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Human Biology Student Outline – Mechanisms of Disease I
Mechanisms of Disease
Text: Human Biology, by Mader pp. 417-436
1.
Introduction
A.
Homeostasis
B.
Stress Unresolved
C.
Disease Classifications (according to type)
i.
Infectious Diseases
a.
ii.
Example: Common Cold
•
Fomite
Neoplastic Diseases
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Human Biology Student Outline – Mechanisms of Disease I
iii.
Nutritional Deficiency Diseases
a.
Example: Scurvy
French explorer, Jacques Cartier described the disease in 1535,
“the unknown sickness began to spread itself amongst us accompanied by
the most marvelous and extraordinary symptoms…inasmuch as some did
lose all their strength and could not stand on their feet. Their legs became
swollen, the sinews contracted and turned black as coal… Others had
their skin spotted with spots of blood of a purple color; then did it creep up
to their hips, thighs, shoulders, arms and neck. Their mouths became
stinking, their gums so rotten that all the flesh did fall off, even to the root
of the teeth… The disease spread out,,, so widely that, by February, out of
our group of 110, there were not 10 left in good health… We had already 8
men dead and there remained over 50 whom we had given up for lost.”
D.
Disease Classifications (according to duration or severity)
i.
Chronic Disease
ii.
Acute Disease
iii.
E.
2.
Latent Disease
•
Example: Virus: Varicella-Zoster (Chickenpox and
Shingles)
Pathology
i.
Diagnosis
a.
Signs
b.
Symptoms
c.
Syndrome
Diseases
A.
Communicable Infectious Disease
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Human Biology Student Outline – Mechanisms of Disease I
B.
Contagious Disease
i.
Varicella-Zoster
a.
C.
Local Infection
D.
Systemic Infection
•
3.
Diseases
•
Chickenpox (Varicella)
•
Shingles (Zoster)
Septicemia
Pathogenic Organisms
A.
Bacteria
•
i.
Prokaryotic Cells (vs. eukaryotic cells)
Anatomy
a.
Plasma Membrane
b.
Cell Wall
c.
Capsule
•
Streptococcus pneumoniae
c.
Bacterial DNA
d.
Plasmids
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Human Biology Student Outline – Mechanisms of Disease I
e.
Endospores
•
Tetanus
*
ii.
Anaerobic
Morphology
a.
Coccus
•
Staphylococcus aureus
b.
Vibrio
c.
Bacillus
•
Bacillus anthracis
d.
iii.
Spirochete
•
Borrelia burgdoreri
Reproduction
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Human Biology Student Outline – Mechanisms of Disease I
B.
Binary Fission
b.
Generation Time
“Atypical Bacteria”
i.
ii.
C.
a.
Rickettsias
•
Obligate Intracellular Parasites
•
Vector
•
Arthropod
•
Rickettsia rikettsia
Chlamydia
Viruses
i.
Anatomy of a Viron Particle
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Human Biology Student Outline – Mechanisms of Disease I
a.
Capsid
•
ii.
iii.
Spikes
b.
Envelope
c.
Viral Genome
d.
Envelope
Results
a.
Cell Death
b.
Cell Proliferation
c.
Altered Cell Differentiation
d.
No Change
Examples
a.
Varicella-Zoster
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Human Biology Student Outline – Mechanisms of Disease I
b.
D.
Protozoa
i.
E.
Examples
Fungi
•
F.
Candida albacans  Candidiasis
Helminths (worms)
i.
Tichinella spiralis  Trichinosis
•
4.
Trichinosis
Vector Borne Diseases
A.
Vector
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
B.
5.
Smallpox
Mosquitoes
Lice
Ticks
Flies
Examples
i.
Borrelia burgdorferii
ii.
West Nile Virus
Disease Transmission
A.
Portals of Entry
i.
Eye
ii.
Ear
iii.
Integument
iv.
Urogenital System
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Human Biology Student Outline – Mechanisms of Disease I
6.
v.
Digestive System
vi.
Respiratory System
vii. Etc.
Disease Control
A.
Antibiotics - Define: product of metabolism of microorganisms.
B.
Characteristics of a good chemothereputic agent
i.
ii.
iii.
C.
Selective Toxicity
Non-allergenic
Disease should not become readily
resistant to the drug
iv.
Host should not destroy, neutralize,
or excrete the drug
v.
The drug must be able to reach the infection site.
Points of Selective Toxicity
D.
Examples
i.
Sulfonamides
NH2
NH2
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Human Biology Student Outline – Mechanisms of Disease I
COOH
PABA
SO2NH2
Sulfonilamide
PABA
Blocked by Sulfonamides
Dihydrofolic Acid
Blocked by Trimethoprim
(Dihydroloate Reductase)
Tetrahydrofolic Acid
ii.
Penicillin
a.
b.
iii.
Draw Backs
•
Anaphylactic reaction
•
Penicillinase
Semisynthetic Penicillins
•
Ampicillin
•
Amoxicillin
Tetracyclines
a.
General Information
b.
Mechanism
c.
Side Effects
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