produce flowers.
Answer: B
Answer: D
26) A cell that is most likely to retain the ability to divide, perform metabolic functions, and store
photosynthate would be a
A) parenchyma cell in a leaf.
B) vessel element in the vascular system.
C) endodermal cell in a root.
D) bark cell.
E) fiber cell.
Answer: A
27) Which of the following cell types is least likely to be capable of cell division?
A) mesophyll cell in a developing leaf
B) parenchyma cell 2 mm from the tip of a root
C) parenchyma cell in a dormant axillary bud
D) functional tracheid cell in a stem
Answer: D
28) The driving force that pushes the root tip through the soil is primarily
A) continuous cell division in the root cap at the tip of the root.
B) continuous cell division just behind the root cap in the center of the apical meristem.
C) elongation of cells behind the root apical meristem.
D) the elongation of root hairs.
E) continuous cell division of root cap cells.
Answer: C
29) Shoot elongation in a growing bud is due primarily to
A) cell division at the shoot apical meristem.
B) cell elongation directly below the shoot apical meristem.
C) cell division localized in each internode.
D) cell elongation localized in each internode.
E) cell division at the shoot apical meristem and cell elongation directly below the shoot apical
meristem.
Answer: D
30) Axillary buds
A) are initiated by the cork cambium.
B) have dormant meristematic cells.
C) are composed of a series of internodes lacking nodes.
D) grow immediately into shoot branches.
E) do not form a vascular connection with the primary shoot.
Answer: B
The following question is based on parts of a growing primary root.
I. root cap
II. zone of elongation
III. zone of cell division
IV. zone of cell maturation
V. apical meristem
31) Which of the following is the correct sequence from the growing tips of the root upward?
A) I, II, V, III, IV
B) III, V, I, II, IV
C) II, IV, I, V, III
D) IV, II, III, I, V
E) I, V, III, II, IV
Answer: E
32) Which of the following is incorrectly paired with its structure and function?
A) sclerenchyma - supporting cells with thick secondary walls
B) periderm - protective coat of woody stems and roots
C) pericycle - waterproof ring of cells surrounding the central stele in roots
D) mesophyll - parenchyma cells functioning in photosynthesis in leaves
E) ground meristem - primary meristem that produces the ground tissue system
Answer: C
35) Pores on the leaf surface that function in gas exchange are called
A) hairs.
B) xylem cells.
C) phloem cells.
D) stomata.
E) sclereids.
Answer: D
36) Which of the following is a true statement about growth in plants?
A) Only primary growth is localized at meristems.
B) Some plants lack secondary growth.
C) Only stems have secondary growth.
D) Only secondary growth produces reproductive structures.
E) Monocots have only primary growth, and eudicots have only secondary growth.
Answer: B
37) All of the following cell types are correctly matched with their functions except
A) mesophyll–photosynthesis.
B) guard cell–regulation of transpiration.
C) sieve-tube member–translocation.
D) vessel element–water transport.
E) companion cell–formation of secondary xylem and phloem.
Answer: E
38) What would be a plant adaptation that increases exposure of a plant to light in a dense forest?
A) closing of the stomata
B) lateral buds
C) apical dominance
D) absence of petioles
E) intercalary meristems
Answer: C
39) A person working with plants may reduce the inhibition of apical dominance by which of the
following?
A) pruning shoot tips
B) deep watering of the roots
C) fertilizing
D) treating the plants with auxins
E) feeding the plants nutrients
Answer: A
40) What effect does "pinching back" have on a houseplant?
A) increases apical dominance
B) inhibits the growth of lateral buds
C) produces a plant that will grow taller
D) stimulates lateral buds to grow
E) increases the flow of auxin down the shoot
Answer: D
41) Which of the following cells or tissues arise from lateral meristem activity?
A) secondary xylem
B) leaves
C) trichomes
D) tubers
E) cortex
Answer: A
42) A plant has the following characteristics: a taproot system, several growth rings evident in a cross
section of the stem, and a layer of bark around the outside. Which of the following best describes the
plant?
A) herbaceous eudicot
B) woody eudicot
C) woody monocot
D) herbaceous monocot
E) woody annual
Answer: B
43) Cells produced by lateral meristems are known as
A) dermal and ground tissue.
B) lateral tissues.
C) pith.
D) secondary tissues.
E) shoots and roots.
Answer: D
44) Which of the following is a true statement?
A) Flowers may have secondary growth.
B) Secondary growth is a common feature of eudicot leaves.
C) Secondary growth is produced by both the vascular cambium and the cork cambium.
D) Primary growth and secondary growth alternate in the life cycle of a plant.
E) Plants with secondary growth are typically the smallest ones in an ecosystem.
Answer: C
45) What tissue makes up most of the wood of a tree?
A) primary xylem
B) secondary xylem
C) secondary phloem
D) mesophyll cells
E) vascular cambium
Answer: B
46) If you were able to walk into an opening cut into the center of a large redwood tree, when you
exit from the middle of the trunk (stem) outward, you would cross, in order,
A) the annual rings, new xylem, vascular cambium, phloem, and bark.
B) the secondary xylem, cork cambium, phloem, and periderm.
C) the vascular cambium, oldest xylem, and newest xylem.
D) the secondary xylem, secondary phloem, and vascular cambium.
E) the summer wood, bark, and phloem.
Answer: A
47) Additional vascular tissue produced as secondary growth in a root originates from which cells?
A) vascular cambium
B) apical meristem
C) endodermis
D) phloem
E) xylem
Answer: A
51) Before differentiation can begin during the processes of plant cell and tissue culture, parenchyma
cells from the source tissue must
A) differentiate into procambium.
B) undergo dedifferentiation.
C) increase the number of chromosomes in their nuclei.
D) enzymatically digest their primary cell walls.
E) establish a new polarity in their cytoplasm.
Answer: B
55) Which of the following are true statements about the cells shown in the photograph in Figure 35.1
above?
A) They are parenchyma cells.
B) They are photosynthetic.
C) They are usually found in roots.
D) They are phloem cells.
E) They are parenchyma cells and photosynthetic.
Answer: E
The following question are based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown in Figure 35.2.
56) A monocot stem is represented by
A) I only.
B) II only.
C) III only.
D) IV only.
E) both I and III.
Answer B
57) A plant that is at least 3 years old is represented by
A) I only.
B) II only.
C) III only.
D) IV only.
E) both I and III.
Answer: D
58) A woody eudicot is represented by
A) I only.
B) II only.
C) III only.
D) IV only.
E) both I and III.
Answer: D
59) As a youngster, you drive a nail in the trunk of a young tree that is 3 meters tall. The nail is about
1.5 meters from the ground. Fifteen years later, you return and discover that the tree has grown to a
height of 30 meters. About how many meters above the ground is the nail?
A) 0.5
B) 1.5
C) 3.0
D) 15.0
E) 28.5
Answer: B
60) Suppose George Washington completely removed the bark from around the base of a cherry tree
but was stopped by his father before cutting the tree down. The leaves retained their normal
appearance for several weeks, but the tree eventually died. The tissue(s) that George left functional
was/were the
A) phloem.
B) xylem.
C) cork cambium.
D) cortex.
E) companion and sieve-tube members.
Answer: B
61) Most of the growth of a plant body is the result of
A) cell differentiation.
B) morphogenesis.
C) cell division.
D) cell elongation.
E) reproduction.
Answer: D
62) The innermost layer of the root cortex is the
A) core.
B) pericycle.
C) endodermis.
D) pith.
E) vascular cambium.
Answer: C
67) Which of the following would not be seen in a cross-section through the woody part of a root?
A) sclerenchyma cells
B) parenchyma cells
C) sieve-tube elements
D) root hairs
E) vessel elements
Answer: D