Download 細菌性食品中毒分類

The hygiene & Safety
of Food and Beverage
The cognitive basis
of microorganisms
Learning Goal
1. 了解微生物的世界
2. 認識基本微生物
3. 認識常見與微生物有關的食品中毒原因
餐飲業污染防制宣導影片21
前言 Introduction
Catering industry are more relevant bacteria common in
the hands, arms, nose, mouth and body, such as:
Staphylococcus; and if Salmonella and Shigella may be
due to improper preparation of food, and parasitic on food
and dishware
Whether the two kinds of yeast and mold bacteria may be
present in the food prepared by the hands or body, the
catering staff on the basis of the living conditions of the
site may be.
4/45
Section1 危害餐飲衛生安全因素
Endanger food hygiene safety factor
HACCP the importance: global awareness of general control approach to food
safety.
5/45
Section 2 細菌
bacteria
Bacteria
 Bacteria belonging to the bacterial domain, it is up to all creatures in
a number of categories. It is estimated that the total of about 5 × 1030.
Bacteria are single-cell body, simple cell structure, lack nuclei,
cytoskeleton and membranous organelles. Bacteria are widely
distributed in soil and water, or with other biological symbiosis.
 Human body also has quite a lot of bacteria. It is estimated that
the total number of bacterial cells in the human body and the skin is
about ten times the total number of human cells.
 Nutritional way bacteria and heterotrophic import, which saprophytic
heterotrophic bacteria are important ecosystem decomposers, the
carbon cycle can be carried out smoothly.
6/45
According to the basic form of the bacteria under normal circumstances can be
broadly divided into three types:
1. cocci: A single cell is spherical or oval, depending on the arrangement of the
split if more direction and after the split of view, but also the five
segments.
球菌名稱
雙球菌
鏈球菌
四聯球菌
八聯球菌
葡萄球菌
分裂方向
在一個平面上分裂
在一個平面上連續分裂
在二個互相垂直的平面上分裂
在三個互相垂直的平面上分裂
在不同平面上進行不規則分裂
分裂後的排列狀況
成對排列
形成長鏈條
排成田字形
形成立方體
形成葡萄串狀
7/45
2. bacilli: bacteria side more rounded, bacteria are rod-shaped, cylindrical or oval shape,
sometimes also found slightly bent shape. There are three types: single, double, chain.
3. spirochete: cell bending or rotation, divided into two kinds.
螺旋菌名稱
弧菌
螺旋菌
彎曲數目
1
2～6
彎曲程度
不超過圓周的四分之一
超過圓周的四分之一
8/45
Structure of the bacteria What Is Bacteria?
Structure of bacteria to bacteria survive, pathogenicity and immunity etc. have a
certain effect. Structure of bacteria by distribution sites can be divided into: surface
structure, including cell wall and membrane, capsule; internal structure including
the cytoplasm, the ribosome, the nuclear matter, plastid and spores etc; external
accessories, including flagella and pili.
Traditionally again indispensable to the survival of a bacterium, or general bacteria
typically have a structure called the basic structure, and the peculiar structure under
certain conditions, certain bacteria formed called special settlement of purchase.
9/45
（1）Cell wall（細胞壁）: The cell envelope is composed of the plasma
membrane and cell wall. As in other organisms, the bacterial cell
wall provides structural integrity to the cell.
（2）Cell membrane（細胞膜）或稱胞膜(Cytoplasmic membrane) The
plasma membrane or bacterial cytoplasmic membrane is composed
of a phospholipid bilayer and thus has all of the general functions
of a cell membrane such as acting as a permeability barrier for
most molecules and serving as the location for the transport of
molecules into the cell.
（3）Cytoplasm（胞漿） Cytoplasm showed colorless jelly, the basic
ingredient is water, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and small
amounts of inorganic salts. There are still some cytoplasmic
granules in the cytoplasm.
10/45
（4）核質（Nnclearmateral）或Nucleoid核(擬) Is the genetic
material of bacteria, determine the genetic characteristics of
bacteria. Concentrated in one region of the cytoplasm, mostly in
the central cell. It differs from the nucleus of eukaryotic cells is
surrounded by no nuclear membrane, so shapeless, and no
histones wrap.
A bacterial cells typically contain 1 to 2 nuclear transfer. It has
been demonstrated, the bacteria nuclear transfer is a single
circular chromosome composed by a double-stranded DNA
coiled from repeated roundabout, bacterial chromosomes are
exposed DNA.
11/45
Special structure bacteria include capsule, flagella, pili and spores.
(1) Capsule (莢膜) :Outside the cell wall of many bacteria around a thick
layer of sticky, jelly-like substance, its thickness 0.2um above,
ordinary microscopic, and surrounded by a clear boundary, called the
capsule. Such as pneumococcus. Its thickness 0.2um or less, under an
optical microscope was not directly see, we must in order to prove to
the electron microscope or an immunological method, known as
Microcapsule) (,微莢膜) such as hemolytic streptococci M protein,
Salmonella typhi Vi antigen and E. coli K antigens.
(2) Flagllum (鞭毛): having an elongated, curved filaments in some
bacterial cell, called flagella. Flagellum often exceeds several times the
length of the cell. The number of different bacterial flagellum, location
and arrangement can be divided into Monotrichate (單毛菌),
Amphitrichate(雙毛菌), Lophotrichate (絲毛菌), Peritrichate (週毛菌)
12/45
(3) Pilus (菌毛): Pilus are many gram-negative bacterial cell surface
throughout the flagellum is more than fine, short, straight, hard,
filamentous protein more is affiliated, also called Fimbriae (纖毛). Its
chemical composition is pilin (毛蛋白), pili and movement independent of
the light microscope can not see, it can be observed using electron
microscopy. It can be divided into ordinary Commonpilus (普通菌毛) and
sexpilus (性菌毛) two kinds.
(4) Spore (芽孢) :Under certain conditions, the Bacillus and spindle Bacillus
bacteria can be in the body to form a highly refractive easily colored body,
known as the Endospore (內芽孢), called Bacillus. Bacillus generally can
form in the animal body, and influenced by the environment, when
nutritional deficiencies, easy to form Bacillus. Metabolism is in a
relatively static state of dormancy break, in order to maintain a lasting
body of bacteria to survive.
13/45
細菌的增殖與生長條件
Condition of Proliferation and Growth
Bacterial reproductive mainly transverse binary fission (二分裂法) mainly
as asexual binary fission, a single cell to form a new diaphragm or septum (壁
), and then split into two cells.
Another method of bacteria budding (出芽生殖), grow small buds from
one mother cell, then small shoots growing up, and then moving away from
the mother cell.
14/45
細菌的生長曲線
Bacteria of the Grow Curve
Lag phase（延滯期）
Also known as the adaptation of the bacteria in the culture
medium need to adapt to the different adaptation of the length of
different bacteria, 30 minutes to 2 hours.
Exponential phase or Log phase（指數期）
Bacteria n-th power of 2, the rapid growth of the way, Doubling
(generation) time determines the rate of growth, such as E. coli:. 20
mins, M tuberculosis: 12-24 hours . General experimental period
will have access to this bacteria, because bacteria are all in the
same way n-th power of dividing to produce the same bacteria.
15/45
3.Stationary phase（停滯期）
This stage is the dynamic equilibrium between the freshmen and apoptosis of
bacteria. This period will lead to the formation of bacterial Alarmones hormones,
some bacteria will begin sporulation (孢子化) .
4.Death phase（死亡期）
Lack of environment and space, bacteria begin to move towards death, but this
period is reversible, as long as space and nutrients zoom, bacteria began to develop
but also to return to Lag phase.
16/45
影響細菌增殖的主要環境因素
The effects factors of the bacteria growth
影響因素
溫度
水分
時間
營養素
pH值
說
明
psychrophils（嗜冷性菌）、mesophils（嗜溫性菌）、themophils（嗜熱
性菌）細菌對溫度的耐受度高，從接近 0℃到113℃都可以發現細菌的
存在
水活性為0.80至0.85之食品很容易為真菌生長繁殖造成腐敗，甚少有微
生物能在低於0.65水活性下生存。
由一個母細胞分裂成兩個子細胞的時間
A. 有機物質：C、H、O、N、P、S
B. 無機離子：K+、Na+、Fe2+、Mg2+、Ca2+、Cl−，其中，Mg2+、
Ca2+可以當作coenzyme 使enzyme有活性，並維持細胞膜上酶的化學梯
度
由細菌喜好生存的環境 pH 值來區分，neutrophils（嗜中性菌）、
acidophils（嗜酸性菌）、alkalophils（嗜鹼性菌）
17/45
細菌性食品中毒分類
食品中毒的分類
食品中毒依病因物質分類，可分為細菌性、天然毒素及化
學性食品中毒等。細菌性食品中毒依感染致病的方式又可
分為三大類:
 感染型(infection)
 毒素型(intoxication)
 毒素媒介之感染型（toxin-mediated infection）
18/45
19/45
20/45
21/45
食物中毒
Bacterial food poisoning
Bacterial food poisoning is mainly divided into three types:
due to bacterial growth or production of food poisoning
caused by toxins called bacterial food poisoning, bacterial food
poisoning can be divided according to the pathogenic
mechanism.
1. infection type(感染型)
2. intoxication type (毒素型)
3. intermediate type(中間型)
22/45
Infection type: The infection type results from the release of toxin in the
bowel by microorganisms taken in foods, e.g.,
Salmonella (沙門氏菌)
Vibrio parahaemolyticus (腸炎弧菌).
intoxication type : This form results from the ingestion of foods in which a
toxin has already been formed, e.g., Clostridium botulinum (肉毒桿菌) ,
Staphylococcal enterotoxin(金黃色葡萄球菌) .
Intermediate type: This form results from the release of toxin in the bowel
by microorganisms that do not produce it readily in food,
e.g., pathogenic Escherichia coli(大腸桿菌)、
Bacillus cereus(仙人掌桿菌)
Vibrio cholera (霍亂弧菌)
23/45
很重要
24/45
Control and prevention
1. Hygienic management of animal husbandry including proper control
of slurry disposal and water supply and protection from insects and
rodents.
2. Proper design of slaughter houses and the adoption of efficient
hygienic methods of slaughter and carcass dressing.
3. Bacteriological monitoring test for salmonellae and other organisms.
4. Efficient refrigeration and hygienic methods of processing.
5. Avoidance of consumption of raw meat and unhygienic handling in
home.
6. Complete thawing of frozen meat and adequate cooking to ensure
destruction of potential pathogens and spoilage organisms.
25/45
Section3 真菌 Fungi
A group of fungi are eukaryotes, including yeast, fungi microorganisms and the
like, and most well-known mushrooms.
Fungi are a kingdom, and the plants, animals and bacteria phase difference.
Fungi and other organisms three biggest difference is that fungal cells have cell
walls, and plant cell wall containing chitin as the main component of the main
difference is made of cellulose.
接合菌
假丝酵母属
子囊菌
擔子菌
What are Fungi ?
Types and
Characteristics- 15
26/45
影響真菌類生長之因素
Factors of influence fungal growth
1. Food: sugars such as starch or cellulose in carbon, nitrogen
amino acids
2. Acidity follows: pH of about 2 to 8.
3. Temperature: at 50 ~ 60 ℃ will be killed.
4. Time: The longer, the more the growth of mold mycelia.
5. Oxygen Demand: Most fungi need aerobic environment in the
growth of yeast viable anaerobic respiration.
6. Moisture: fungi need moisture to grow, mold can form spores
when dry.
7. metabolite itself: will inhibit the proliferation of yeast cells.
27/45
真菌的功能 Function of Fungi
1. Usefulness: fermented soy products, tofu.
2. Corruption: the cause rice, peanuts, fruit quality crack defeat.
3. Pathogenicity: cause nail fungus, athlete's foot and other
diseases; viral cause liver cancer.
28/45
酵母菌 Yeast
Yeasts are eukaryotic microorganisms classified in the kingdom Fungi, with
1,500 species currently described. Yeasts are unicellular, although some
species with yeast forms may become multicellular through the formation of
strings of connected budding cells known as pseudohyphae, or false hyphae,
as seen in most molds.Yeast size can vary greatly depending on the species,
typically measuring 3–4 µm in diameter, although some yeasts can reach over
40 µm.
yeast fermentation, the yeast species Saccharomyces cerevisiae(釀酒酵母)
converts carbohydrates to carbon dioxide and alcohols – for thousands of
years the carbon dioxide has been used in baking and the alcohol in alcoholic
beverages.
29/45
黴菌Mould
Molds are a large and taxonomically diverse number of fungal species
where the growth of hyphae results in discoloration and a fuzzy appearance,
especially on food. The network of these tubular branching hyphae, called a
mycelium, is considered a single organism. Mold spores commonly used to
refer to the color, such as Rhizopus stolonifer(黑黴菌), Monascus
purpureus(紅黴菌) or Penicillium sp.(青黴菌)
30/45
真菌中毒
Classification of Fungi Infections
Fungal poisoning due to ingestion or corruption due to mold growth and
deterioration of food poisoning caused by mycotoxins. Mycotoxins are usually
synthesized on cereals and other plants, through ingestion, inhalation or direct
contact with the skin and into the animal, a very small amount of such toxins
can cause significant health damage.
Fungi are widely distributed in the environment, the type of very much. For a
long time people used fungi brewing food, industrial agriculture, food, health
and other departments also use fungus production and processing, or treatment
of disease, the benefit of mankind, but also there are many kinds of fungi to
plants and animals, and great harm to humans, not only can be pathogenic
parasitic and ingestion can cause poisoning.
Since the ingestion of moldy food poisoning caused by the some are acute
poisoning, fungous food poisoning (真菌性食物中毒), high mortality rate; some
are chronic poisoning, cancer can occur.
31/45
黃麴毒素 Aflatoxin
Aflatoxin-producing members of Aspergillus are common and widespread in
nature. They can colonize and contaminate grain before harvest or during storage.
Host crops, which include maize, sorghum, and groundnuts, are particularly
susceptible to infection by Aspergillus following prolonged exposure to a highhumidity environment, or damage from stressful conditions such as drought.
竹筷內潮濕易生黃麴霉素
32/42
The toxicity of aflatoxin can be divided into acute and chronic forms
1. Acute diseases(急性病變) including liver necrosis, hemorrhage,
nephritis, and lung congestion;
2. Chronic changes(慢性病變) include cell damage, carcinogenic
response, abnormal lesions and cause cell mutations.
The following lethal doses can bile duct proliferation, hepatocellular
necrosis; and aflatoxin rats produce but also to promote cancer, lung
cancer; therefore aflatoxin has become one of the known carcinogens
severe toxic diet.
33/45
蕈類中毒mushroom poisoning
Cytotoxic (細胞中毒型)
Protoplasmic poisoning(原生質中毒型)
Neurotoxic (神經毒素中毒型)
Hallucinogenic (產生幻覺型)
Gastrointestinal (腸胃中毒型)
Disulfiram-Like (類戒酒藥中毒型)
Carcinogenic (致癌型)
After ingestion of mushrooms 36 to 45 hours, liver and kidney damage and
deterioration began to clear, it will be the most severe jaundice(黃疸),
fulminant hepatitis(猛爆性肝炎), hepatic coma(肝昏迷) and bleeding(及出血).
Kidney damage may occur at any stage, although recoverable, but the
recovery period is slow. Usually 6 to 45 days after the death of mushroom
ingestion.
34/45
病毒virus
Virus is a nucleic acid molecule (DNA or RNA) and by living the life of
parasitic proteins constitute non-cell morphology. It actually consists of a
protective shell wrapped in a piece of DNA or RNA, by infection
mechanisms, these simple organisms can use the system of the host cell to
self-replicate, but not independently growth and replication. The virus can
infect virtually all living cells with structure.
35/45
36/45
禽流感（Bird Flu or Avian Influenza ）
Most human cases of the avian flu are a result of either handling dead infected
birds or from contact with infected fluids. It can also be spread through
contaminated surfaces and droppings. While most wild birds mainly have only
a mild form of the H5N1 strain, once domesticated birds such as chickens or
turkeys are infected, it can become much more deadly because the birds are
often in close contact. There is currently a large threat of this in Asia with
infected poultry due to low hygiene conditions and close quarters. Although it is
easy for humans to contract the infection from birds, human-to-human
transmission is more difficult without prolonged contact. However, public
health officials are concerned that strains of avian flu may mutate to become
easily transmissible between human.
Bird Flu - Causes, Symptoms, Treatments
37/45
2004年冬季，東亞發生H5N1亞型禽流感
2005年10月，東亞、東南亞、歐洲等地相繼傳出H5N1禽流感感染報告
2006年1月，美國出現H3N2。
2008年6月，香港深水埗保安道街市三個雞檔的雞籠抽取的20個環境樣
本中，有五個樣本經測試後發現含有H5N1禽流感病毒。
2011年12月13日至20日，在香港陸續發現被感染的禽類，且導致接觸
的人感染。
2013年3月4日，中國大陸發現首例人類感染H7N9病例，截至2013年5
月6日，中國大陸共發生129宗人類感染H7N9病例，其中死亡31人，康
復42人，其餘患者嚴重至病危
38/45
寄生蟲 Parasite
Parasitism is a non-mutual symbiotic relationship between species,
where one species, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the
host. Traditionally parasite referred primarily to organisms visible to
the naked eye, or macroparasites (such as helminths). Parasite now
includes microparasites, which are typically smaller, such as protozoa,
viruses, and bacteria. Some examples of parasites include the plants
mistletoe and cuscuta, and animals such as hookworms.
Classification
 protozoa (原蟲)
 helminths (蠕蟲)
 arthropods(節肢昆蟲)
39/45
原蟲protozoa
In some systems of biological classification, the Protozoa are a diverse group
of unicellular eukaryotic organisms. Historically, protozoa were defined as
single-celled organisms with animal-like behaviours, such as motility and
predation. The group was regarded as the zoological counterpart to the
"protophyta", which were considered to be plant-like, as they are capable of
photosynthesis.
The terms protozoa and protozoans are also used informally to designate
single-celled, non-photosynthetic protists, such as ciliates, amoebae and
flagellates.
40/45
扁形動物門 Platyhelminthes
Platyhelminthes (扁形動物門) are a phylum of relatively simple bilaterian,
unsegmented, soft-bodied invertebrates. Unlike other bilaterians, they are
acoelomates (having no body cavity), and have no specialized circulatory and
respiratory organs, which restricts them to having flattened shapes that allow
oxygen and nutrients to pass through their bodies by diffusion.
 Paragnimus westermani (衛氏肺吸蟲)
 Clonorchis sinensis (中華肝吸蟲)
 Fasciola hepatica(牛羊肝吸蟲)；
41/45
線形動物門
Nematomorpha (線形動物門) are a phylum of parasitoid animals
superficially similar to nematode worms in morphology, hence the name.
They range in size in most species from 50 to 100 centimetres (20 to 39 in)
long and can reach in extreme cases up to 2 metres, and 1 to 3 millimetres
(0.039 to 0.118 in) in diameter.
蛔蟲
蟯蟲
鞭蟲
鉤蟲
42/45
甲
1. 利用溫度控制微生物生長的可行性並舉日
常生活中實際應用之實例。
2. 請問那些食物比較容易會有病毒性的衛生
安全問題?
1.請說明革蘭氏陽性菌與陰性菌的差異性
乙
2.何謂最適生長溫度？此溫度是否對所有
微生物的活動均有利？
丙
1.請問 黃麴毒素 如何致癌? 請寫出毒素產生
因素、致癌機制，以及預防方法
2.為什麼台灣為何經常發生食物中毒案例? 身
為廚師的你，如何預防?