Download Freshman Science Exam Review

Freshman Science Exam Review
Mrs. Nixon
The review Sheet is for your benefit. You will be allowed to use your journal on the exam,
but not your review sheet (hint: Do the review in your journal or prep journal based on
review)
CHAPTER 1 - nature of science
 Science
 Technology
 Pseudoscience
 Scientific method
 Observation
 Inference
 Manipulated (independent) Variable
 Responding (dependent) variable
 Controlled variable
 Constants
 Scientific theory
 Scientific law
 Scientific notation
 Significant figures
 Conversion figures
 Precision
 Accuracy
 Dimensional analysis
 Measurements (logical, performing, estimating)
 Units of
o Length
o Mass
o Volume
o Density
 Graphs
o Slope
o Direct proportion
o Indirect proportion
o Plot
o Read and interpretxz007A
Practice (pg. 31, standardized test prep)
CHAPTER 2 – properties of matter
 Pure substance
 Solution
 Element
 Atom
 Compound
 Homogeneous mixture
 Heterogeneous mixture
 Suspension
 Colloid
 Physical property
 Physical change
 Viscosity
 Conductivity
 Malleability
 Melting point
 Boiling point
 Filtration
 Distillation
 Chemical property
 Chemical change
 Flammability
 Reactivity
 Precipitate
Practice (pg. 65, standardized test prep)
CHAPTER 3 – states of matter (3.1 and 3.3 only)
 Solid
 Liquid
 Gas
 Kinetic energy
 Phase changes
 Endothermic
 Exothermic
 Heat of vaporization
 Heat of fusion
 Evaporation
 Vapor pressure
 Condensation
 Sublimation
 Deposition
Practice (pg.97 (1, 2, 3, 6), standardized test prep)
CHAPTER 6 – chemical bonds (6.1, 6.2, 6.3)
 Electron dot (lewis dot) diagram
 Ion
 Anion
 Cation
 Chemical bond
 Ionic bond
 Chemical formula
 Covalent bond
 Molecule
 Polar covalent bond
 Nonpolar covalent bond
 Polyatomic ion
Practice (pg. 189,#1-5, standardized test prep)
CHAPTER 4 – atomic structure
 Proton
 Electron
 Neutron
 Atomic number
 Atomic mass
 Mass number
 Nucleus
 Isotope
 Energy levels
 Electron cloud
 Electron configuration
 Orbital
 Ground state
Practice (pg. 65, standardized test prep)
CHAPTER 7 – chemical reactions (7.1 and 7.2 only)
 Reactants
 Products
 Chemical equations
 Coefficients
 Subscripts
 Law of conservation of mass
 Synthesis reaction
 Decomposition reaction
 Single replacement reaction
 Double replacement reaction
 Combustion reaction
Practice (pg. 225, #1-4, standardized test prep)
CHAPTER 5 – periodic table
 Periodic table
 Period
 Group
 Periodic law
 Amu
 Metals
 Nonmetals
 Metalloids
 Transition metals
 Halogens
 Noble gases
 Alkali earth
 Alkali metals
 Valence electron
Practice (pg. 153, standardized test prep)
CHAPTER 8 – Acids and bases (8.3 and 8.4 only)
 Acid
 Base
 Indicator
 Neutralization (acid base) Reaction
 pH
 buffer
 electrolyte
Practice (pg. 259, #3-6, standardized test prep)
CHAPTER 10 – nuclear chemistry (10.1, 10.2, and 10.4 only)
 Radioactivity
 Nuclear radiation
 Alpha particles
 Beta particles
 Gamma rays
 Neutron emission
 Background radiation
 Half life
 Fission
 Fusion
Practice (pg. 321, # 1-6, standardized test prep)
CHAPTER 11 – motion (11.1, 11.2, and 11.3)
 Frame of reference
 Distance
 Displacement
 Speed
 Velocity
 Average speed
 Acceleration
 Distance time graphs
 Speed time graphs
Practice (pg. 353, standardized test prep)
CHAPTER 12 – forces and Motion (12.1, 12.2, 12.3)
 Force
 Newton
 Friction
 Gravity
 Newton’s 1st law of motion
 Newton’s 2nd law of motion
 Newton’s 3rd law of motion
 Mass
 Weight
Practice (pg. 387, standardized test prep)
CHAPTER 15 – energy
 Energy
 Kinetic energy
 Potential energy
 Law of conservation of energy
 Mechanical energy
 Thermal energy
 Nuclear energy
 Chemical energy
 Electromagnetic energy
Practice (pg. 471, standardized test prep)
CHAPTER 16 – thermal energy
 Heat
 Temperature
 Conduction
 Convection
 Radiation
 Insulation
EQUATIONS
D= m/V
F = ma
KE = ½ mv2
GPE = mgh
S= distance/time
Acceleration = speed 2 speed 1 / time 2- time 1
Sample type questions
Safety
1) List 3 APPROPRIATE lab behaviors.
2) What does MSDS stand for?
3) Draw these pieces of lab equipment?
4) Test Tube
5) Test Tube Rack
6) Test Tube Holder
7) Graduated Cylinder
Scientific Method
8) Are these Observations or Inferences?
The sky is dark and cloudy.______
He must be a soccer player.
It is going to rain._____
The Dum-Dum sucker is red. ______
He is wearing a blue shirt and yellow tie.____
The liquid is an acid._____
_____
9) How do you write a hypothesis?
10) The Independent variable goes on the ___ axis. The Dependent variable goes on the ____ axis.
11) What is the very first step of the scientific method?
12) How do you title a graph?
13) After testing your hypothesis and making observations, may you change your hypothesis and retest it?
14) What is the last step of the scientific method?
15) Read the following experiment:
You notice that your neighbor’s tomato plants are twice the size of your family’s. You want to investigate the impact
on plant growth of adding various amounts of fertilizer to potted plants. You go buy the supplies—some plants and
fertilizer. One plant is given fertilizer, one is not. You believe that if you start fertilizing your tomato plant, then it will
grow taller. You record the initial height of each plant, and add fertilizer to one plant. Growth is recorded of each
daily. You place two plants of equal size and type in a sunny windowsill and give the plants equal amounts of water –
The temperature is kept the same for each plant. The plant given the fertilizer grows to 24 cm, while the other plant
grows to 19 cm. As you predicted, the plant given the fertilizer grows taller than the plant without the fertilizer.
What is the….
i)
Control?
ii)
Constants?
iii) Hypothesis?
iv) Conclusion?
v) Independent variable?
vi) Dependent variable?
16)
17)
18)
19)
20)
21)
22)
23)
24)
25)
26)
Metric System
What is the abbreviation for decimeters? _____ Kilometer? _____ Centimeter? _____
What does “mg” stand for? ____
What does “s” stand for? _______ ms? ______
What does “mL” stand for? _______
The standard metric unit for temperature is ___________.
The metric unit measured using a stopwatch is the ____________.
Bob measured the length of the classroom. The units would be ________________.
A graduated cylinder is used to measure __________________.
_____________ is measured using a triple-beam balance.
With a triple beam balance, what is the unit that goes with the measurement number? _______
There are ____ centimeters in one meter.
27) There are _____ meters in one kilometer.
28) Every measurement has a number and _______________.
29) Convert these problems into scientific notation:
a) 4978270 = _____________________
b) 0.000729
= _____________________
30) Convert these problems into standard form:
a) 1.01 x 10-6
b) 31.00 x
104
= _____________________
= _____________________
31) How many significant figures are in the following numbers?
a) 7080 = ____
4.070 = ____ 0.0076 = ____
80.000 = ____
Graphing
Graph A
32) What type of graph is A?
33)
What type of graph is B?
Matter
34) Solid, liquid, gas, or plasma?
a) A substance that has a definite volume, but changing (indefinite) shape:
b) A substance that does NOT have a definite volume nor a definite shape:
c) A substance that has a definite volume and a definite shape
Graph B
35) Fill in the diagram with the processes.
GAS
.
SOLID
LIQUID
36)
37)
38)
This phase change diagram is for what substance? ______
What is happening at point 3? _______________
What is happening at point 4? _________________
39)
According to the diagram below, which beaker contains the densest liquid?
Substance
A
B
C
Melting Point
- 67 C
5C
189 C
40) What substance(s) is a gas at 90 C? __________
41) What substance(s) is a liquid at 186 C? ________
Boiling Point
-10 C
234 C
191 C
42) Physical Change or Chemical Change?
i) Burning wood ____________
ii) Iron rusting _______________
iii) Copper turning green _______________
iv) Ice melting ________________
v) Mashing bananas _______________
43)
Two identical graduated cylinders containing different liquids are placed on identical balances. What Conclusion
about density can you make based only on what you can observe from the diagram below?
A
44)
B
At 25 ºC, water has a density of 1.0 g/mL and vegetable oil has a density of 0.90 g/mL. Substance Z has a density
of 0.95 g/mL. Choose which letter best represents Substance Z when it is place in water and oil.
i.
A
ii.
B
iii
45)
46)
C
A buckeye has a mass of 17.89 g. When placed in a graduated cylinder with 20.0 mL of
water, the water rose to 50.7 mL. What is the density of the buckeye?
A pure diamond has a density of 4.52 g/cm 3. Its mass is 7.81g. What is the volume of the
diamond?
47) Matter is defined as anything that…____________
Use these words below.
Chemical
. Physical
Elements
Heterogeneous
.
Suspension
Colloid
48) Pure substances are either _________________ or compounds.
49) In a(an) _________ mixture, the parts of a mixture are noticeably different from one another.
50) If the particles in a mixture, such as fog, scatter light, the mixture is a(an) _____.
51) A(An) __________ change has taken place when the material has changed shape or size, but the composition of the
material remains the same.
52) When the substances in a sample of matter are changing into different or new substances, _____ changes may be
observed.
53) When the parts of a mixture settle into different layers, you have created a(an) ___________.
54) Is this a compound?
Cobalt, Co
Carbon Dioxide, CO2
sodium, Na
iodine, I
55) Is this a pure substance?
Elements
Mixtures
Compounds
56) Is this a mixture?
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Iron (Fe)
Soil
57) A mixture that appears to contain only one substance (the same throughout) is a(an)
58) Is this a heterogeneous mixture?
water in a swimming pool
sugar water
a jar of mixed nuts
stainless steel
59) Is this a physical or chemical change?
water boils at 100 Celsius
an aspirin tablet is crushed
balls of wax form when melted wax is poured into ice water
a gas forms when vinegar and baking soda are mixed
Atoms & The Periodic Table
60) Which scientist discovered that atoms consist of subatomic, charged particles? _______
61) Who discovered the nucleus?_______
62) Who thought atoms of a solid were rough and atoms of a liquid were smooth?
63) Who thought of an atom as a Plum Pudding Model?_________
64) The subatomic particle found in the nucleus and has no charge is…
65) In order to find the atomic mass of an element, one must add together the number of which 2 subatomic particles?
66) Elements on the periodic table are arranged according to their ___________ ____________…
67)
68)
69)
70)
71)
Which element will you find in the 3rd row, 2nd column? ____________
How many electrons can the 3rd energy level hold? ______
The number of energy levels an atom has corresponds to the number of…__________
Francium and Cesium are both elements in which family of elements? ___________
How are elements arranged in the Periodic Table? By increasing __________.
72) Where is most of the mass of an atom located? _________
73) What column number are the Halogens?
__________
74) How many families (certain sections we studied) are there in the Periodic Table?
75) How many rows are there in the Periodic Table?
__________
76) What element will you find in row 2, column 14? __________
__________
77) Which Noble gas is in row 5 of the periodic table? __________
78)
79)
80)
81)
Elements in the middle of the table are the __________.
In a NEUTRAL atom, calcium has: How many p? ____n? ____e? ______
In a NEUTRAL atom, tin (Sn) has: How many p? ____n? ____e? ______
Draw the Bohr model for each of the following…Draw the Lewis Dot structure, too!
i)
Fluorine
Chlorine
ii)
Potassium
Magnesium
82) Describe the characteristics of Noble gases.
83) What are isotopes?
84) What is the same between oxygen-17 and oxygen-18? Different?
85) The charge of an electron is _____
86) What are valence electrons?
87) Where would you likely find elements on the periodic table that form negative ions?
88) How many electrons does an ion of fluorine with a charge of -1 contain? _____
89) What family are the following elements in?
i)
Chlorine ________
ii)
Calcium ________
iii) Aluminum ________
90) How many valence electrons do the following elements contain?
i)
Beryllium
________
ii)
Oxygen
________
iii) Carbon _________
91) How many energy levels do the following elements contain?
i)
Lithium
ii)
Potassium _______
iii) Sulfur
_________
_________
92) Ionic or Covalent?
i)
CH4
ii)
NaCl ________
_________
iii) BaSO4 ___________
iv) electrons are transferred _______
v) electrons are shared ________
93) Balance these equations.
i)
___ Cl2 + ___ NaBr  ___ NaCl + ___Br2
ii)
___Al2O3  ___Al + ___O2
iii)
__H2 + ___O2  ___H2O
94) An endothermic reaction is one that ______ energy, where an exothermic reaction _______ energy.
95) WHY must all chemical reactions be balanced?
96) Match these to their points.
Neutral
Strong acids
1
2
3
4
5
6
Strong bases
7
8
9
Weak acids
10
11
12
Weak bases
13
14
97) Acids taste…_________
98) All acids contain which ion? ______________
99) Bases taste…____________
100)
All bases contain which ion?
_______________
101)
You find an unknown liquid and want to determine if the substance is an acid or a base. You test the liquid with
blue litmus paper. It turns red. You can conclude the liquid is a(n)…_________________
102)
Bases feel…______________
103)
Arrange the following substances in order of increasing acidity: vinegar (pH=2.8), gastric juices from inside your
stomach (pH = 2.0), a soft drink (pH = 3.4) and baking soda (pH = 9).
104)
The Lewis Dot structure for Aluminum, has ____ electrons around the symbol Al.
105)
The chemical formula for dihydrogen monoxide is… _______
106)
The chemical formula for Magnesium Fluoride is… _________
Nuclear Energy
107)
The process of nuclear change in an atom of radioactive material is called…_______
108)
The process of the production of lighter nuclei from heavier nuclei is called…_______
109)
Fusion occurs when nuclei…_________
110)
__________ can be stopped by a piece of paper.
Motion and Forces
111)
A push, a pull or a lift on an object. ________
112)
The tendency of motion not to change______
113)
Represents speed in a particular direction of an object.
114)
115)
116)
117)
118)
119)
120)
If an object is at rest, then the forces acting on the object must be
An object that travels equal distances in equal time must be traveling.
Assumed to be stationary so the motion of objects may be predicted.
Pull of gravity on an object.
If an Object is moving, the forces must be…
SI unit for force.______
Which Law of Newton?
i) The penny continuing to move when the cart stops
ii)
A ball with more mass will have a greater force
iii) A basketball shot bouncing off of the backboard
iv) A penny at rest falls into the cup when the card it rests on is removed
v) A empty shopping cart accelerates at a faster rate than a full shopping cart
vi) When one falling domino bumps into another and that one bumps into the next, the chain reaction occurs
because of ____.
vii) A marble will continue to roll in a straight line at constant speed unless the force of friction causes it to stop
according to ____.
viii) A 5 kg object having an acceleration of 10 m/s2 has a force of 50 N because of ____(F=ma).
121)
What three ways can an object accelerate?
122)
A runner travels 800 meters in 80 seconds, what is the runner’s average speed?
123)
An object accelerates when it falls to the ground because:
124)
The amount of force acting on a moving object can be measured by determining the object’s mass &
_______________.
125)
If in a tug-of-war game, the red team is pulling with a force of 100 N & the blue team is pulling in the opposite
direction with a force of 60 N, then who will win?
126)
Based on Newton’s laws of motion, a hockey puck sliding across the ice slows down because
127)
How much force is needed to accelerate a 78 kg skier 8 m/s/s?
128)
129)
What is velocity?
What is the reaction force when you place a cup on a table?
130)
The following picture shows the motion of a snowboarder from point 1 to point 5.
131)
Which graph best represents the acceleration of the snowboarder as he moves from point 2 to point 3?
132)
133)
134)
135)
136)
Which graph(s) depict an object that is not moving?
Which graph(s) depict an object moving at a constant speed?
Which graph(s) depict an object that is accelerating?
What does the slope indicate in graphs A and B?
What does the slope indicate in graphs C and D?
Energy
137)
At what time does the box have the greatest kinetic energy (which letter)? ________
138)
The weight of the box used in the experiment in 10 Newtons (N) as illustrated in the figure. The weight of the box
is a measure of the ___________
139)
Where is the potential energy of the box greatest? ________
140)
The total energy of the box is… __________.
141)
The picture below shows the four major forces acting on an airplane in flight.
142)
i)
What causes the force indicated by the X?
143)
A student plans to collect data needed to calculate the kinetic energy of a thrown baseball. She plans to measure
the distance from pitcher to catcher, the time it takes for the baseball to arrive in the catcher’s glove, the mass of the
baseball, and the circumference of the baseball.Which of these measurements is not needed to calculate the kinetic
energy? Explain why.
144)
145)
146)
Radiant to _________________
A piano: Motion to ________________
A battery: Chemical to ________________
147)
What are the forms of potential energy?
148)
Friction coverts some kinetic energy into ______________________ energy.
149)
A 5-kilogram cat is resting on top of a bookshelf that is 2 meters high. What is the cat’s gravitational potential
energy relative to the floor if the acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s2?
150)
A small 20-kilogram canoe is floating downriver at a speed of 2 m/s. What is the canoe’s kinetic energy?
151)
152)
The total energy of an object is equal to its __________….
What will have a greater effect on the kinetic energy of an object? Mass or velocity? B ecause?
153)
What is the curve of the liquid in a graduated cylinder called?
IN ADDITION…Short Answer/Extended Reponses Questions
154)
Compare and contrast fission and fusion?
155)
What is the difference between distance and displacement?
156)
How can you tell if a chemical change occurred?
157)
A ship engine is capable of an acceleration speed equal to -0.357 m/s2. Suppose the ship approaches the dock
at a velocity of 16.98 m/s. How much time does the ship need to stop?
158)
Find the average acceleration of a northbound subway train that slows down from 12 m/s to 9.6 m/s in 0.80 s.
159)
If the average speed of a car is 45 km/hr, how far can it travel in 40 min?
160)
Falling objects drop with an average acceleration of 9.8 m/s 2. If an object falls from a tall building, how long will it
take before it reaches a speed of 49 m/s?
161)
What is the Law of Conservation of Mass? What is Law of Conservation of Energy?
162)
What are Newton’s 3 laws?
163)
Draw Bohr model and Lewis dot structure of Lithium.
164)
Show ionic bonding between NaF. Show covalent bonding between CH 4.