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Year Group Grade Year 9 Science Plant Growth Expected Attainment Confident Emerging Describe how gas exchange occurs in plants. Describe the adaptations of leaves and plant cells for photosynthesis. Describe how water and mineral salts are absorbed and moved around a plant. Describe how water is lost from a plant. Describe the test for starch. Describe how starch is used as a food storage material. Recall that plants use glucose produced by photosynthesis to make new substances, often using mineral salts. Explain the need for the different resources by a seed as it germinates. Describe why plants are cross-bred. Identify the desired outcome of cross-breeding. Describe how increased human population growth affects food supply. Describe how selective breeding is done. Explain how attack of plants by pests and pathogens can have an impact on human populations. Recall the main nutrients required by plants and identify signs that a plant may be lacking in nutrients (in general terms only). Advanced Explain how wilting occurs. Explain how the features of leaves and plant cells are adaptations for photosynthesis. Explain how roots and stems are adapted for their function. Explain the importance of nitrates to plants. Describe the synthesis of starch and proteins in plants (only in terms of the monomers involved). Recall some functions of different proteins. Explain how food production for humans can be increased using different plant varieties and pest management strategies (including insecticides and herbicides). Mastery Use a knowledge of diffusion to explain how different conditions cause different rates of transpiration. Use the idea of equilibria to explain starch production. Explain why phosphates and potassium are important nutrients for plants. Year Group Grade Year 9 Science Genetics and Evolution Expected Attainment Confident Emerging State what chromosomes are made of. State the number of pairs of chromosomes in most human cells. Describe where genes are found. Describe how genes control characteristics (in terms of containing instructions). Describe the roles played by Watson, Crick, Franklin and Wilkins in the discovery of the structure of DNA. Explain how changes in a physical environmental factor in a habitat affect populations and communities. Explain how changes in an ecosystem can lead to endangerment and extinction. Suggest methods of conservation that can be used to ensure the survival of organisms and habitats. Explain how particular adaptations increase the chances of survival. Explain why preserving biodiversity is important. State that the individuals in a population are likely to vary from one another genetically. Explain how natural selection determines the survival of certain variations of adaptations within a population. Advanced Use a model to illustrate the relationship between DNA, chromosomes, genetic information and genes. Explain how particular adaptations limit an organism’s distribution and abundance. Make predictions about how changes in physical and biological factors will interact with adaptations and affect survival. Explain how biodiversity can be preserved using gene banks, seed banks, tissue banks, cryopreservation and pollen banks. Explain how natural selection can lead to evolution. Mastery Describe the structure of a DNA molecule. Evaluate the evidence for suggested physical and behavioural adaptations of extinct species. Explain how evidence from fossils supports Darwin’s theory. Year Group Grade Year 9 Science Making Materials Expected Attainment Confident Emerging Recall examples of common insulators and conductors. Recall some examples of common ceramics (e.g. pottery, glass). State the meaning of: ceramic. Explain how the properties of ceramics make them useful. Recall that crude oil is the primary source of raw materials for the plastics industry. Recall what happens when monomers polymerise. Recall the names of some common artificial and natural polymers. Link the properties of common plastics to their uses. Recall some examples of common composites (e.g. plywood, paper, concrete). State the meaning of: composite. Explain how the properties of composites make them useful. Identify thermal decomposition reactions. Advanced Justify the use of a ceramic material for a given application. Explain why crystal size depends on the speed of cooling. Explain how the properties of a substance depend on the bonding and arrangement of atoms (in terms of strength and number of bonds only). Classify changes as exothermic or endothermic from temperature changes. Explain how the properties of a substance depend on the bonding and arrangement of atoms. Justify the use of a composite material for a given application. Classify (using temperature change) and explain (in terms of energy transfer) exothermic or endothermic reactions. Mastery Explain why modifications in a certain ceramic or glass manufacture can change its properties (e.g. lead crystal). (Involves consideration of type and arrangement of atoms.) Model the formation of poly(ethene) using equations, symbols and particle diagrams. Identify the monomer structures in a given polymer chain. Explain why modifications in the manufacture of a certain composite (e.g. paper, concrete) can change its properties. Year Group Grade Year 9 Science Reactivity Expected Attainment Confident Emerging Describe the test for oxygen. Describe the combustion of hydrocarbons (in terms of reactants and products). Describe examples of energy being used to start a chemical reaction or keep it going. State the meaning of displacement reaction. Describe what happens when a given displacement reaction occurs. Recall how metals are extracted from ores taken from the Earth’s crust. Recall that the extraction of some metals is more difficult than others, depending on the metal’s reactivity. Explain why some elements have been isolated for much longer than others. Advanced Apply knowledge of explosive reactions to explain why they occur more or less rapidly when the particle size or the oxidiser is changed. Describe how some explosive mixtures obtain enough oxygen to explode. Classify changes as exothermic or endothermic from temperature changes. Explain why energy input may be needed to start some reactions or keep them going. Explain why a displacement reaction may or may not occur. Use evidence to decide whether a displacement reaction has or has not occurred. Use results from displacement reactions to produce an order of reactivity. Explain what happens in oxidation and reduction. Describe how metals are extracted from their ores by heating with carbon and electrolysis. Explain why the method used to extract a metal is related to its position in the reactivity series and cost of the extraction process. Mastery Describe bond breaking and making in terms of energy transfer. Summarise energy changes by drawing simple energy level diagrams. Write balanced equations for displacement reactions. Describe the movement of ions in electrolysis. Explain how oxidation and reduction happen during electrolysis. Year Group Grade Year 9 Science Force fields and electromagnets Expected Attainment Confident Emerging Identify common symbols for components. Recall how the current changes when the voltage of the supply changes. Explain how switches can be used to control different parts of a parallel circuit. Describe how changing the number or type of components in a circuit affects the current. Describe how current and voltage behave in series and parallel circuits. State what is meant by resistance and name its units. Describe the relationship between resistance and current. Describe how the resistance of a wire varies with length and thickness. Use the formula relating voltage, current and resistance. Describe the shape of the magnetic field around a wire carrying a current. Describe an electromagnet and the shape of its magnetic field. Describe how the strength of an electromagnet can be changed. Explain how electromagnets are used in simple applications. Advanced Mastery Describe how voltage and energy are linked. Describe a current as a flow of electrons. Plan an investigation into how the resistance of a wire changes with length or thickness. Interpret a voltage–current graph for resistors of different values. Explain how changing the size or direction of the current affects the magnetic field. Explain how electromagnets are used in relays. Describe how a wire carrying a current must be oriented in a magnetic field to produce a force. Describe how the motor effect is used in a simple electric motor and how the force it produces can be changed. Describe the relationship between watts and joules/second. Use the formula relating power, current and voltage. Describe how the resistance of a filament lamp changes with voltage. Explain why the resistance of a filament lamp increases with increasing voltage. Use Fleming’s left-hand rule and the right-hand grip rule. Explain how the motor effect is used in unfamiliar devices. Year Group Grade Year 9 Science Forces and Motion Expected Attainment Confident Emerging Describe the meaning of speed and mean speed. Explain how the distance travelled and the time taken affects the speed. Use the formula relating speed, distance and time. Represent simple journeys on a distance– time graph. Describe changes of speed shown on a distance–time graph. Explain what relative speed means. Describe how a simple lever can magnify force or distance. Identify the pivot, load and effort in Class 1 levers. Explain how levers are used in common devices. State what is meant by a moment of a force and recall its units. Recall that an object will balance if the moments are equal and opposite. Describe the factors that affect the size of a moment. Describe how a ramp or a simple pulley system can reduce the force needed to lift an object. Recall that if the force needed is decreased the distance it moves is increased. Describe the relationship between work done and energy transferred. Describe the factors that affect the total work done. Advanced Explain why the maximum speed on a journey is usually greater than the mean speed. Calculate speeds from the gradient of a distance–time graph. Calculate the relative speed between two objects moving along the same line. Identify the pivot, load and effort in Class 2 and Class 3 levers. Use the formula relating moment, force and perpendicular distance. Use the formula relating work, force and distance moved. Mastery Use ideas about conservation of energy when explaining how simple machines work. Work out the direction of relative motion for objects not moving along the same line. Describe how gears affect the force needed to move an object and the speed of movement. Explain how gears work using ideas about moments. Work out the mechanical advantage of simple machines. Explain why the actual mechanical advantage may not be the same as the theoretical value. Use the idea that a force can be represented by two orthogonal forces.