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Chapter 12
Sui, Tang, and Song Dynasties
AP World History
Six Dynasties (220 CE – 589 CE)
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Han Dynasty collapsed
220-589: Six Dynasties
• 220-280: Three
Kingdoms Period
• Three kingdoms (Wei;
Shu; Wu) who fought
for control
• Jin Dynasty (265-420)
• Divided into East and
West Jin
• Heavily Buddhist
Six Dynasties (220 CE – 589 CE)-Cont.
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Southern and Northern Dynasties (420-589)
Age of civil war and political chaos
Buddhism and Daoism flourished
Confucianism dramatically weakened
Sui Dynasty (589-618)
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After Three Kingdoms Period, Sui
signaled a return to strong – albeit
brief – dynastic control in China
Wen (581-604; Northern Zhou
Emperor)
• Northern Zhou united northern
China
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Secured support of neighboring nomads
589: Defeated remaining kingdoms
and established Sui Dynasty over
China
Lowered taxes, established granaries
Buddhist; expands Buddhism
Sui Collapse (618)
•
Yang (604-618; son of Wen)
• Continued conquests of territory,
drove back nomads
• Created milder legal code
• Supported reorganized Confucian
education
• Scholar-gentry reestablished
• Restored examination system
• Expensive building projects
• Loyang (new capital)
• Grand Canal
• Palaces
• 611-614: Attacked Korea, failure
• 618: Assassinated by own ministers
Grand Canal
Built by Yang, Sui emperor
• Built to accommodate
population movements,
transportation of goods and
revenue
• Traded millet (cereal grain)
from North for rice in South
• 1,100 miles long
• San Diego to Seattle
• 1 million forced laborers
worked on canal
•
Marker Event: Construction of Grand Canal
built by Sui--utilized by Tang & Song Dynasties
Grand Canal: Connected two large east/west river
systems (Yangzi & Huang He [Yellow River]
• The canal promoted trade between northern
and southern China
• Extended for more than 1100 miles; roads ran
parallel to it
• Served as great trade network and cultural
unity
QUICK REVIEW
QUESTION
In Chinese dynastic history, why is
the Sui Dynasty significant?
Tang Dynasty (618-907)
• Emperor
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Gauzo
Previously Li Yuan (Duke of
Tang and one of the Sui ruler
Yang’s officials)
Used armies to unite China
Use of Turkish nomads in army
Rapidly expanded empire into
Tibet, Vietnam, Manchuria,
Korea
Influence of Turks
• Tang emperors & nobles
descended from Turks
• ****Note as we study history
in Asia, how much influence
and military conquest
originates from the Turks
(Central Asia)
• Altaic language family
• Turkic tribes became vassals
to Tang rulers
• Daughters of Turks married
into Tang rulers
Turkic tribes, nomads, & conquers
Central Asia—Altaic Language family
Tang Dynasty (618-907)- continued
•
Emperor Gauzo (cont.)
• Great Wall repaired and
strengthened to defend against
nomads
• Yangtze River valley and much
of the south were fully integrated
with north China for first time
since Han Dynasty
Tang
Dynasty
Rebuilding the Tang Bureaucracy
Tang needed to rebuild and
expand bureaucracy after Han
collapse
• Goal #1: Revive scholar-gentry
(bureaucrats)
• Created large bureaucracy of
well-educated officials to govern
vast empire
• Jobs ranged from Imperial
palace to small districts in
provinces
• Scholar-gentry offset power of
aristocracy, which declined
•
Rebuilding the Tang Bureaucracy
Tang rebuilding after Han
collapse (cont.)
• Goal #2: Rework Confucian
ideology
• Educate bureaucrats in
Confucian classics
• Emphasize importance of
Confucian philosophy for an
effective government
•
The Growing Importance of the
Examination System
Number of bureaucrats
increased to meet Tang
demands
• Therefore, the examination
system was greatly expanded
• Ministry of Rites established to
administer exams
• Jinshi: scholars who passed
very difficult exams on
philosophy, legal texts,
Chinese literature
•
Who was Li Bo?
A Tang Poet (loved nature)
Your footsteps at the gates, Grew of green moss,
Moss deeper than broom sweepings. Leaves fell- By autumn wind. Early this year.
In August butterflies turn yellow, pair by pair,
Flying over the grass in the Western Garden.
They hurt your wife, pair by pair.
She frets on a chair for her cheeks growing old.
Tell me in a letter, When you will come down from
Sanba.
I will meet you-- nowhere is far---Even on the
Sands of Lasting Wind.
Who was Du Fu?
A Tang Poet concerned
with social justice
Truly, it is an evil thing to bear a son these
days,
it is much better to have daughters;
at least you can marry a daughter to the
neighbor,
but a son is born only to die, his body lost in
the wild grass.
The Growing Importance of the
Examination System (cont.)
To become a bureaucrat and take the exam: you had
to be recommended by scholar or go to government
school
• Special social privileges emerged
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Pro-Buddhism in the Early Tang
•
Early Tang supported
Buddhism
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Empress Wu (690-705)
• Endowed monasteries (50,000
monasteries by 850)
• Tried to make Buddhism the
state religion
• Gave land grants and tax
incentives to Buddhist
monasteries
• Commissioned Buddhist
sculptures
Pro-Buddhism in the Early Tang (cont.)
•
Despite Tang government’s
support for Confucianism,
Buddhism gained wide
acceptance amongst people
• Mahayana Buddhism popular
among commoners in Six
Dynasties Period
• Chan (Zen) Buddhism
common among elite (Zen
gardens, tea, etc.)
Anti-Buddhist Backlash in the Late Tang
• Success
of Buddhism led to
criticism by Confucians
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Confucians supported taxation
of Buddhist monasteries
Decried property given to
monasteries
Tried to convince Tang rulers of
loss of money for dynasty
Supported “native”
Confucianism
Anti-Buddhist Backlash in the Late Tang
841-847: Buddhist persecution
under Emperor Wuzong
• Shrines and monasteries
destroyed
• Lands redistributed to peasants
• Confucianism supported on
exams
• For remainder of Tang Dynasty,
Confucian emerged the central
ideology as Buddhism was
weakened
• Confucian hegemony (influence
exerted by dominant group)
•
What is the “equal field system?”
• A system that restricted the power of land owning
families during the Tang Dynasty.
• Worked on the basis that all land was owned by
the government
• Government would assign it to individual
families.
• Every individual, including slaves, entitled to
certain amount of land
• Amount depended on ability to supply labor.
Equal Field System
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System began in the Sui period, but enlarged during
the Tang
Goal: restrict land that powerful families owned, so
they would not be a threat to emperors
Only 1/5 of an owner’s land could be passed down
to sons
• Appearance: Emperor cares about peasants and
tries to give them land
• Justification: all land is owned by the government;
would be distributed
• Every individual is entitled to land (even slaves)
• How much land did one get? Depended on their
ability to work it
Tang Decline (8th c. – 907)
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8th c: Nomadic invasions, internal
rebellions, military weakness
(defeated at Battle of Talas against
Abbasids, 751 CE)
Emperor Xuanzong (713-756 CE) Emperor Xuanzong
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Height of Tang power, but poor
ruler
His favorite concubine, Yang Guifei,
grew powerful; gave her relatives
government positions (Nepotism)
Yang Guifei
755 CE: An Lishan Rebellion
• General An Lishan led a mutiny
and declared himself Emperor of
Northern China
• Xuanzong fled to Sichuan province
• Rebellion did not topple Tang, but
weakened it significantly
Capital (Changan) attacked by Turkish
nomads
907 CE: last Tang emperor resigned
• China appeared to be entering
another period of nomadic
dominance, political division, social
strife
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Tang Decline (8th c. – 907)
Emperor Xuanzong
Chang’an capital city: eastern end of Silk
Road
• Chang’an was the capital in the Tang Dynasty
QUICK REVIEW
QUESTION
Summarize Tang attitudes towards Buddhism.
(Hint: for each “attitude,” there is a
corresponding time period and ruler who
exemplified that attitude)
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Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period
(907-960)
Five Dynasties in
Northern China
succeeded one another
rapidly
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Later Liang
Later Tang
Later Jin
Later Han
Later Zhou (General
Zhao Kuangyin
conquered other
kingdoms and unifies
China)
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Ten Kingdoms in Southern
China existed concurrently
and controlled their own
territory
Wu
Wuyue
Min
Chu
Southern
Han
Former Shu
Later Shu
Jingan
Southern
Tang
Northern
Han
Song Dynasty (960-1279)
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Song: 960-1127 CE
Southern Song: 1127-1279 CE
960: Emperor Taizu
(originally General Zhao
Kuangyin) founded Song
Dynasty
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Overcame all rivals but one:
nomadic Liao dynasty in
Manchuria
Song Dynasty (960-1279)
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Song were unable to defeat
these nomads Song paid
tribute to Liao to keep them
from raiding Chinese
borders
Song military commanders
were under the leadership
of Confucian scholars;
result was little military
strength
Remnants
of Old
Tang
Dynasty
Related
to
Mongols
Revolutionary Economic Changes of Song
• Significant growth (economically) occurred in Song era
• Paper making & book production
• Production of ceramics
• Coal and iron industries developed –Chinese were producing
steel in 12th century
• When did the Industrial Revolution occur in Europe?
• 1780’s & early 1800’s
• Movable type invented in 11th century
• When was the Guttenberg press invented in Europe?
• 1436 CE
• Gun powder invented: formula written in Song Dynasty
11th century [probably invented in 9th century
• Big question: Who are the barbarians? Europeans
or Chinese?
Economic advances of Song (continued)
• Commerce
• What is commerce?
• An interchange of goods or commodities,
especially on a large scale between different
countries (foreign commerce)
• or between different parts of the same country
(domestic commerce) trade; business.
• Kaifeng was the Song capital city located at
junction of canal system and Yellow River
Ancient city of Kaifeng
Commerce advancements during Song
• Kaifeng became the center for textiles, drug and
chemical shops, shipyards, building material suppliers, &
big restaurant & hotel business
• What are textiles?
• any cloth or goods produced by weaving, knitting, or felting.
• Transactions were made by paper money
• Another Chinese innovation
• Chinese had large ocean going ships: compass
invention of Chinese
• Exported ceramics, silks, copper coins
• Why was Chinese history eliminated from your study?
Agricultural advancements during Song
• Tremendous agricultural yields occurred
during the Song Dynasty
• There were over 100 million people in China
during the Song era
• Higher yields came as result of
• Improved farm tools
• Advances in water control
• Wider application of fertilizers
• New type of rice growing to produce two
crops per year; Champa rice came from
Vietnam—gift to Song leaders
Neo-Confucians
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Revivers of pure or “original” Confucian
thought and teachings
Libraries established, old texts recovered
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Emphasized formal education, not “enlightenment”
as in Buddhism
Stressed personal morality and regulation
Importance of philosophy in everyday life to
guide oneself and society
Neo-Confucians (cont.)
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Hostility to foreign ideas (Buddhism and
Daoism are superstitious, and have tainted
Confucianism)
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Gender, class, age distinctions reinforced
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Fearful of outside influences and spirituality
These things will ensure social harmony
Became the dominant interpretation of
Confucianism in the Song Dynasty
Cultural Change in Song China
• Neo-Confucianism, many of the traits of both
Buddhism and Taoism were blended with the more
naturalistic tenets of Confucius
• It emphasized the interpretations of Mencius (370290 BCE)
• Neo-Confucianism emphasized formal education in
morals and the arts & sciences
• Not to be left to so-called “Enlightenment” as taught in
Buddhism
• Song era was rich in philosophical thinking
A little on Mencius
• Time Period: 370-290 BCE
• He was a strong proponent
of Confucian teachings
• Had the view that “human
nature is good”—therefore
the ethical, cultivated
approach of the Confucian
system would work
• Agree—Disagree?
Attempts at Reform
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Wang Anshi (1070s-1080s)
• Confucian scholar, chief minister of
Song and advisor to Emperor
Shenzong
• Instituted reforms in attempt to save
dynasty’s finances
• Supported agricultural expansion
• Landlords, scholar-gentry taxed;
unpopular
Attempts at Reform
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Wang Anshi (cont.)
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Tried to begin a bureaucracy that
stressed analytical thinking rather
than memorization of classics
1085: Emperor Shenzong died;
reforms were reversed by neoConfucians and new emperor
Southern Song Dynasty
(1127-1279)
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Tribute arrangement with Liao
encouraged other kingdoms and nomads
to invade borders of Song China as well
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Xi Xia kingdom: established by Tangut
tribes from Tibet
• Song pay tribute to Xi Xia; bega to
drain economy
1115: Jin Kingdom founded north of Song
Empire (defeated Liao)
• Jin invade China Song flee south
Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279)
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New capital at Hangzhou: sophisticated,
wealthy
Numerous cultural and technological
innovations
QUICK REVIEW
QUESTION
What caused the Song Dynasty’s flight south to
Hangzhou?
What philosophical school came to dominate
the scholar-gentry in the Song period?
Cultural Achievements of
Tang and Song (review)
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Paper techniques refined
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1041: Bi Sheng developed printing with
moveable type
Gunpowder and fireworks (9th c.)
• Abacus developed for counting; used
by bureaucrats
• Scholars were now cultural producers
• In past, Buddhists were artists
• Secular scenes now more common
(again, result of Neo-Confucians)
• Production of steel (12th c.)
• Nature: common in poetry, art
• Drama: famous opera houses
•
Tang and Song Commercial Expansion
Review
Between canal systems and Silk Roads, commercial
expansion and trade was booming (textiles; shipyards;
restaurants; opera houses; pharmacies; markets)
• Banks, credit, flying money (paper bills)
• Government began to officially produce paper money
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Tang and Song Commercial Expansion
Review
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Urban growth and sophistication
• Changan (Tang capital): 2 million, largest city in
world at its time
• Kaifeng (Song capital): at Grand Canal and Yellow
River; important for trade
• Hangzhou (Southern Song capital): restaurants,
opera houses, gardens, parks
Silk Roads
Dangerous: tribal societies along the Silk Roads were
drawn to its riches. Many tribes became skilled at
raiding traders.
• Example of interaction between core communities
and new peoples
• Chinese rulers protected trade and travelers on Silk
Roads
• Cities and inns (caravanserai) developed along the
Silk Roads as trading posts and as rest stops for
travelers (Novgorod, Melaka, Venice, Samarkand)
•
Silk Roads
From Persia: dates; iron stirrups; saffron; pistachio;
rugs; tapestries
• From Africa: frankincense; aloe; gold; salt; timber
• From India: sandalwood; jasmine; cloth
• From China: silk; porcelain; paper; tea
• Transmission of art, language, and religion
(Buddhism; Christianity; Islam)
•
Silk Roads
Indian Ocean Trade
Chinese Junks – refined in late Tang and Song
• Established market networks along Indian ocean
coast
• Rival Arab control of Indian Ocean
• Compasses used to increase accuracy in navigation
•
A typical junk
compared to
Columbus'
Santa Maria
QUICK REVIEW
QUESTION
List Chinese cultural and economic
accomplishments in the Tang and Song period.
Expanding Agrarian Production
Vibrant economy stimulated by advances in farming
(Champa rice introduced from Vietnam)
• Tang and Song rulers tried to promote agricultural
production
• New areas cultivated as China expands;
government encouraged people to settle in barren
lands
• Wang Anshi issued edict declaring state-funded
irrigation to be expanded
• New seeds, fertilizer, wheelbarrow
•
Expanding Agrarian Production
Canals helped transport produce quickly
• Tang and Song broke up aristocratic estates 
divided land among peasants more equally
•
Family in the Tang-Song Era
• Extended
family households
preferred; ancestor worship
still practiced
• Elite women had more
opportunities
•
Examples: Empress Wu and
Yang Guifei
• Neo-Confucian
patriarchy
supported
Family in the Tang-Song Era
Role of women reduced in Song
period
• Physical confinement: stressed
women’s role as homemakers and
mothers
• Virtues: virginity for girls, fidelity
for wives, chastity for widows
• Men allowed great freedom, favored
in inheritance and divorce
• Education: Girls not educated, boys
are emphasis
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Illustrates degree to which women
were subordinated, controlled, and
physically confined
Feet of girls 2-5 years old were bound
Ideal length: 3 inches
Bone-breaking, muscle-deforming
process
Extremely painful, severely limited
mobility
Considered highly attractive and
erotic by men
Originated in Five Kingdoms period,
possibly among court dancers, but
then spread in Song
Died out in early 20th century;
changing social norms with
Communists
Foot-binding
QUICK REVIEW
QUESTION
According to Neo-Confucian values, what was
the purpose of foot-binding?