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Year 9 Ecology Revision Ecology Terminology and processes 1. Define the following terms Term Ecology Definition The science which studies the interactions between organisms and their surroundings Abiotic A non-living component of the environment Biotic A living component of the environment Organism A living thing Population Interacting individuals of one species in a particular place at a particular time Community Interacting populations of different species in a particular place at a particular time Habitat An organism’s living place (its “address”) Ecosystem A community together with the abiotic factors which affect the members of the community Producer An organism that can make its own food, also known as an autotroph Consumer An organism that cannot make its own food and therefor relies upon pre-existing sources of food. Also known as a heterotroph Decomposer An organism that feeds on decaying matter Herbivore An organism that eats only plants Carnivore An organism that eats only other animals Omnivore An organism that eats both plant and animal matter 2. State the word equation for photosynthesis glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water sunlight 3. State the word equation for respiration carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen Energy Flow in Ecosystems 4. Complete the following word clozes with words from the boxes above each. Producers – the beginning of the food chain producers, photosynthesis, energy, Sun, trees, grass Plants such as __trees__________ and ____grass________ are at the bottom of the food chain. They get their ___energy________ from the _____Sun_________ and are called __producers______ because they produce their own food via the process known as __photosynthesis______. First order consumers – herbivores deer, consumers, herbivores, mice, plants Animals such as ____deer_________ and ____mice_________ are first order__consumers______ because they get their energy from eating __plants_________. These animals are known as _herbivores____ because they eat or consume herbs and plants. Second and third order consumers – carnivores owls, carnivores, predators, prey, foxes Animals such as ____owls_________ and ______foxes______ are second and third order consumers because they eat animals. They are ___carnivores_______. They are the __predators______ that ____prey__________ on smaller animals. The food chain Sun, consumers, chain, web We can trace the path of energy from the ____Sun__________ to producers then first order ___consumers_______ then second and third order consumers. They all link together to form a food ___chain_________. Most animals have a variety of organisms in their diet, so they belong to several food chains. All the food chains in a particular ecosystem make up a complex matrix called a food ____web__________. 5. Complete the food chain for the organisms pictured by writing their names in the correct boxes in the chain below. grass grasshopper lizard 6. Identify three possible food chains from the picture below. e.g. Pond weed small fish heron Algae dragon fly frog heron Pond weed water bug small fish large fish kookaburra 7. Use the food chains below to help you draw in the arrows to show energy flow through the food web. plant -> cricket -> spider -> chicken -> owl plant -> parrot -> owl -> hawk weeds -> parrot -> hawk weeds -> cricket -> chicken -> owl -> hawk weeds -> beetle -> lizard -> frog -> snake -> hawk weeds -> beetle -> spider -> chicken -> owl grass -> beetle -> lizard -> frog -> snake -> hawk grass -> beetle -> spider -> chicken -> owl 3rd order consumers 2nd order consumers 1st order consumers Producers 8. In your own words, write a definition for the term ‘food web’. Use some examples from the diagram above. A food web is where all the food chains for a community are shown linked together and demonstrate feeding relationships between organisms. For example, the beetle can consume both grass and weeds, the spider can consume both beetles and grasshoppers and the hawk at the top of the food chain can consume owls, snakes and parrots. 9. Decomposers are very important in food chains and food webs. What is their role? Decomposers break down all the dead plant and animal matter in an ecosystem and return the nutrients from those organisms back into the nonliving environment for use by producers. 10. The following diagram shows a flow chart of how energy is transferred in an ecosystem. Correctly label the empty boxes with the missing terms. Sun Energy Producers Consumers Decomposers 11. Name the process by which: a) Producers make their own food using sun energy. photosynthesis b) Consumers obtain energy from food they eat. respiration 12. What is the percentages of energy that can be moved along a food chain from one organism to the next? What happens to the rest of the energy? Only 10% of the energy will be moving along a food chain from one organism to the other organisms. The rest, 90%, will eventually be lost as heat to the surrounding environment Biotic Factors 13. Complete the following table to give a definition and an example of each of the biotic factors. Biotic Factor Competition Predation Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism Decomposers Definition Organisms are trying to use the same resource of which there is only a limited amount One organism (predator) killing and eating another (prey) Example Baby birds in the nest trying to get food from the parent Eagle catching a rabbit Two organisms live closely The flagellates in termite together and both benefit guts Organisms living together where one benefits and the other is unharmed The strawberry poison arrow frog has its tadpoles in a bromeliad flower One organism lives on or in Tapeworm and human another organism and feeds off it; the host is usually harmed but rarely killed Organisms the use dead Fungus decaying a dead bodies or animal waste for tree food, returning chemicals to the soil and water for plants to reuse Populations and Adaptations 14. Organisms living in different habitats need different adaptations. Define adaptation. Special features plants and animals need to have to be able to survive in their environment 15. Outline the 3 different types of adaptations and give an example of each in a living organism. Structural – features of an organism’s construction that help it to survive e.g. the long neck of a giraffe which enables it to eat the leaves of tall trees Behavioural – actions of an organism which help it to survive e.g. desert hopping mouse sleeps during the heat of the day and feeds when it is cooler Physiological/Functional – way’s in which the organism’s body works to help it to survive e.g. dogs pant to cool down their body temperature 16. List four factors that may affect the population of an organism The amount of food/water in the area How much space each organism requires The level of wastes the organisms can tolerate Diseases Predation Abiotic Factors Abiotic Factors 17. List six abiotic factors and explain how each impacts living organisms Water – all cells need water for their chemistry to work Temperature – affects how quickly cells can work Fire – can kill, but also helps some plant seeds to germinate Light – Needed by plants to make their food Soil Minerals – needed by plants as nutrients Gas levels – organisms require oxygen for respiration, low levels of oxygen will affect organisms greatly Natural and Human Impact on Ecosystems 18. Explain 5 ways humans have impacted the environment Use of chemical pesticides Pollution Introduced Species Habitat destruction Overcropping
