Download The Middle Ages

Standard(s):
26.Describe the major events and the social characteristics of Medieval
Europe additional resources: Middle Ages, Medieval life
– Feudalism
– Charlemagne
– Crusades
– Magna Carta
– Black Death/Plague
– Renaissance
– Reformation
27. Discuss the following:
– The role of the Roman Catholic Church (Holy Roman Empire) and its
monasteries including its effect on education and the arts
– The role of the Crusades including how they helped to introduce
Muslim ideas and products to Europe
– The effect of travel on trade; growth of guilds and a “middle class”
– Contributions and roles of key figures
29. Describe the Renaissance and Reformation, including:
– The social and intellectual significance of printing with moveable type
– Major achievements in literature, music, painting, sculpture, and
architecture in Europe, including the work of Leonardo Da Vinci and
Michelangelo
– Discontent among Europeans with the late medieval Catholic Church
and the Impact of leading Protestant reformers, Martin Luther and
John Calvin
The Middle Ages
It began with 400 years of Invasions
But the invaders also brought
Advances in Technology
•
•
•
•
•
•
Stirrups
the yoke
pants
Barrels
wheeled plows
special boats and
navigation
knowledge
• Butter
• rye bread
• schools for the
children of nobles
• timed candles
• transparent ox
horns, used as
lanterns
• manual cranks
• water mills
• horseshoes
• The Visigoths settled in Spain
• In 711 Muslims invaded and defeated
them
– Established a Muslim state
– Then tried to conquer the rest of Europe
Charles Martel
• Frankish war leader
• Defeated the
Muslims
• His grandson
“Charles the
Great,” also known
as Charlemagne,
was the greatest
leader of the
Franks
Charlemagne
• Invaded the western
Roman Empire
• Settled in Gaul (France)
• Conquered kingdoms in
France, Italy, and
Germany
• Spread Roman
Christianity throughout
Europe
His Great Achievements
• In 800 Pope Leo III
declared him
emperor
• Though he could not
read he felt
education was
important
• Set up a school in
Aachen (Germany)
• After Charlemagne’s death his son
Louis became emperor
• When he died his sons divided up the
kingdom
• More invaders swept through Europe
• Magyars from the
east
• Muslim pirates on
the Mediterranean
• Vikings from the
north
Normandy
• Located in
northeastern France
• Was settled by
Norsemen from
Denmark, Norway, and
Sweden
– Were related to the
Vikings but peaceful
– They later settled in
present day
England, Russia,
and France
William the Conqueror
• Duke of Normandy
• In 1066 he crossed the
English Channel
– defeated the king of
England
– Made himself king
• Built a strong government
in England
• Brought French culture to
England
Feudalism
• Began in the Middle
Ages
• It was a system of
government created to
keep peace in Europe
– Kings divided their
lands into fiefs
– Which were given to
nobles (vassals) in
return for their
support in war
Serfs and Manors
• Peasants (serfs) worked the land (fief)
of a noble
– They were not slaves, but could not
leave the manor without permission
• They lived in
villages around a
fortified house
(Manor)
• They paid taxes in
crops
A Hard Life
• Peasants
grew barely
enough
food
• War and
disease
were
common
• Most people
died young
Improvements
• Around 1000
farmers began
to use
innovative
farming
methods
– Could
produce
more food
• Towns and
trade grew
• People began
to travel to
other towns
– People
began to
have hope
for the
future
• Nobles founded their own towns
– To collect taxes from trade
• Life in a town was easier for serfs
– They had more freedom
• These changes
also led to the
rise of a
“middle class”
made up of
merchants and
tradesmen
Guilds
• Skilled
craftsmen
in a trade
form
themselves
into a guild.
• Parents would pay guild members to teach
their sons (as young 12) to work a trade
• An apprentice would live with his master for
up to 14 years.
• Then he becomes a journeyman.
• And could save enough money to start his
own business
The Code of Knighthood
• Nobles who received fiefs agreed to fight for
the king
• Knights followed the code of chivalry
• Knights also needed to:
– Know music and poetry
– Have good manners
– Be a good Christian and defend the
Church
Eleanor of Aquitaine
• Wife of a French king
• Later, of an English
king
• Spread the ideas of
chivalry among
French knights
Middle Ages and the Church
• The Roman
Catholic
church was
important to
everyone in
the Middle
Ages
Monasteries
• Communities
where monks
lived
• Built by
Church
leaders who
owned a lot of
land
• Monasteries were centers of learning
• Most had a scriptorium for making
books
• Few people could
read
• Monks kept
records
• There were no
printing presses
so books were
copied by hand
Women in the Church
• Women also chose a
religious life by
becoming nuns and
living in convents
• Many female saints
were noted for
helping the poor
Cathedrals
• Built after 1100
• Suger, a French
churchman used a
series of arches
– To make
buildings higher
and with many
windows
Chartres Cathedral
• Built in the Gothic style
• With pointed arches and soaring
spaces
Pope Urban II
• Called for war to take Jerusalem from
the Turks who were Muslims
• This would be the
beginning of a
series of wars to
take the Holy Land
– That was later
called the
Crusades
The First Crusade
• Defeated the Muslims
– Held the Holy Land for 100 years
• Later, the Muslims took back the lands
• Seven more Crusades followed
• But the Muslims held onto the Holy
Land
• The Crusades changed Europe
• Europeans came into contact with the
Middle East and the Byzantine Empire
• They wanted trade goods
– Such as silks and spices
• The Crusades also inspired attacks on
the Jews of Europe and Eastern
Orthodox Christians
King John of England
• He demanded more taxes to pay for
his wars
• He said he had
the right to
imprisoned
people without a
trial
• In 1215 he was
forced to sign
the Magna Carta
- “Great Charter”
The Magna Carta
• It said that a king
could not set unfair
taxes or make
unreasonable
demands of goods
or labor
• It established the
legal rights English
and Americans have
today
100 Years War
1337 - 1453
• A series of wars
between England
and France
– For control of
the French
throne
Joan of Arc
• A peasant girl born in France
• At thirteen she heard a Voice
from God urging her to “go to
France” and drive out the
English
• In 1428, at sixteen she led an
army in several victories
• In 1430 she was captured by
the English, put on trial, and
burned to death
• In 1920
She was
canonized
War in Spain
• Christians tried to • Reconquista
drive Muslims out
– A war fought by
of Spain
Christian
armies to
recapture Spain
• Started in 718
ended in 1492
Lord of the Manor
“If you were there . . .”
activity
Black
Death
• In 1348
a plague
struck
Western
Europe
– Caused by bacteria spread by rats
and fleas
– Spread quickly
– Wiped out 1/3 of western Europe’s
population
Many years passed before Europe
recovered from the plague.
• Persuasive letter to King Edward
– Please get rid of the Plague!
The Renaissance
Florence
• Northern Italy
– Where the
Renaissance
began
– One of the
richest cities in
Europe
• Traders brought in spices and silks from Asia
and Africa
• Craftsmen made high quality woolen cloth and
other goods
Humanism
• People of the
Renaissance were
very religious
• But during the
Renaissance they
developed a concern
for human interests
and values
New Ideas Emerged
• Life should be rich
• A person should
seek talents and
skills
• Work to increase
standard of living
• People rediscovered Roman and
Greek arts
• Inventions and new technologies
made life easier
• Lasted from 1350 - 1600.
Lorenzo Medici
• From the wealthiest
family in Florence
– Gained banking
and trade
• Came to power in
1408
• Was a patron
(supporter) of the
arts
Renaissance Writers
• Petrarch
– An Italian Poet
• Decided Greek and Roman
writers were better
• Christine de Pisan
– Wrote about family and
friendship
• Niccolo Machiavelli
– Wrote books about government
• Gave advice on how to rule
William Shakespeare
• The Renaissance in
England focused on
literary works.
• The most famous
playwrights was
William Shakespeare.
• He popular plays that
were attended by
thousands of people.
Renaissance Painters
•
•
•
•
Rediscovered perspective (3D)
Continued to paint religious themes
Began to paint worldly subjects
Painted from Roman and Greek myths
and legends
Renaissance Artists
Michelangelo
Michelangelo,
was a painter,
sculptor,
architect,
poet, and
engineer.
• Two of his best-known works, the Pieta
and David, were sculpted before he
turned thirty.
• Michelangelo also created the
scenes from Genesis on the ceiling
and The Last Judgment on the altar
wall of the Sistine Chapel in Rome.
• Michelangelo was appointed
architect of St Peter’s Basilica in the
Vatican, and designed its dome.
Leonardo da Vinci
• Leonardo da Vinci
was an architect,
musician,
anatomist,
inventor, engineer,
sculptor, geometer,
and painter.
Leonardo is famous for his
masterly paintings, such as
The Last Supper and
Mona Lisa.
He is also known for his inventions
- few were constructed in his
lifetime.
He helped advance the study of anatomy,
and civil engineering.
Canal Bridge
Anatomy of the Heart
Johannes Gutenberg
• A German goldsmith,
printer and publisher.
• In 1455 he invented the
printing press with
movable type
–And started the
printing revolution.
His major work was the
Gutenberg Bible.
• By the early 1500s Florence
began to decline
– the Medici Family lost
influence
Rome became the center of
the Italian Renaissance.
• The Pope and
Catholic
Church leaders
held power.
–Acted more
like kings
than religious
leaders.
– Passed heavy
taxes
– Built magnificent
churches.
– Hired artists, and
sculptors
– Built a library in
the Vatican
• Attracted
scholars from
all over the
world.
The Reformation
• Ideas of the Renaissance improved
the standard of living
• People could afford to educate their
children
• More people
learned to read
and write
• Many people began to criticize the
Catholic Church for its extravagance
and for its abuses.
– They felt the practices and teachings
did not fit with the scriptures.
• This started
The Protestant
Reformation
Martin Luther
• Luther’s parents wanted him to become
a lawyer
• Martin Luther wanted to serve God.
• While caught out in a
storm, Martin Luther was
nearly struck by lightning.
• He took this a sign to
give up law school, and
become a monk.
• He joined a
monastery and
dedicated his life
to learning and
teaching the
Gospel.
• The more he
studied, the more
he felt that the
Catholic Church
had gone astray.
• He collected a list
of 95 different
points of doctrine
where he felt that
the Church was
wrong.
The 95 Thesis
• On October 31,
1517 Martin Luther
wrote the 95 thesis
on a placard
• And nailed it to the
door of the
Catholic Church in
Wittenberg,
Germany.
Results of the 95 Thesis
• The Catholic Church began losing the
money that they had been collecting for
indulgences
– a way to pay for, or repent of sins
committed
• Freed a soul from Purgatory
• Could be purchased for oneself,
or for dead loved ones
• People could “pre-pay” for sins
that they had not yet committed
The Diet of Worms
• Pope Leo X
grew upset
with Martin
Luther.
• He gathered a council (diet) of princes to try to
bring Martin Luther back to the church.
– They wanted him to withdraw his criticisms.
• Luther refused, he felt had an
obligation to God to do what he felt was
right.
• The Catholic Church declared Martin
Luther a heretic.
• A crime
punishable
by death.
Lutheranism
• Luther escaped
and went into
hiding
• While there he
translated the
Bible into German
• Martin Luther had
founded a new
Religion
John Calvin
• Calvin wanted to reform of the church in
Geneva
• He divided the church organization into four
levels:
»Pastors: had authority over
religious matters
»Teachers: to teach doctrine to the
population.
»Elders: to oversee everything that
everybody did in the city.
»Deacons: to care for the sick,
elderly, widowed and poor.
Calvinism
• The Religion
created by John
Calvin
• Promoted a belief
in Predestination God decides and
directs the fate of
everyone and
everything.
Ignatius of Loyola
• Was a soldier for Spain
• Then became a “soldier
for Christ”
– Founded the Society
of Jesus
• The Jesuits
The Jesuits
• Became
very
powerful
• Spread
Roman
Catholic
teachings
to Asia and
America
Venice
• Late 1500’s
– The
Renaissance
moved to Venice
• Located near
the Adriatic
and
Mediterranean
Seas it was
ideal for trade.
• Venetians grew wealthy
– Brought in artists,
writers, and scholars
– Venice became
famous for high
quality art and
literature
The Northern Renaissance
• 1494 the French
invaded Italy
–Brought back
Italian artists
and scholars
• The French hired artists to paint
masterpieces for palaces and public
buildings.
• And scholars to teach their children
The English Renaissance
• The last place to be reached by the
Renaissance was England
• At the time England was involved in a
bloody civil war known as the War of
The Roses.
Henry VII
• In the late 1400s this
civil war was ended,
and the Tudor family
began to rule the
nation.
• Invited Italian
humanists to teach
his people.
Henry VIII
• King after Henry VII
• His wife, Catherine, had six
children, but only one
survived, Mary.
• He wanted a male heir
• The King asked the pope
for permission to divorce
Catherine
– So he could marry Anne
Boylin and have a son.
The Church of England
• The Pope said no
• Henry passed
laws separating
the English
Church from
Rome
Act of Supremacy
• Henry VIII was
head of the English
Church.
• The new church stayed true to Catholic
tradition and canon.
– Stanch Catholics such as Thomas More
resisted Henry and lost their head.
– Catholic land was taken and the wealth
divided amongst the nobility.
• Henry and Anne
married and would
have a girl
Elizabeth.
• He would marry four
more times and
have one son
Edward VI.
After the death of King Henry
VIII, Edward VI reigned briefly
Then Mary reigned and tried to
bring back Catholicism
- but the people wanted to
keep the English church.
When Elizabeth reigned she
combined Catholic and
Protestant customs, creating
Anglicanism.
• Europe was divided
between Catholic and
Protestant Churches.
• As the power of the
Church weakened, the
power of Kings grew
• This began the modern
nation-state
– The kings of England
and France built the
first strong
governments to help
them rule
• Evaluation
– Letter to King Edward
– Chapter test