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Chapter 12 Sui, Tang, and Song Dynasties AP World History Six Dynasties (220 CE – 589 CE) • • Han Dynasty collapsed 220-589: Six Dynasties • 220-280: Three Kingdoms Period • Three kingdoms (Wei; Shu; Wu) who fought for control • Jin Dynasty (265-420) • Divided into East and West Jin • Heavily Buddhist Six Dynasties (220 CE – 589 CE)-Cont. • • • • Southern and Northern Dynasties (420-589) Age of civil war and political chaos Buddhism and Daoism flourished Confucianism dramatically weakened Sui Dynasty (589-618) • • After Three Kingdoms Period, Sui signaled a return to strong – albeit brief – dynastic control in China Wen (581-604; Northern Zhou Emperor) • Northern Zhou united northern China • • • • Secured support of neighboring nomads 589: Defeated remaining kingdoms and established Sui Dynasty over China Lowered taxes, established granaries Buddhist; expands Buddhism Sui Collapse (618) • Yang (604-618; son of Wen) • Continued conquests of territory, drove back nomads • Created milder legal code • Supported reorganized Confucian education • Scholar-gentry reestablished • Restored examination system • Expensive building projects • Loyang (new capital) • Grand Canal • Palaces • 611-614: Attacked Korea, failure • 618: Assassinated by own ministers Grand Canal Built by Yang, Sui emperor • Built to accommodate population movements, transportation of goods and revenue • Traded millet (cereal grain) from North for rice in South • 1,100 miles long • San Diego to Seattle • 1 million forced laborers worked on canal • Marker Event: Construction of Grand Canal built by Sui--utilized by Tang & Song Dynasties Grand Canal: Connected two large east/west river systems (Yangzi & Huang He [Yellow River] • The canal promoted trade between northern and southern China • Extended for more than 1100 miles; roads ran parallel to it • Served as great trade network and cultural unity QUICK REVIEW QUESTION In Chinese dynastic history, why is the Sui Dynasty significant? Tang Dynasty (618-907) • Emperor • • • • Gauzo Previously Li Yuan (Duke of Tang and one of the Sui ruler Yang’s officials) Used armies to unite China Use of Turkish nomads in army Rapidly expanded empire into Tibet, Vietnam, Manchuria, Korea Influence of Turks • Tang emperors & nobles descended from Turks • ****Note as we study history in Asia, how much influence and military conquest originates from the Turks (Central Asia) • Altaic language family • Turkic tribes became vassals to Tang rulers • Daughters of Turks married into Tang rulers Turkic tribes, nomads, & conquers Central Asia—Altaic Language family Tang Dynasty (618-907)- continued • Emperor Gauzo (cont.) • Great Wall repaired and strengthened to defend against nomads • Yangtze River valley and much of the south were fully integrated with north China for first time since Han Dynasty Tang Dynasty Rebuilding the Tang Bureaucracy Tang needed to rebuild and expand bureaucracy after Han collapse • Goal #1: Revive scholar-gentry (bureaucrats) • Created large bureaucracy of well-educated officials to govern vast empire • Jobs ranged from Imperial palace to small districts in provinces • Scholar-gentry offset power of aristocracy, which declined • Rebuilding the Tang Bureaucracy Tang rebuilding after Han collapse (cont.) • Goal #2: Rework Confucian ideology • Educate bureaucrats in Confucian classics • Emphasize importance of Confucian philosophy for an effective government • The Growing Importance of the Examination System Number of bureaucrats increased to meet Tang demands • Therefore, the examination system was greatly expanded • Ministry of Rites established to administer exams • Jinshi: scholars who passed very difficult exams on philosophy, legal texts, Chinese literature • Who was Li Bo? A Tang Poet (loved nature) Your footsteps at the gates, Grew of green moss, Moss deeper than broom sweepings. Leaves fell- By autumn wind. Early this year. In August butterflies turn yellow, pair by pair, Flying over the grass in the Western Garden. They hurt your wife, pair by pair. She frets on a chair for her cheeks growing old. Tell me in a letter, When you will come down from Sanba. I will meet you-- nowhere is far---Even on the Sands of Lasting Wind. Who was Du Fu? A Tang Poet concerned with social justice Truly, it is an evil thing to bear a son these days, it is much better to have daughters; at least you can marry a daughter to the neighbor, but a son is born only to die, his body lost in the wild grass. The Growing Importance of the Examination System (cont.) To become a bureaucrat and take the exam: you had to be recommended by scholar or go to government school • Special social privileges emerged • Pro-Buddhism in the Early Tang • Early Tang supported Buddhism • Empress Wu (690-705) • Endowed monasteries (50,000 monasteries by 850) • Tried to make Buddhism the state religion • Gave land grants and tax incentives to Buddhist monasteries • Commissioned Buddhist sculptures Pro-Buddhism in the Early Tang (cont.) • Despite Tang government’s support for Confucianism, Buddhism gained wide acceptance amongst people • Mahayana Buddhism popular among commoners in Six Dynasties Period • Chan (Zen) Buddhism common among elite (Zen gardens, tea, etc.) Anti-Buddhist Backlash in the Late Tang • Success of Buddhism led to criticism by Confucians • • • • Confucians supported taxation of Buddhist monasteries Decried property given to monasteries Tried to convince Tang rulers of loss of money for dynasty Supported “native” Confucianism Anti-Buddhist Backlash in the Late Tang 841-847: Buddhist persecution under Emperor Wuzong • Shrines and monasteries destroyed • Lands redistributed to peasants • Confucianism supported on exams • For remainder of Tang Dynasty, Confucian emerged the central ideology as Buddhism was weakened • Confucian hegemony (influence exerted by dominant group) • What is the “equal field system?” • A system that restricted the power of land owning families during the Tang Dynasty. • Worked on the basis that all land was owned by the government • Government would assign it to individual families. • Every individual, including slaves, entitled to certain amount of land • Amount depended on ability to supply labor. Equal Field System • • • System began in the Sui period, but enlarged during the Tang Goal: restrict land that powerful families owned, so they would not be a threat to emperors Only 1/5 of an owner’s land could be passed down to sons • Appearance: Emperor cares about peasants and tries to give them land • Justification: all land is owned by the government; would be distributed • Every individual is entitled to land (even slaves) • How much land did one get? Depended on their ability to work it Tang Decline (8th c. – 907) • • 8th c: Nomadic invasions, internal rebellions, military weakness (defeated at Battle of Talas against Abbasids, 751 CE) Emperor Xuanzong (713-756 CE) Emperor Xuanzong • • Height of Tang power, but poor ruler His favorite concubine, Yang Guifei, grew powerful; gave her relatives government positions (Nepotism) Yang Guifei 755 CE: An Lishan Rebellion • General An Lishan led a mutiny and declared himself Emperor of Northern China • Xuanzong fled to Sichuan province • Rebellion did not topple Tang, but weakened it significantly Capital (Changan) attacked by Turkish nomads 907 CE: last Tang emperor resigned • China appeared to be entering another period of nomadic dominance, political division, social strife • • • Tang Decline (8th c. – 907) Emperor Xuanzong Chang’an capital city: eastern end of Silk Road • Chang’an was the capital in the Tang Dynasty QUICK REVIEW QUESTION Summarize Tang attitudes towards Buddhism. (Hint: for each “attitude,” there is a corresponding time period and ruler who exemplified that attitude) • Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period (907-960) Five Dynasties in Northern China succeeded one another rapidly • • • • • Later Liang Later Tang Later Jin Later Han Later Zhou (General Zhao Kuangyin conquered other kingdoms and unifies China) • Ten Kingdoms in Southern China existed concurrently and controlled their own territory Wu Wuyue Min Chu Southern Han Former Shu Later Shu Jingan Southern Tang Northern Han Song Dynasty (960-1279) • • • Song: 960-1127 CE Southern Song: 1127-1279 CE 960: Emperor Taizu (originally General Zhao Kuangyin) founded Song Dynasty • Overcame all rivals but one: nomadic Liao dynasty in Manchuria Song Dynasty (960-1279) • • Song were unable to defeat these nomads Song paid tribute to Liao to keep them from raiding Chinese borders Song military commanders were under the leadership of Confucian scholars; result was little military strength Remnants of Old Tang Dynasty Related to Mongols Revolutionary Economic Changes of Song • Significant growth (economically) occurred in Song era • Paper making & book production • Production of ceramics • Coal and iron industries developed –Chinese were producing steel in 12th century • When did the Industrial Revolution occur in Europe? • 1780’s & early 1800’s • Movable type invented in 11th century • When was the Guttenberg press invented in Europe? • 1436 CE • Gun powder invented: formula written in Song Dynasty 11th century [probably invented in 9th century • Big question: Who are the barbarians? Europeans or Chinese? Economic advances of Song (continued) • Commerce • What is commerce? • An interchange of goods or commodities, especially on a large scale between different countries (foreign commerce) • or between different parts of the same country (domestic commerce) trade; business. • Kaifeng was the Song capital city located at junction of canal system and Yellow River Ancient city of Kaifeng Commerce advancements during Song • Kaifeng became the center for textiles, drug and chemical shops, shipyards, building material suppliers, & big restaurant & hotel business • What are textiles? • any cloth or goods produced by weaving, knitting, or felting. • Transactions were made by paper money • Another Chinese innovation • Chinese had large ocean going ships: compass invention of Chinese • Exported ceramics, silks, copper coins • Why was Chinese history eliminated from your study? Agricultural advancements during Song • Tremendous agricultural yields occurred during the Song Dynasty • There were over 100 million people in China during the Song era • Higher yields came as result of • Improved farm tools • Advances in water control • Wider application of fertilizers • New type of rice growing to produce two crops per year; Champa rice came from Vietnam—gift to Song leaders Neo-Confucians • • Revivers of pure or “original” Confucian thought and teachings Libraries established, old texts recovered • • • Emphasized formal education, not “enlightenment” as in Buddhism Stressed personal morality and regulation Importance of philosophy in everyday life to guide oneself and society Neo-Confucians (cont.) • Hostility to foreign ideas (Buddhism and Daoism are superstitious, and have tainted Confucianism) • • Gender, class, age distinctions reinforced • • Fearful of outside influences and spirituality These things will ensure social harmony Became the dominant interpretation of Confucianism in the Song Dynasty Cultural Change in Song China • Neo-Confucianism, many of the traits of both Buddhism and Taoism were blended with the more naturalistic tenets of Confucius • It emphasized the interpretations of Mencius (370290 BCE) • Neo-Confucianism emphasized formal education in morals and the arts & sciences • Not to be left to so-called “Enlightenment” as taught in Buddhism • Song era was rich in philosophical thinking A little on Mencius • Time Period: 370-290 BCE • He was a strong proponent of Confucian teachings • Had the view that “human nature is good”—therefore the ethical, cultivated approach of the Confucian system would work • Agree—Disagree? Attempts at Reform • Wang Anshi (1070s-1080s) • Confucian scholar, chief minister of Song and advisor to Emperor Shenzong • Instituted reforms in attempt to save dynasty’s finances • Supported agricultural expansion • Landlords, scholar-gentry taxed; unpopular Attempts at Reform • Wang Anshi (cont.) • • Tried to begin a bureaucracy that stressed analytical thinking rather than memorization of classics 1085: Emperor Shenzong died; reforms were reversed by neoConfucians and new emperor Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279) • Tribute arrangement with Liao encouraged other kingdoms and nomads to invade borders of Song China as well • • • Xi Xia kingdom: established by Tangut tribes from Tibet • Song pay tribute to Xi Xia; bega to drain economy 1115: Jin Kingdom founded north of Song Empire (defeated Liao) • Jin invade China Song flee south Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279) • • New capital at Hangzhou: sophisticated, wealthy Numerous cultural and technological innovations QUICK REVIEW QUESTION What caused the Song Dynasty’s flight south to Hangzhou? What philosophical school came to dominate the scholar-gentry in the Song period? Cultural Achievements of Tang and Song (review) • Paper techniques refined • 1041: Bi Sheng developed printing with moveable type Gunpowder and fireworks (9th c.) • Abacus developed for counting; used by bureaucrats • Scholars were now cultural producers • In past, Buddhists were artists • Secular scenes now more common (again, result of Neo-Confucians) • Production of steel (12th c.) • Nature: common in poetry, art • Drama: famous opera houses • Tang and Song Commercial Expansion Review Between canal systems and Silk Roads, commercial expansion and trade was booming (textiles; shipyards; restaurants; opera houses; pharmacies; markets) • Banks, credit, flying money (paper bills) • Government began to officially produce paper money • Tang and Song Commercial Expansion Review • Urban growth and sophistication • Changan (Tang capital): 2 million, largest city in world at its time • Kaifeng (Song capital): at Grand Canal and Yellow River; important for trade • Hangzhou (Southern Song capital): restaurants, opera houses, gardens, parks Silk Roads Dangerous: tribal societies along the Silk Roads were drawn to its riches. Many tribes became skilled at raiding traders. • Example of interaction between core communities and new peoples • Chinese rulers protected trade and travelers on Silk Roads • Cities and inns (caravanserai) developed along the Silk Roads as trading posts and as rest stops for travelers (Novgorod, Melaka, Venice, Samarkand) • Silk Roads From Persia: dates; iron stirrups; saffron; pistachio; rugs; tapestries • From Africa: frankincense; aloe; gold; salt; timber • From India: sandalwood; jasmine; cloth • From China: silk; porcelain; paper; tea • Transmission of art, language, and religion (Buddhism; Christianity; Islam) • Silk Roads Indian Ocean Trade Chinese Junks – refined in late Tang and Song • Established market networks along Indian ocean coast • Rival Arab control of Indian Ocean • Compasses used to increase accuracy in navigation • A typical junk compared to Columbus' Santa Maria QUICK REVIEW QUESTION List Chinese cultural and economic accomplishments in the Tang and Song period. Expanding Agrarian Production Vibrant economy stimulated by advances in farming (Champa rice introduced from Vietnam) • Tang and Song rulers tried to promote agricultural production • New areas cultivated as China expands; government encouraged people to settle in barren lands • Wang Anshi issued edict declaring state-funded irrigation to be expanded • New seeds, fertilizer, wheelbarrow • Expanding Agrarian Production Canals helped transport produce quickly • Tang and Song broke up aristocratic estates divided land among peasants more equally • Family in the Tang-Song Era • Extended family households preferred; ancestor worship still practiced • Elite women had more opportunities • Examples: Empress Wu and Yang Guifei • Neo-Confucian patriarchy supported Family in the Tang-Song Era Role of women reduced in Song period • Physical confinement: stressed women’s role as homemakers and mothers • Virtues: virginity for girls, fidelity for wives, chastity for widows • Men allowed great freedom, favored in inheritance and divorce • Education: Girls not educated, boys are emphasis • • • • • • • • • Illustrates degree to which women were subordinated, controlled, and physically confined Feet of girls 2-5 years old were bound Ideal length: 3 inches Bone-breaking, muscle-deforming process Extremely painful, severely limited mobility Considered highly attractive and erotic by men Originated in Five Kingdoms period, possibly among court dancers, but then spread in Song Died out in early 20th century; changing social norms with Communists Foot-binding QUICK REVIEW QUESTION According to Neo-Confucian values, what was the purpose of foot-binding?