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CHAPTER 4 NOTES The Rise of the Persian Empire Mineral resources: Copper, Tin, Iron , Gold and Silver The first to achieve a complex level of political organization was the Medes The Medes played a major role in the destruction of the Assyrian Empire The Persians rulers were called Achaemenids because they traced their lineage back to an ancestor named Achaemenes The male head of the household had nearly absolute authority over family members. Society was divided into three classes: warriors, priests, and peasants. The priests were called Magi. The King had a garden that symbolized what would away those who followed him. King Cyrus (Founder of the Persian Empire) conquered Mesopatamia and respected Babylonian traditions by making his son, Cambyses King. Cambyses set his sights on Egypt. When Cambyses died, Darius I seized the throne. Darius created a new organizational structure that was maintained throughout the next two centuries. He made 20 provinces, each under the supervision of a Persian satrap, or governor. Each province gave a certain amount of precious metal to the central treasury, most of which was hoarded. An economic decline happened due to the price of gold and silver. Darius created the “laws of the King”. He let his people live by their own traditions and ordinances. He created a ceremonial capital at Persepolis. Darius and his successors were Zoroastrians. It preached belief in one supreme deity, help humans to a high ethical standard, and promised salvation. Rise of the Greeks They traded, because they were resource-poor. They relied entirely on rainfall to water their crops. Greece began trading with Phoenicians and launched Greece into the “Archaic” period. The Phoenicians created the first alphabet (Greeks reformed it). New forms of literature, law codes, religious dedications, and epitaphs on gravestones. Greece invented city-states (or polis) which consisted of an urban center and the rural territory that it controlled. The Greeks developed a new kind of warfare, waged by hoplites (heavily armored infantrymen who fought in a close formation). They also used a Navy ship called a trireme. The invention of coins also spread throughout Greece and beyond. They moved more towards democracy. They were polytheistic and believed in gods that were anthropomorphic—that is, conceived as humanlike in appearance but taller and more beautiful. They also practiced sacrifice. One distinctive feature of the “Archaic” period was a growing emphasis on the individual. Athens and Sparta were two preeminent Greek city-states. Sparta Took over Messenia and dominated the native population. They became a military campt in a permanent state of preparedness. The professional Spartan soldier was the best in Greece, and the Spartan army was superior to all others. Boys were taken at age 7 to be trained as soldiers. No poets or artists during this period. Athens Much less war-like. They created a democracy and had a People’s court. (only for free adult males) Citizens could speak to the issues of the day. Philosopher, Socrates was condemned to death but his disciple Plato represented the first generation to be truly literate. Aristotle was the tutor of Alexander the Great. When Alexander died he made no plans for succession, thus launching Greece into a half-century of chaos. “Hellenistic Age” Greece heavily influenced Africa and Asia. Persian Wars Greece vs. Persia. Greeks described themselves as “Hellenes” and non-Greeks as “Barboi”. Most accepted Greek power, but others allied with Sparta to overtake them. The three main wars were Pelopanisian, (Athens and Sparta) Persian (Persia and Greece) and Ionian (also Athens and Sparta). The Athenians defeated Persia because of their Hipolite warfare at Marathon (26 miles from Athens). CHAPTER 5 Roman Empire Roman Republic was not a democracy. The wealthy peoples votes counted for more than the poor peoples. The real center of power was the Roman Senate. The sons of the senate filled the senate. The elite people called patricians and the majority of the population called plebeians. The basic unit of Roman society was the family. Fear drove the Romans to expand their territory to buffer themselves from attack. Soon the Roman Republic (not by blood) fell and was replaced by the Roman Empire (by blood) was started by Ceaser Augustus. Romanization was the spread of the Latin language and the Roman way of life. Aqueducts—carried water from a source to an urban center, using gravity. “third-century crisis” refers to the period when political, military, and economic problems nearly destroyed the Roman Empire. Diocletian gained power after almost 20 men had claimed the throne. When he died, Constantine took over and eventually moved the capitol to Constantinople (City of Constantine). The three main generals Pompei, Crassus and Julius Ceaser. Julius becomes emperor and names nephew as heir. Nero sets part of city on fire and Rome falls. Han Empire (400 years) The first ever Chinese Empire was called Qin (the word China is derived from that). Liu Bang established a the Han Dynasty. It maintained much of the Quin’s structure and Legalist ideology. But went more Confucist. They emperor was the “Son of Heaven” and his word was law. China’s first capitol was Chang’an. China’s most important export commodity was silk. Han was an educated Dynasty. Military and one month’s forced labor each year required. Population tripped. Rome and Han start communication and trade. Real paper developed in Han. Han fell in 220 A.D CHAPTER 6 India is set off from the rest of Asia by the Himalayas. “Vendic Age” based off of the religious texts called Vedas. Varna means “color” people were divided by their varna. The four classes were Brahmin,(priests and scholors) Kshatriya, warriors and officials) Vaishya, (merchants, artisans, and landowners) and Sundra. (Peasants and laborers)also untouchables. The caste system—people lived with their specific group and that caste was theirs for life. The caste system holds India back and does not encourage interatction. They believed in karma and reincarnation. Jainism Starving themselves to death Nudity Strict non-violence Hinduism Polytheistic (Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva) 80% was Hindu. More personal religious devotion (could pick which deity to worship) Buddhism Goal: Enlightenment (to find the path) Original Buddha—Siddartha Guatama Nirvana is when you are released from eht cycle of birth, death, rebirth Mauryan Empire Founded by Chandragupta Maurya Large army Taxation was huge! (25% on farmers) Buddhist India’s first centralized government Ashoka converted to Buddhism and practiced non-violence Gupta Empire (Money/bribary) All Hindu They fall because they are broke and the Huns invade The Classical period