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• Reflect upon … • (1) What events led to the rise of Adolf Hitler to power? • (2) From World History, last year, what do you recall about events that led to the beginning of World War Two? Totalitarianism • Complete control over its citizens • Government leaders can act indiscriminately • Individuals have limited civil rights and opposition is suppressed, especially if individual interests are contradictory to those of the state. – The government is more important than the individual. Communism Political Ideologies Fascism Big Government NSDAP KPD German National Peoples’ Party Liberal Catholic Center Party - Morality issues Conservative SPD – Social Democratic Party Libertarian - Avoid warfare Anarchist - Voting reforms - Worker’s rights Small Government Tea Party Movement / Libertarian - Low taxes Reading Chapter 13, Section One, answer the following questions … • (1) What interests (groups of people) in Italian and German societies supported the fascists? • (2) How did the Soviet Union change in the 1920’s and 1930’s? • (3) Why did Japan invade Manchuria (in China) in the 1930’s? • (4) Is there a common cause that links the political changes / developments in all of these countries? Fascism in Italy Fascism “All within the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state.” – Benito Mussolini • This is a political system / philosophy that stresses: – Nation more important than individual (Strong govt.) – National security at the expense of individual freedom – Supports capitalism and private property • A dictator is needed. • Often allies w/ religious factions Italy & Benito Mussolini • Founder of fascism • Dreamed of an empire & reliving past glories • March on Rome • 22 – 29 Oct. of 1922 Socialism • Can exist along-side democracy and capitalism • Not necessarily anti-religious • Government-ownership of some aspects of economy and an attempt to “share the profits of society.” Communism “From each according to his ability, to each according to his need” – Karl Marx, Communist Manifesto • Political system advocating one-party rule, anti-democratic • Anti-nationalistic, “Workers of the World, Unite” • Strict control over civil rights & anti-religious – Religion is the “Opiate of the masses,” according to Karl Marx • Strict control of the economy and society, an “extreme form” of socialism. • Technically, a “command economy” • Through use of “collectives” or “communes” there is no private property. Soviet Union & Joseph Stalin • Russian Civil War, 1917 – 1922 • Soviet Union founded on Dec. 30, 1922 • 1922, began restricting individual liberties • Joseph Stalin and “Five Year Plans” • By 1937, 2nd most industrialized country Nazi Germany & Adolf Hitler ** What do each of these quotes mean? • Quote One: “The stronger must dominate the weaker and not blend with the weaker, thus sacrificing his own greatness. … All great cultures of the past perished only because the originally creative race died out from blood poisoning.” Nazi Germany & Adolf Hitler ** What do each of these quotes mean? Quote Two: “With every means he tries to subjugate. … Culturally, he contaminates art, literature, the theater, makes a mockery of natural feeling, overthrows all concepts of beauty and sublimity, of the noble and the good, and instead drags men down …” Nazi Germany & Adolf Hitler ** What is Hitler referring to in this quote below? • Quote Three: “The defeats of the battlefield in August 1918 would have been child’s play to bear. They stood in no proportions to the victories of our people. It was not [the defeats] which caused our downfall; no, it was brought about by that Power [Jews and Marxists] which prepared these defeats by systematically over many decades robbing our people of the political and moral instincts and forces…” Nazi Germany & Adolf Hitler • Already discussed major events bringing him to power • Hitler’s Ideology In Mein Kampf (1923), major points … • [1] – Uniting all German-speaking people • [2] – Racial purification and a master “Aryan” race • [3] – Germany needs “lebensraum” or living space for national expansion Aryan supremacy was one goal. Lebensraum “living room” or “living space” the other. The Beginning of German Aggression - A Portent of Things to Come … ** What was Hitler’s purpose in occupying the Rhineland? • 1933 – Germany pulls out of League of Nations • 1935 – Hitler continues build-up of army • 1936 – Militarization of the Rhineland Alliances Leading to Axis Powers of WWII • Rome-Berlin Axis (1936) – Response to Spanish Civil War (1936-39) – Between Republicans / Communists vs. Fascists • Anti-Comintern Pact – Anti-communism pact – First between Germany & Japan (1936) – Italy joins (1937) • Tripartite Pact (1940) – Axis Powers formed Why Did European Leaders Not Take a More Aggressive Stand Against Hitler? • Reasons European Leaders to Believe Hitler’s Aggression was Limited: - First, avoid a repeat of WWI - Second, some of Hitler’s demands were thought reasonable - Third, assumption Nazis wanted peace - Fourth, many leaders feared Communist U.S.S.R. more The Anschluss, the Sudetenland, and Czechoslovakia • Why annexing Austria? • Why the occupation of the Sudetenland and Czechoslovakia? The Anschluss, the Sudetenland, and Czechoslovakia • Austria: – Austrian prime minister, Kurt Schuschnigg, agrees to referendum – March 12, 1938, Germany troops enter Austria – Hitler avoids referendum – April, a referendum occurs Germany Enters Austria Sudetenland Crisis - By 1938, there are 3 million Germans living in this region in Czechoslovakia Munich Conference & Agreement • Appeasement – signed September 30, 1938, Hitler gets Sudetenland and France & Great Britain get peace - Neville Chamberlain, British Prime Minister “Peace in our time” Germany Enters Sudetenland The Rhineland, Anschluss, Sudetenland, and Czechoslovakia • Sudetenland and Czechoslovakia: – Hitler claims mistreatment by Czechs – Sept., 30, 1938, leads to the immediate occupation – This mountainous region was militarily strategic – March 15, 1939, German troops take the rest of Czechoslovakia Why Did European Leaders Not Take a More Aggressive Stand Against Hitler? Heading … “Remember … One More Lollypop, and Then You All Go Home?” Russian-Soviet Nonaggression Pact • Molotov – Ribbentrop Pact – Aug. 23, 1939 • U.S.S.R. & Germany avoid war – Hitler avoids two fronts – Gives Stalin time to mobilize • Russia & Germany divide Eastern Europe